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December  1979     $2.50 


^A^ 


32  New  Product:  Swan's  Astra  150  SSB 
Transceiver wesBTH 

38  Low-Cost  Receiver  for  Safelltfe  TV 

—  this  modutar  design  uses  readily  available 
technoJogy  .  .  h  .  ,  .  *  * ,  r  • .,  *  ..,.,,,....,,,  ,   N6TX 

44  A  Simple  2m/10m  Crossbafid  Repeater 
System 

—work  the  world  with  an  HTI. ,,..,..,...  .  K9E1D 

50  Audio  Booster  for  Mil-Surplus  Receivers 

—a  must  for  headphone  haters , , ,  .  .  McClellan 

54  Working  with  FETs 

—part  11:  experiments  with  gain  and  supply 
voltage.  .  .  . .  WA2SUT/NNNiZVB 

58  Build  this  $50  Mini-Counter 

— thre€-IC  design  goes  to  135  MHz. .....  McCleUan 

66  A  Versatile,  Variable  Active  Fitter 

— dc  switching  and  6-poie  response  make  this  one 
a  winner  on  RTTY  or  CW. WA8HEB 

70  Variable  Tuning  for  WE  FAX  Receivers 

—why  be  rockbound?, N6TX 

76  Ham  Radio  Marriage  Manual 

—a  YL  and  her  understanding  spouse WE5YVE 

W  The  Space-Saving  Square  Vee  Antenna 

—a  directional  radiator  for  cramped  quarters 

84  license  Upgrading  — A  Plan  of  Attack 

—you  r^^  not  fail! . .......  WB2RVA 

88  Muffin  Fan  Mania! 

—  a    compendium    of    knowledge    about   electro- 
mechanical air  movers WAfeNCXH 

92  Are  Repeaters  Ripping  Us  Off? 

—  some  thoughts  about  open  access  to  scarce  fre- 
quencies   , , ,.,,,,..  KB2)N 

%   [TJ  My  TRS-BO  Is  Here  . . .  Now  What! 

l^   -first  steps  irv  programming  your  computer 

. , W3KBM 

104   liji  Teaching  Your  Micro  to  Count 

■■■i   — two  methods  for  adding  counter  capability 
to  your  6502  machine.  ...,,.,.......  IC6EW 

118  Operation  Santa! 

—spread  holiday  cheer  with  this  super  club 
project. , .,,.......*,  WDdLPN 

126  Tools  and  Techniques  for  Wire-Wrapping 

—an  excerpt  from  73's  new  book. ,..,..,.  WfeSWZ 


132  Working  with  Transistors 

— useful  knowledge  begins  where  gobbledygook 
ends .....:., WA2SUT;NNNfZVl 

138  A  Digital  Clock  with  Analog  Readout 

—this  is  progress^. ......,.....,,,.. W9IEA 

144  Turn  Off  Repeater  Windbags 

— HT  mod  brings  welcome  relief WD5HYQ 

146  Build  a  $5  Coax  Switch 

—  why  pay  more? _ W8HXil 

148  Hamdom's  Evangelical  Crusade 

—  born-again  ops,  arise! WBftTCC 

150  The  Memorizer  Fiies  Inverted 

.    —something  Yaesu  never  told  you. ......  Wl  WLfO 

152  Double-Duty  Decoder  Project 

—  listen  to  SCA  and  tune  in  RTTY. ......  WATUFI5 

158  Build  a  Simple  HT  Charger 

—doubles  as  a  12-V  supply W^SMf 

160  Do-lt-¥ourself  Carrying  Case  for  Wilson 
HTs 

—save  S14.S8 .,..,.  IC2€;MZ 

168  Come  On  In— The  Viewing  Is  Fine 

—an  update  on  trends  and  developments  in  SSTV 

172  Rack 'Em  Up 

—glass  jars  and  orange  crates  are  "where  if  s  at"  for 
parts  storage. ._..._ VE2BVW 

174  Cadzooks!  A  Variable  0^260  V  Ac 
Supply! 

-junk-box  delight WB8)CQyLUtAKO 

176  Scrounger's  Special:  Used  Dental  Tools 

—your  DDS  Ihrowaways  make  dandy  PCB  drills 

WA7nVY 

188  First  Look  at  Latest  Radio  Laws 

—  the  official  work .....  K6SAO 

192  The  Induction  Relay:  Self-Powered 
Switching 

—this  unusual  actuator  doesn't  require  a  separate 
control  voltage , ,  _  _  _  K6DZY 

196  The  Further  Adventures  of  Keycoder 

—  simplified  wiring  for  the  toroidal  cores, .  .  .  AD9K 

200  All  About  Ground  Rods 

—  getting  connected  to  Mother  Earth Staff 


■ 

1 

2 

^ 

i47o'659' 

I  ' 
^6    ' 

1 

Never  Say  Die-4,  Letters- 16,  Looking  Wc«t-18,  RTTY  Loop- 20,  Correctfons^lO,  2ia,  Ham  Help- 20,  24, 
211,  214,  217,  222,  327,  230,  Awards-  22,  Leaky  Lines-  24,  Microcomputer  Interfacings 28,  DX-30p  New  Prod^ 
ucb-32,  160  Meter  Contest- 34,  Contests- 3S,  Dealer  Directory- 11 3,  OSCAR  Orbiti-211,  FCC >- 211,  1979 
Indei—  212^  Sticial  Even^—  216,  PropagatiDfi—  2S7 


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The  Tempo  Vine  also  features  a  fine  line  of  ejclremely  compact 
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Telescopmg  whip  antenna,  nn^cad 
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OPTIONAL  ACCESSORIES 

Touch  tone  pad  |not  in&tahed}:$39  ' 
Tone  burst  generator  S29  95  •  CTCSS' 
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Rubber  Ilex  antenna:  S8  •  Leather         I 
holster  $16  *  Cigarette  lighter  plug       ■ 
mobile  charging  unit   S6  •  Matching  25 
watt  output  13.8  VDC  power  amplifier    | 
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power  amplifier  (S-75);  $169 


The  TEMPO  S-L  The  world's  first  synthesized  2  meter 
hand  held  transceiver.  Its  superb  engineering  and  lop  quality 
components  give  it  an  uncommon  degree  of  reliability. ..a  fact 
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Today's  Amateur  demands  rugged,  rapid  and  accurate  communi- 
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requirements. 

SPECIFICATIONS 

The  Mark  radios  offer:  •  144-148  MHz  range  •  6  Channel  operation 
•  individual  trimmers  on  TX  and  RX  xta(s  •  Rugged  Lexan® 
outer  case  •  Current  drain:  RX;  15  mA.TX;  Mark  II:  500  mA, 
Mark  IV:  900  mA  •  A  power  saving  Hi/Lo  Switch  •  12  KHz 
ceramic  fitter  and  10.7  monolithic  filter  included  •  10.7  MHz 
and  455  KHz  IF  •  Spurious  and  harmonics,  more  than  50  dB 
below  quieting  •  Uses  special  rechargeable  Ni-Cad  battery 
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OPTIONS 

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For  nnore  details  and/or  the  name  of  your  nearest 
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ACTUAL 
SIZE"! 


W  itsen 


Wilson  Electronics 

Incmporated 


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W2NSD/1 

NEVER  SAY  DIE 

ec//tor/a/  t>y  Wayne  Gre&n 


WARC  RESULTS 

By  the  time  this  gets  into 
print,  the  WARC  results  will 
probably  be  known  — such  are 
the  delays  of  the  magazme  biz. 
This  is  being  written  consid- 
erably before  the  event  in  order 
to  set  the  record  straight. 

One  of  the  questions  which 
came  up  during  my  recent  visit 
to  the  Philadelphia  Area 
Repeater  Association  meeting 
in  Valley  Forge  was  my  opinion 
of  what  would  happen  at  WARC. 
My  answer  has  not  changed  in 
the  last  couple  of  years . ,  J 
have  no  opinion  on  what  will 
happen  . . .  there  are  just  too 
many  unknovtfns  involved.  I 
know  that  I  would  feei  a  lot  more 
positive  about  it  if  1  had  seen 
any  significant  evidence  that 
amateur  groups  were  doing 
something  in  preparation  to 
meet  some  of  the  problems 
which  were  evident. 

In  my  editorials  and  talks,  I 
have  given  the  facts  on  events 
which  have  happened  which  I 
thtnk  are  pertinent  and  which 
could  influence  the  WARC  re- 
sults. I  try  hard  to  make  ama- 
teurs understand  that  these  are 
facts  of  history  and  not  my  opin- 
ions. It  is  a  fact  that  amateur 
radio  went  into  the  ITU  con- 
ference on  satellite  frequencies 
with  allocations  for  over  100,0CX) 
MHz  above  500  MHz  and  cam© 
out  with  zero . . .  nothing.  This 
is  not  opinion,  and  it  is  veri- 
fiable in  the  most  revered  of 
sources:  Q$T.  The  ARRL  people 
admitted  that  they  had  not  done 
their  homework  and  this  was 
the  reason  for  this  catastrophic 
toss.  I  think  1  am  not  exag- 
gerating when  1  categorize  the 
loss  of  virtually  the  entire  future 
of  amateur  radio  by  satellite  as 
catastrophic.  Below  500  MHz, 
we  also  lost  90%  of  the 
450-MHz  band  and  100%  of  the 
220-MHz  band  for  satellite  use. 

The  maritime  ITU  conference 
In  1972  resulted  in  another  ter~ 
rible  loss  of  frequencies  by 
white  nations  as  the  African 
and  Asian  countries  banded 
together,  ignoring  ah  technical 


recommendations,  to  grab  iheir 
"share"  of  the  frequencies  . . . 
no  matter  any  intended  use  or 
not.  This  again  is  not  opinion,  it 
is  a  fact. 

If  the  Third  World  countries 
get  off  this  hick  of  getting  every* 
thing  they  can  at  ITU  meetings, 
we  may  come  out  okay,  so  when 
I'm  asked  for  my  predictions  of 
what  will  happen,  1  can't  be  op- 
timistic . . ,  nor  can  I  say  that  1 
think  we  will  lose  40m,  etc.  1  do 
say  this:  if  we  do  lose  fre- 
quencies, we  know  where  to 
place  the  blame  for  it  - . .  on 
those  who  had  the  respon- 
sibility to  protect  these  fre- 
quencies and  did  so  httle  in  that 
line.  Oh,  they  knew  what  had  to 
be  done,  but  they  Just  didn't  do 
it.  They  learned  nothing  from 
their  debacle  In  1971. 

Should  amateur  radio  come 
out  with  everything  we  have  at 
present ...  plus  a  couple  of  ex- 
tra bands,  no  one  will  cheer 
more  loudly  than  1.  And  no  one 
will  be  luckier  than  the  League.  I 
still  won't  be  able  to  honestly 
give  them  one  bit  of  credit  be- 
cause they  have  gambled  with 
our  future  by  not  doing  every- 
thing reasonably  prudent  to  try 
to  preserve  It.  Just  hoping  for  a 
lucky  break  hardly  constitutes 
providing  the  service  we  expect 
of  them  and  pay  them  for. 

AN  ACCOUNTING 

Once  this  is  over,  I  think  the 
members  should  flatly  demand 
an  accounting  of  the  funds 
spent  in  Geneva.  The  last  I 
heard,  they  had  $l 40,000  in  their 
wallet  and  were  sending  out 
more  letters  begging  for  money 
for  the  WARC  *'crew-"  Many 
angry  members  sent  me  copies 
of  an  August  31st  letter ...  a  bit 
late  in  the  game  for  hat-passtng, 
Td  say. 

It  may  be  almost  time  for 
League  members  to  stop  ignor- 
ing what  is  going  on  and  start 
asking  questions, 

MONSTER  GREEN 

Rather  than  come  up  with 
figures  to   show   that   I    was 


wrong  in  my  questions  about 
the  ARRL  living  it  up  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  deluded  members, 
they've  chosen  to  attack  me 
personally.  'Green  is  anti- 
amateur  radio/'  I  hear.  Or 
"Green  is  egotistically  trying  to 
torpedo  ARRL  participation  at 
WARC  79;* 

I  suggest  that  the  facts  be 
brought  out.  Either  I  am  right 
about  the  Si  00,000  fund  for  pro- 
tecting amateur  radio  or  I  am 
not;  And  alt  anyone  has  to  do  Is 
read  the  yearly  ARRL  report. 
Whitewashed  as  it  is,  the  fund  is 
right  in  there  for  anyone  to  see. 
If  I  am  wrong  about  the  fund, 
then  I  thi  nk  a  lot  of  members  are 
due  an  explanation  of  why  the 
fund  Is  listed  {and  has  been  for 
years)  in  the  annual  reports. 

Let's  suppose  that  eventually 
they  will  admit  to  the  fund.  How 
then  can  they  justify  the  hat- 
passing  for  more  cash?  This 
strongly  suggests  that  they  in- 
tend to  spend  more  than 
$100,000  at  Geneva!  How  much 
can  a  couple  of  people  spend  in 
a  few  weeks?  Sure,  Geneva  is 
expensive,  but  even  at  the  finest 
hotel,  which  I  am  sure  they  have 
engaged,  and  at  the  most  ex- 
pensive restaurants,  which  Til 
bet  they  are  patronizing,  It 
should  be  difficult  to  spend  that 
much  money  in  so  short  a  time. 

Say,  Vm  willing  to  bet  SIOO 
cash  that  not  one  of  the  ARRL 
members  will  be  able  to  get  a 
list  of  the  monies  which  have 
been  spent  from  that  $100,000 
fund  since  It  was  set  up.  It  has 
been  brought  back  to  strength 
each  year  by  the  directors,  and 
no  report  has  ever  been  made 
that  I  have  seen  on  where  the 
money  went  which  was  spent. 
The  first  person  lo  come  up  with 
a  list  of  the  expenditures,  by 
whom,  for  what  purpose,  and 
when,  gets  my  $100.  Boy,  am  t 
safe  on  that  bet.  1  know  what 
some  of  the  money  was  spent 
for  and  i  know  it  will  never  be 
made  pub!ic. 

My  apologies  to  ARRL  in- 
siders for  stirring  up  skeletons 
in  closets,  but  when  the  direc- 


tors  go  out  to  cfubs  and  start 
trying  to  smear  me,  as  a  cover- 
up  for  their  crimes  of  omission 
and  commission,  then  I  speak 
up. 

Me  anti-amateur,  huh?  And 
pro  what?  Let's  put  it  this 
way.,  J  will  say  flatty  that 
there  is  not  one  official  of  the 
ARRL  at  any  level  who  can  even 
come  close  to  my  background 
in  amateur  radio.  For  those  new 
readers  who  might  get  taken  in 
by  a  director,  let  me  give  just  a 
brief  resume  of  some  of  my  ham 
activities. 

In  the  DX  field,  I've  got  well 
over  300  countries  con- 
firmed . . .  have  visited  almost 
90  countries  and  operated  from 
over  40,  I  ve  been  active  on 
OSCAR  and  have  some  30  coun- 
tries  worked  through  the 
satellite  On  10  GHz,  I  have  the 
world's  record  for  states 
worked:  seven.  I  was  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  RTTY  and  wrote 
several  of  the  early  books  on  the 
subject.  I  also  was  an  early  ex- 
perimenter with  slow  scan  and 
forget  how  many  countries  I've 
worked  on  that  mode.  I  had  one 
of  the  early  repeaters  and 
pioneered  multiband  repeat- 
ing,., with  my  first  work  on 
repeaters  being  in  1949,  thirty 
years  ago. 

How  about  contests?  If  you 
look  back,  you'll  find  that  Tve 
won  my  section  several  times  in 
the  Sweepstakes,  DX,  VHF,  and 
other  contests.  Love  *em.  The 
rarest  countries  Tve  worked 
from?  Probably  Afghanistan  as 
YA1NSD,  Nepal  as  an  op  at 
9N1MIVI,  Tahiti  with  my  FOSAS 
call,  Fiji  as  VR2FD,  and  Jordan 
as  JY8AA.  I  will  have  been  on 
from  Korea  as  HL9WG  and  from 
Hong  Kong,  with  call  as  yet 
unknown,  in  October, 

These  days  I'm  active  mostly 
on  20, 15, 10,  2, 1  v*  meters,  and 
10  GHz.  But  then,  I  lead  a  fairly 
busy  life  and  haven't  time  for 
everything.  Anti-ham?  How 
many  ARRL  HQ  peop*e  have 
you  heard  on  the  air?  i  haven't 
heard  'em  and  I  drive  right 
through  Hartford  every  now  and 
then  operating  on  two  meters. 

FCC  BEING  PUT  DOWN 

Not  only  hams  are  getting 
sick  of  the  FCC.  I  see  more  and 
more  newspaper  clippings  from 
readers  about  the  FCC,  none 
complimentary.  Having  attend- 
ed more  hearings  at  the  FCC 
than  I  tike,  I  can  see  why  the  out- 
fit Is  constipated.  Some  of  my 
petitions  for  rule  changes  have 
t>een  in  the  works  for  ten  years 
and  are  still  hanging  around 
waiting  for  action. 

We  might  be  able  to  put  up 
with  this  glacial  speed  if  the  re- 
suits  were  well  considered  and 
fair.  They  are  anything  but. 
Politics  is  the  rule  of  the  day, 
along  with  temporary  expedi- 
ency. 

One  of  the  major  problems  at 


the  FCC  is  that  it  is  being  run  by 
seven  people,  none  of  whom 
have  the  background  needed  to 
make  decisions  on  the  complex 
matters  involved.  This  means 
that  every  problem  has  to  t>e  ex- 
plained in  tedious  detail,  written 
for  the  complete  novice,  and  it 
also  means  that  the  writer  of 
these  details  can  sway  legis- 
lation easily  by  biasing  the  posi- 
tion papers, 

The  FCC  is  trying  to  handle  a 
wide  range  of  regulations,  each 
requiring  a  technical  back* 
ground  which  the  commis- 
sioners do  not  have.  The  result 
is  that  some  of  the  commis- 
sioners realize  the  futility  of 
their  jobs  and  just  sit  back, 
voting  whichever  way  seems 
best,  but  not  even  trying  to 
make  sense  of  the  situations. 
Some  virtually  sleep  through 
the  long  boring  hearings. 

If  the  FCC  is  going  to  be  able 
to  make  any  intelligent  de- 
cisions, they  are  going  to  have 
to  find  some  way  to  get  career 
people  with  the  needed  back- 
ground into  the  Job— not  unin- 
terested political  appointees. 
No  one  can  have  all  of  the  back- 
ground needed,  so  some  split- 
ting up  of  the  divisions  is  need- 
ed, with  separate  heads.  The 
present  system  of  endless  ora) 
hearings  must  be  curbed  in 
some  way.  It  is  just  too  much  of 
a  waste  of  time  for  too  many 
people. 

I  think  it  was  at>out  a  year  or 
so  ago  that  a  reader  (an  old 
friend  who  used  to  work  for  me) 
wrote,  suggesting  that  he  start 
a  movement  to  get  me  appoint- 
ed to  the  FCC  as  a  commis- 
sioner. I  wrote  back  and  said  no 
way.  I  wouldn't  last  a  week  In 
that  bureaucratic  environment, 
I  believe  that  the  shortest  dis- 
tance between  two  points  is  a 
straight  line,  even  if  it  bisects 
the  White  House  and  two  other 
commissioners. 

No  rational  body  would  have 
come  up  with  the  ten-meter 
linear  ban,  which  doesn't  make 
any  sense.  And  now  that  CB 
sales  have  dwindled  off  to 
where  there  is  virtually  no  prot> 
iem  with  HFers  or  illegal  OBers 
of  any  magnitude,  I  would  ex- 
pect the  Commission  to  go  right 
ahead  with  plans  for  dealer  reg- 
istration of  ham  equipment ,  * . 
the  requirement  of  a  ham  li- 
cense to  buy,  etc.  The  molasses 
speed  of  the  FCC  forces  it  to 
provide  rules  long  after  the  need 
for  them  has  gone  away.  Re- 
member the  repealer  ruies.  If 
you  will  . . .  totally  unneeded 
when  they  arrived  because  ama- 
teurs had  already  solved  the 
problems  which  had  originally 
brought  on  the  request  for  the 
rules  years  earlier. 

Part  of  the  trouble  lies  with 
hams.  All  too  often  1  see  petl* 
tions  to  the  FCC  intended  to 
solve  some  temporary  prob- 
lem ,  * ,  and  I  know  that  years  in 


the  future  this  petition  may  well 
cause  great  mischief.  And  then 
we  have  hams  who  are  afraid  to 
go  ahead  and  experiment  with 
something.  They  want  to  make 
sure  that  it  is  all  okay  with  the 
FCC  before  they  go  ahead.  The 
result  of  that  is  that  the 
bureaucrats  at  the  FCC  are  not 
about  to  open  themselves  to 
any  possibility  for  criticism,  so 
they  say  no.  If  the  damned  ham 
would  just  go  ahead,  but  shut 
up  about  it,  the  chances  are 
good  that  nothing  would  hap- 
pen and  then  we  could  point  to  a 
year  or  two  of  operation  using 
the  experimental  system  with 
success  and,  at  that  time,  get  it 
okayed.  Bureaucrats  say  no , . . 
they  have  to  if  they  want  pen- 
sions. 

If  I  could  see  examples  of  our 
government  providing  benefits 
to  us,  I  might  be  less  critical.  I 
suppose  the  police  system  we 
have  is  better  than  none  at  all, 
but*  at  times,  I  am  not  sure  of 
this.  1  see  people  quilting  work 
because  they  can  make  almost 
as  much  on  welfare  and  not 
have  any  responsibility.  After  a 
couple  years  of  that,  who  will 
ever  hire  them?  And  so  It 
goes  .  * .  many  books  have  been 
written  about  this  mess  we've 
gotten  outselves  into  . . .  and  no 
one  has  even  a  hint  as  to  how  to 
get  out  of  it. 

About  the  only  good  thing 
you  can  say  abouX  our  govern- 
ment is  thatt  crummy  as  it  is,  we 
don't  know  of  a  better  one  any- 
where. 

WHICH  ONES  WORK? 

Unless  you  are  brand  new  to 
73  Magazine,  It  should  come  as 
no  great  surprise  to  you  that  I 
have  a  considerable  interest  In 
10  GHz...  and  this  even  ex- 
tends to  the  neighboring  band 
of  10.5  GHz.  where  the  police 
have  set  up  a  great  little  money- 
maker by  zapping  motorists. 
This  nets  them  well  over  $3  bil- 
lion a  year  in  cash  for  their  mu- 
nicipalities,  making  it  possible 
for  a  St,5CK5  radar  unit  to  pay  tor 
itself  in  a  weekend! 

The  73  Magazine  mobile  of- 
fice and  portable  laboratory  has 
four  different  radar  detectors 
mounted  across  the  top  of  the 
front  window.  This  is  not  so 
much  because  the  lumbering 
Dodge  van  is  operated  above  55 
mph  as  it  Is  to  test  the  ability  of 
these  units  to  detect  signals  of 
importance  and  reject  those  of 
insignificance. 

The  four  units  currently  In 
test  in  the  van  are  the  Bear- 
finder,    the   Fuzzbuster,   the 


Super  Snooper,  and  the  Radio 
Shack  Micronta  unit.  Up  here  in 
New  Hampshire,  we  have  no 
shortage  of  radar  in  the  hands 
of  police  . , ,  in  fact,  virtually 
eyety  state  police  car  has  one 
and  many  of  the  town  cars  sport 
them.  A  simple  trip  to  Man* 
Chester,  some  35  miles  away, 
can  often  supply  three  or  more 
tests  of  the  detection  devices. 

One  of  the  best  we  have 
tested  recently  has  been  the 
Radio  Shack  Micronta  unit  It 
looks  very  much  like  the  Super 
Snooper  unit  In  the  ads,  but 
when  ours  arrived,  we  were  sur- 
prised to  find  that  though  the 
shape  was  quite  similar,  the 
size  was  substantially  smaller. 
The  Micronta  generally  advises 
us  of  a  lurking  bear  a  second 
before  the  Fuzzbuster,  which 
has  come  to  be  a  good  standard 
to  use. 

I'm  partial  to  the  Fuzzbuster 
for  a  couple  of  reasons , , .  first- 
ly, because  It  does  always  give 
the  alert  in  time  to  check  speed 
and  slow  down  a  hair,  If  needed. 
Secondly,  this  firm,  Electrolert, 
has  been  by  far  the  most  active 
in  fighting  illegal  laws  put 
through  to  limit  the  use  of  these 
radio  receivefs. 

As  I've  mentioned  before,  on 
most  of  the  larger  highways  and 
turnpikes,  the  traffic  tends  to 
run  from  ten  to  fifteen  miles  per 
hour  over  the  55  limit,  which 
means  that  the  bears  have  a 
field  day  when  they  set  up  shop. 
The  use  of  CB  and  an  ear  on 
channel  19  can  save  you  a  stiff 
fine,  the  hassle  of  coming  back 
to  some  crummy  place  for  a 
court  hearing  a  week  or  two 
later,  and  an  increase  In  your  in- 
surance premiums.  It  may  also 
save  your  driving  license. 

I  had  a  very  good  friend  who 
used  to  go  with  me  on  sports 
car  rallies.  A  cop.  He  said  that 
his  friends  would  give  almost 
anything  to  get  parkway  duty, 
since  this  meant  an  added  non- 
taxable income  of  several  hun- 
dred dollars  a  day.  The  patrol 
cars  kept  track  of  commuters  in 
expensive  cars  and  stopped 
them  about  once  a  month  for 
speeding.  Unless  the  motorist 
was  particularly  dense,  there 
would  be  a  $50  bill  neatly  folded 
within  the  driving  license.  The 
police  would  look  at  the  license 
and  hand  it  back,  less  the  $50. 

The  radar  detectors  are 
handy  because  it  is  all  too  easy 
to  go  along  with  the  traffic  and 
find  yourself  a  few  miles  over 
the  speed  limit.  You're  not  go- 
ing fast  enough  to  get  there  any 
sooner,  but  it  is  fast  enough  for 


NBVM 

Because  of  some  late  developments,  we  were  unable  to  pre- 
sent in  November  the  article  on  HBVM  mentioned  in  ""Never 
Say  Die/*  Tim  Daniei  NBRK's  report  will  t>€  featured  in  our 
January,  19S0,  issue. 


Staff 


.\t 


' 


Wayne  Qr^n  W2N5Dn 

EXECUTIVE  VICE  PfcESlD€Wl 
Stierfy  Smyihe 

COf^POIUTE  COlflKOUiA 

O.  Alan  Ttiulander 

ASySTAHT  PUOUSHEft 
Jeffrey  D.  DeTray  WB8BTH 

ACtMlHISTRATIVE  A5SlSTAlfT 
Polly  Gkbson 

MAHAGING  EDrTOft 
John  C,  Burnell 

ASlfSTANt  MANAG1KG 

EDITOR 

Susan  G.  PhiE&riqk 

NEWS  EDfTOR 

G«ne  Sm9^e  WBGTOVn 

[DiTORtAL  ASSl^TANTl 
Elisabeth  Blad^morQ 
Hichana  Phenbc 

PI^OOUCnON  MANAGED 
Na«l  R.  S&if  WB1ARP 

ASSISTANT  PR0miCT}0«4 
MANAGER 

Robin  M.  Sloan 

ART  DEPAMMEHT 
Stove  Baldwin 
BobDfew 
nJameft  H.  Gray  ti 
Bruca  Hedin 
Cl^ip  Jacltson 
Ken  J»ck3on 
Dion  Owens 
N»ncy  Salmon 
Paihce  Scribf^Bf 
jorirt  W.  Wtiite 

BOOK  FUBLICAT10NS 
Jim  Perry 

OOOK  f^RODUCTlON 
Peiar  Pern> 
Emily  A.  Gtbbs 
Chris  Brown 

Q^  5^«4nbach,  Mgr 
Dean  Zanga 

PHOfOGIUPHY 
Bill  Heydotph 
Tedd  Cluft 
T^ff  ie  AndeTtton 

TYPIStniNG 

Barbara  J.  Utlt 
Sara  Bedell 
Saridie  G unset h 

DOOKKEEPEfi 

Knud  E  M.  Keller  KV4GG/1 

af^CULATIOH 

Pauline  johnstor>e 

Data  UfTKY 
Cattry  DeSil^a 

CmCUtATK3»t  MANAGER 

Harold  L  Stephens 

ASSISTANT  CIRCULATION 

MA14AGER 

Donne  Taylor 

DULK  SALES  MANA^Ift 
Judy  Waterman 

Marti  Dendy 

Bill  Barry 

UXOPTlOHISt 
Rhonda  Clapper 

ASSOCIATES 

Robert  Ba^er  WB2GFE 
W  Sar^gef  Greer^ 
Dave  Ingram  K4TWJ 
tarry  KahanerW&ZNEL 
Jos  Kasser  G3ZCZ 
Bill  Pasternak  WAQITF 
JohnSchultz  W^FA 
Peiar  Stark  K2QAW 

COMPUIIR  PRO^AMMmO 

Rtchard  J .  Dykema 

Altne  CoutUt  Mgr. 
Kevin  Riistiaiko 
Naivcy  Ciampa 
Marcia  Stone 
Cheryl  McOaniel 
Jerry  l^enifieid 
iori  Mugrord 
RUa  Rivard 


a  ticket,  court  appearance,  fine, 
and  insurance  inCTea&e.  When 
the  detector  sounds  off . . . 
which  is  a  cacophony  in  the  van, 
with  four  going  al  once ...  I 
have  about  one  second  to  hit 
the  brakes  before  the  police 
radar  units  can  read  out  my 
speed.  Their  radars  have  to  read 
the  incoming  Doppler  audio 
tone  and  change  it  to  miles  per 
hour  This  takes  a  coupJe  of  sec- 
onds. If  the  target  car  is  chang- 
ing speed,  the  radar  unit  can't 
get  a  fix  on  it.  so  you  always 
have  lime  to  slow  down,  if  you 
are  properly  warned. 

If  it  wasn't  for  the  55  mph 
speed  limit,  I  doubt  If  I  would 
even  have  the  van,  tt  burns 
gasoline  ridiculousty,  averaging 
about  1 1  miles  to  the  gallon.  But 
it  has  a  36  gallon  tank,  so  we 
have  a  range  of  nearly  400  miles 
with  it.  When  someone  else  is 
driving,  1  can  read  manuscripts, 
answer  letters,  keep  up  with 
literature,  and  things  like 
that . . .  all  without  the  constant 
interruption  of  the  telephone. 

For  faster  trips,  we  generally 
use  the  Mazda  RX-7**, which 
we  like  very  much.  There  are  on- 
iy  three  radar  detectors  on  it 
normally  , , .  a  Fox,  a  Whistler, 
and  a  Bearfinder,  The  Whistler 
sometimes  sounds  off  when 
within  twenty  feet  of  a  radar 
transmitter  and  on  the  more 
severe  bumps  . . ,  but  that's  all. 
The  Fox  and  Bearfinder  are 
about  even.  The  RX-7  burns  less 
than  one  gallon  of  gas  for  every 
20  miles  when  driven  at  speed 
(80  mph),  even  with  air-con- 
ditioning and  automatic  shift. 

The  Fox  and  the  Micronta  are 
pretty  close  when  I  plug  a  Fox 
into  the  van  system  for  a  com- 
parison. It  is  difficult  to  see  any 
reat  difference  in  sensitiv- 
ity... both  are  very  good. 

Like  many  other  gadgets, 
once  you  get  used  to  the  warn- 
ings from  a  radar  detector,  you 
feel  worried  without  it.  Since  I'm 
often  chatting  away  on  two 
meters  while  I'm  driving,  gen- 
erally keeping  up  with  traffic 
unless  I  am  in  a  hurry  for  an 
appointment,  (  don't  keep  my 
eye  on  the  speed  at  all  times. 
The  warning  buzz  is  appreciated 
and  often  saves  me  a  brush  with 
the  government. 

JAMMING— CAN  ANYTHING 
BE  DONE? 

Who  can  fail  to  get  angry 
when  they  hear  amateurs  trying 
to  jam  out  an  emergency  net 
during  an  earthquake  or  hurri- 
cane? Sure  enough,  right  in  the 
middle  of  a  recent  extended 
period  of  critical  traffic  han- 
dling, there  were  some  jammers 
making  iife  miserable  for  every- 
one, I  understand  that  the  FCC 
was  called  and,  using  their  so- 
phisticated direction^finding 
equipment,  quickly  located  the 
scoundrels. 

Jamming  is  certainly  nothing 


new  fn  amateur  radio  and  per 
haps  it  is  past  time  to  bring  it 
out  in  the  open  and  stop  pre- 
tending that  it  isn't  happening. 
By  discussing  it,  we  may  be 
able  to  better  come  to  grips  with 
the  problem  . . .  and  also  come 
up  with  some  plans  for  dealing 
with  it. 

Though  there  are  obviously 
some  common  causes  and 
common  remedies  which  apply 
to  jamming,  we  may  be  able  to 
tackle  the  phenomenon  better  it 
we  break  it  down  into  cate- 
gories. We  have  the  jamming  of 
emergency  nets,  probably  one 
of  the  worst  types  of  jamming. 
Then  there  Is  the  jamming  of 
what  we  term  service  nets  . . . 
such  as  the  Eastcars,  Midcars, 
and  Westcars  nets.  We  also 
have  jamming  of  just  plain  nets. 
We  have  jamming  of  special 
modes  such  as  RTTY  and  SSTV, 
a  sort  of  specialized  breed  of 
jammer.  And  most  of  us  are 
familiar  with  the  kerchunker  on 
repeaters  . . .  and  we've  even 
heard  the  bad-language  Ian 
lousing  up  repeaters. 

In  addition  to  those  jammers, 
we  have  a  whole  host  of  jam^ 
mers  working  in  our  DX 
bands  . , .  and  *'m  not  speaking 
at>out  commercial  or  military 
stations  which  are  intruding. 
I'm  talking  about  your  sancti- 
monious DX  chaser  who  slams 
his  signal  into  a  pileup,  knowing 
full  welt  that  it  is  flatly  against 
the  law  to  intentionally  interfere 
with  another  operator.  In  this 
case,  jamming  is  not  only  con- 
doned, it  is  a  way  of  life,  com- 
plete with  high-powered  am- 
plifiers and  giant  antenna  ar- 
rays, an  set  up  with  the  sole  pur- 
pose of  being  able  to  jam  the 
hell  out  of  several  dozen  other 
stations  who  are  trying  to  reach 
a  choice  OX  station.  Choice,  did 
I  say?  Tve  heard  ptieups  on  a  YV 
Of  even  a  DL  when  there  ts 
nothing  rarer  to  fight  over. 

WHY? 

In  some  cases,  there  is  ob- 
viously a  screw  loose  in  a  ham's 
head.  They  don't  give  tests  of 
sanity  when  they  hand  out  ham 
tickets,  so  we  have  our  share 
(and  more)  of  loonies.  Tve  heard 
more  than  one  ham  wife  claim 
that  all  hams  are  nuts  and,  after 
forty  years  of  this  and  knowing 
several  thousand  hams  per- 
sonally, Vm  in  no  shape  to  argue 
the  point.  I  know  there  are 
hordes  of  hams  who  would  sign 
commitment  papers  for  me  if 
they  were  passed  around. 

But  let's  get  down  to  the  nitty- 
gritty  • . .  why  this  happens.  I'm 
immediately  reminded  of  a  time 
when  I  was  operating  from 
Curacao  [PJ3)  and  I  checked  the 
band  carefully  for  a  relatively 
empty  spot . . .  found  one . . , 
asked  twice  if  anyone  was 
using  it . . .  called  CO  and  got 
Into  a  contact.  About  five 
minutes  into  the  QSO,  a  woman 


from  Florida  broke  In  on  the 

channel  and  demanded  that  I 
get  off  the  frequency  immedi- 
ately, saying  that  I  had  one  hell 
of  anen/e  operating  there,  since 
this  was  the  YL  International 
Phone  Net  channel,  Without 
giving  me  a  chance  to  say  any- 
thing, she  proceeded  to  make  a 
ten-minute  call  for  net  members 
to  gather , . .  and  got  some.  If 
ever  I  wanted  to  jam  a  net,  that 
was  it. 

There  is  no  question  but  that 
there  are  times  when  a  repeater 
control  operator  is  unobtrusive 
and  considerate  and  the  re- 
peater still  gets  jammed,  but  in 
every  case  I've  heard  personal- 
ly, this  was  not  the  case,  Fve 
heard  dozens  of  jammings  of  re- 
peaters, but  Tve  also  heard 
some  of  the  stuff  that  pre- 
cipitated the  jamming,. ,  usu- 
ally a  very  arrogant  control  op 
who  has  made  someone  mad.  In 
other  cases,  Tve  heard  whole 
groups  join  in  to  aggravate  a 
poor  situation  and  make  It  im- 
possible. 

Something  happens  to  many 
(if  not  most)  people  when  they 
get  power  over  others,  aven  if  it 
is  so  insignificant  as  being  a  net 
control  or  a  repeater  control  op- 
erator. They  seem  to  immedi- 
ately forget  what  it  is  like  for  the 
other  chap,  and  they  start 
throwing  what  weight  they  have 
around,  This  often  calls  for 
retaliation  .  . .  and  we  have 
jamming*  Td  be  surprised  if 
90%  or  better  of  the  jamming 
hasn't  been  instigated  by  an  of- 
ficious operator  who  has  a 
severe  personality  problem 
. . .  like  a  weli'deserved  inferiori- 
ty complex  .  . ,  who  irritates 
someone  else  beyond  their 
capacity  of  acceptance.  Oh,  I 
know  the  feeling  .  . ,  for  in- 
stance, when  someone  comes 
on  a  repeater  where  Tve  been 
talking  for  a  while  and  says  in 
an  official  voice  that  it  is  an 
FCC  regulation  that  I  identify 
my  station. 

WHAT  TO  DO 

For  many  amateurs,  the  first 
port  in  a  jamming  storm  is  a  call 
to  the  FCC  for  help.  Then  they 
get  all  bent  out  of  shape  when 
they  find  that  the  FCC  boys 
have  better  things  to  do  than 
help  us  find  some  yo-yo  we've  ir- 
ritated who  is  busy  "getting 
even." 

Speaking  of  nets,  it  may 
come  as  a  rude  shock  and  chill- 
ing news,  but  the  FCC  has  a  rule 
which  is  fairly  explicit ...  no 
ham,  or  even  net,  has  a  claim  to 
a  frequency.  The  fact  that  a  net 
has  used  the  same  channel  dai- 
ly for  fifty  years  is  not  an  excuse 
for  running  roughshod  over  any 
stations  who  are  using  It  come 
net  assembly  time.  I  would  sug- 
gest that  one  or  two  stations  be 
designated  to  act  as  peaceful 

Contmuetf  off  p&ge  229 


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for  the  discerning  Amateur 
who  demands  quality. 


TS-180S  wMt  DFC 


The  TS4B0S  wfth  DFC  (Digital  Frequency  Control)  is  Kenwood's  top-of-the-line  all  solid-state  HF  SSB/CW/FSK  transceiver 
covering  160  through  tO  meters,  with  outstanding  performance  and  many  advanced  functions,  including  four  tunable 
memories  to  provide  more  operating  flexibility  than  any  other  rig! 


TS-180S  FEATURES; 

•  DigiUl  Frequency  Control  (DFC).  IncludinQ  foyr  memories  and 
digital  up/down  paddle-switch  tuning.  MemariBS  are  usable  In 
transceiver  or  ^plit  modes,  and  can  be  tuned  in  20-Hz  steps  up  ar 
down,  stow  or  fast,  with  recall  of  the  origina!  stored  frequency 
(Also  available  without  DFC) 

•  All  SQlid-state:  200  W  PEP/160  W  DC  input  on  160-15  meters,  and 
160  W  PEP/140  W  DC  on  10  meters 

•  Improved  dyoamic  range,  m\h  improved  circuit  desip  and  flF 
AOC  (  RGC").  whicti  actrvates  as  an  automatic  Rf  attenuator  to 
prevent  receiver  overt oad 

•  M^ptable  to  Itiree  new  bands,  and  VFO  covers  more  tfian  50  ItHr 
and  DFC  100  kH2  above  and  berow  each  band. 

•  BuilHn  mmfopmcessor-conuolleG  digitai  display  Shows  aciuai 
frequiflCY  and  switches  to  show  the  dltfeience  between  the  VFO 
and  "Ml'  memary  frequencies  Bimlting  decimal  points  indicate 
'out  of  band      '  -  analog  moncscate  dhal  is  also  tnclydedj 

•  IF  shift  (passband  dialing  to  eliminate  ORt^}. 

•  Dual  SSB  fiHer  system  (seamd  filter  is  optional)  to  provide  very 
sharp  receiver  selectivity,  improved  S/N.  and  30  dB  compression 
With  FtF  speech  processor  on  tvansmit 


PS-30 


Sf»-180 


•  Tunable  noise  blanker,  to  eliminate  cross  modulation  from  strong 
signals  when  noise  blanker  is  on 

•  Selectable  wide  and  narrow  CW  bandwidth  on  receive  (SOOHz 
CW  ffiter  is  optional) 

•  SSB  normal /reverse  switcli  (proper  sideband  is  autamafically 
selected  with  band  switch) 

•  Dual  Rtl  (VFO  and  memory/fix] 

•  Avaitable  withoyt  DFC.  Digital  Ifep&ncy  display  still  included, 
wi!h  differential  function  shnwmo  diff pmnc^  betwepn  Vf 0  and 
"digital  hold '  freqyencms 

OPTiOMAL  ACCESSOniES: 

•  DF-160  digital  frequency  control  (for  f S-1B0S  without  OFC). 

•  YK-aSCW  50044i  CW  filtei 

•  YK-8flSSB  Seconal  filtPT  ffTf  Tfiial  fiirei  svst^m 


MC-50 


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EO-180 

AT-180 

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fm*rkrtU* 


...for  the  discerning  Amateur 
who  demands  quality. 


TS-120S 


Truly  a  "hig  littte  rig;'  the  TS'120S  has  created  a  new  eKcite- 
ment  in  HF  communications  for  highly  versatile  Amateur  oper- 
ation. The  compact  all  solid-state  80-10  meter  transceiver, 
with  up  to  200wattsPEPinput  requires  no  tuning  and  includes 
a  large  digital  readout,  making  it  ideal  tor  mobile  operation.  IF 
shift  and  other  important  features  make  it  a  high-quality  rig  for 
the  ham  shack  as  well, 


TS-1S0S        VFO-120 


MC-50 


TS-120S  FEATURES: 

«  All  solid 'State  Mjth  wideband  amplifier  stages,  Ho  final  dipping  or 
iOAding,  m  (ransmit  drive  peaking,  and  no  receive  preselectoi 
tynmg. 

•  Transceives  on  80  through  all  of  10  meters,  ajid  leceives  WWV  on 
IS  UWi 

•  200  W  PEPMSO  W  DC  mpul  on  I60-15  meters,  and  ISO  W  PEP/140 
W  DC  on  to  meters  LSB.  USB.  and  CW. 

•  Otgital  frequency  display  (standard)  shows  actual  frepeii^cy. 
Backup  analog  subdtal  also  included 

•  tF  shrft  (pdsstiand  tunm§)  to  elimmate  QRM 

•  Advanced  PIL  circuit,  with  improvad  stability  and  spurious 
ciiaracterisltcs  on  transmit  and  receive 

•  Effecttva  noise  blanker. 

•  BuilMn  cooling  fan.  whicii  activates  automatically  when  final- 
amplifier  heatsrnk  temperature  rises  to  30"  C. 

•  Protection  circuit  for  final  transistors. 
•VOX 

OPTIOiUAL  ACCESSORIES: 

•  YK-8BCW  500-Hi  filter, 

*MB-100mohile  mount 


AT-120 


AT420  antenna  tuner  With  mobile  mounting  bracket  included. 
Features  SWR  meter  and  matches  50-ohm  input  to  20-300 
ohms  unbalanced  output.  Handles  150  watts  (120  watts 
on  80  meters). 


TS-520SE 


Ttie  TS-520SE  is  an  economical  version  of 
the  TS'520S..  Jhe  world's  most  popular 
160-10  meter  Amateur  transceiver  Now,  any 
Amateur  can  afford  a  high-quality  HF  trans- 
ceiver for  his  ham  shack. 


SP-S20 


TS-520SE  W/DG-5 


VF0-520S 


TS-520SE  FEATURES: 

•  Cowifs  160-10  meters  and  receives  WWV  on  15  MHz 

•  200  W  PEP  input  on  SSB  and  !60  W  DC  on  CW 

•  CW  WIOE/NARftOW  bandwidth  switch,  for  use  with  the  optional 
CW'52a  ^m-k\i  CW  filter 

•  Digital  display  with  optional  DQ-S.  showing  actual  frequency. 

•  Speech  processor,  effective  in  DX  pifeups, 
«  VOX  and  semi-breakHo  CW  with  stdetone 

•  Buiil-in  2S-kHi  calibrator. 

The  TS-520S  is  still  available,  with  DC  (mobile)  operating 
capability  (with  the  optional  DS-^IA  DC-DC  converter)  and 
transverter  terminals,  which  were  eliminated  from  the 
TS-520SE. 


OPTIONAL  ACCESSORIES: 

•  CW-520  500-H2  CW  filter 

•  AT-200  antenna  tuner. 


^tfiffilsMi 


fmtfktiitf 


who  demands  quality 


R-820XTS-820S 


^ 


5p-S20 


TS-820S 


S-820S 

The  TS^20S  is  a  very  popular  160-10  meter  SSB/CW/RTTY  transceiver,  preferred 
by  DX  operators  and  other  particular  Af^ateurs-  It  employs  a  single-conversion 
PLL  circuit. 


T8-82aS  FEATURES: 

•  200  W  PEP  SSB/160  W  DC  CW/100  W  OC  FSK 

Input  on  IBO-W  meters. 
«  Digital  frequency  display,  with  baclyp 

monos^le  analog  dial 
« IF  shift  (receivef  passljand  innirjQ)  to 

filimifiata  tnterferance. 


•  flF  speech  processor 

•  Eftectivg  noise  blanker. 

OPTIONAL  ACCESSOfllES: 

•  CW-«20  (Y6-fi8C)  50O-H2  CW  filter, 

•  DS-tA  DC-DC  converter 

•  AT-200  anienr^a  tuner. 


R-820 

The  R-a20  is  a  highty  sophisticated  HF  receiver 
for  the  Amateur  who  wants  the  highest  quality 
with  the  most  opef ating  leatures.  A  combi- 
nation of  the  l=f~820  and  1S-820S  provides 
the  ultimate  HF  operating  system. 

R-BZO  FEATUREB: 

•  Fuli  transceive  operation  with  TS-flZOS,  providing 
full  frequency  control  witli  eilher  unrl. 

•  Covers  160-10  meters,  as  well  as  WWV  {15,0-15.5 
MHz),  and  four  shortwave  broadcast  hands  (49, 
31. 35,  and  16  meters). 

•  Receives  SSB,  CW,  AM,  and  RTIY  modes. 

«  Doyble^uned  RF  stages  and  improved  dynamic 
range, 

•  fF  shift  (passband  ttming). 

•  Variable  banifwidth  tur^mg  (VST) 

•  Veiy  stiarp.  deep  notcti  ciiofH . .  in  SO-IHz  W 

•  Provisions  for  exlra-sf^arp  455-ltHz  IF  filtefs. 
«  NDtse-btanher  wttli  variable  ttiresttold  tevef. 

«  Digital  frequency  display,  vvitb  backup  analog  dial 

OPTIONAL  ACCESSORIES: 

•  V6-B@C  ^00-H2  CW  mm.  for  first  IF 

•  YG^A  6^cHe  am  fifter  fur  first  !F 

•  ¥6-4550  5004i2  filter,  for  second  IF. 

•  Y0-455CM  250^H2  fillef.  for  second  IF 


-820 


TS-820S 


VFO-eso 


^N 


TV-50SS       TV-S06 
Cnot  for  TS-520SE} 


AT*ZDO 


ACCESSORIES  FOR 
TS-820  AND  TS-520  SERIES 

AT-200  antenna  tuner  handles  200  W,  160-10  meters. 

TV-502S  2-meter  transverter  covers  144-146  MH2.  (Not  intended  for  TS-520SE.) 

TV-506  B-meter  transverter  covers  50-54  MHz.  (Not  intended  for  TS*520SE.) 


TL-922A 


The  TL-922A  linear  amplifier  for  all  Kenwood  HF  equipment 
provides  maximum  legal  power  on  the  160-15  meter  Amateur 
bands,  employing  a  pair  of  EIMAC  3-5Q0Z  high-pertormance 
transmitting  tubes. 


TL-92aA  FEATURES: 

♦  2&D0  W  PEP  (SSB)/t0O0  W  DC 
tew.  RTTY)  input  power  on  160-15 
meters,  witf*  60  W  drive 

•  Excallent  IMO  characteristics 


•  Safety  protection, 

«  Biower  wittf  aytomatic  defay 

circuit 
«  Variable  tdreshotd  level  type  AlC 


SM-220 

The  SM-220  Station  Moni- 
tor is  capable  of  various 
monitoring  functions,  and 
performs  as  a  wideband 
oscilloscope,  and  is  expand- 
able for  pan-display  opera- 


SM-220  FEATUREB: 

•  Monitois  transmitted  SSB  and  CW  wavefonns  from  IS  to  150  MHz, 

•  High-sensitivity,  wirie-frequency-fange  (up  to  10  MHz)  oscillosDOpe, 

•  Monitors  roGeived  signals  in  IF  stage. 

«  Tests  linearity  of  linear  amplifiers  (provides  trapezoid  pattern), 

•  Allows  observation  of  RTTY  tuning  points  (cross  pattern), 

•  Built-in  two-tone  (1000-Hz  and  1575-H2)  generator, 

«  Expandable  to  pan^dispfay  capability  for  observing  tfie  numbt^r  and 
amplitude  of  stations  wftliln  a  switchabie  ±20  kH£/±iOQ  kHz 
bandwidtfi, 

OPTIONAL  ACCESSORIES: 

•  8S-8  pan-display  module  tor  TS-lflOS  and  TS-SZO  series 

•  BS-^  pan-display  module  for  TS-520  series. 


R-1 


III 


SP-100 


R-iOOO 


The  R*1000  is  a  highly  advanced  communications  recerver  Up-conversion,  PLL  circuitry  and  other  new  technology  pro- 
vide optimum  sensitivity,  selectivity,  and  stability  from  200  kHz  to  30  MHz.  Featurmg  easy-to-operate  single-knob  tuning 
and  digital  frequency  display,  it's  perfect  for  listening  to  shortwave,  medium-wave,  and  long-wave  bands.  Even  SSB 
signals  are  received  perfectly,  included  is  a  quartz  digital  clock  and  timer. 


R-1000  FEATURES: 

•  Corftmuoys  frequency  coverage  from  200  kHi  ta  3G  MHz 

•  30  bands,  each  1  MHz  wide. 

•  Five-digit  fretfuency  display  and  illuminated  analog  dial. 
9  Qyart;?  digital  clock  and  ON/OFF  timer. 

•  Mutli-modes .  .  AM  (wide  and  narrow),  SSB  (USB  and  LSB}. 
and  CW, 

•  Three  IF  filters     27  m  for  SSB  and  CW,  6.Q  kHz  for  AM 
narrow,  and  12  kHz  tor  AM  wide 

•  Effeuiive  noise  blanker. 

•  Buili-in  speaket 


•  Three  antenna  lerminals. 

•  RF  step  attenuator 

•  Um  control, 

•  Recnrding  terminal 

•  Remote  terminal,  for  access  to  timer  relay  ON/OFF  circuit  and 
muting  circuit. 

•  SSB  sensitivity  of  0,5  //V  from  2  to  30  MHz. 

•  More  ttian  60  dB  (F  image  ratio. 

•  Mure  than  70  dB  IF  rejection. 


The  R-300  all-band  communications  receiver  covers 
170  kHz  to  30  MHz  in  six  bands.  It's  ideal  for  listening 

to  foreign  broadcasts  and  other  exciting  transmissions 
throughout  a  wide  range  of  the  radio  spectrum. 


R-3 


II 


R-300  FEATURES: 

■  Conljnuous  Ireriiieficy  coverage  tmm  170  kHz  to  30  MI4i«  in 
SIX  bands 

•  Multi^ortes.  , AM.  SSB.  and  CVtf, 

•  High  sensitivity,  selectivity,  and  image  rafm. 

•  500-kHi  marker 

•  Three-way  powef  supply  (AC/batttries/external  D€).  y^ith 
automaltc  switching  from  AC  to  DC  in  tt^e  event  of  AC 
pamer  failure 


B. 


fmrtM^f 


.  for  the  discerning  Amateur 
who  demands  quality. 


"^  TR-7600 


The  TR-7600  and  TR-7625  are  Kenwood's  popular  synthesized  2-meter  FM  mobile  trans- 
ceivers. Combined  with  the  RM-76  Microprocessof  Control  Unit,  several  memory  and 
SDanning  capabilities  are  provided. 

TR-760(FTR-7625  FEATURES: 

•  One  memory  channel 

•  Mode  switch  for  sitnplex  Of  ftptatBr  apefatiiin. 
Bgpealer  mmje  shifts  the  transmrl  frepency 
+  BCIfl  kHz  Qf  -  600  kHz  or  to  the  memory 
frequency 

•  Full  54cHz  coverage  from  144  000  to 
147,995  MHz 

•  Adaptadte  to  any  one  MAflS  simplex  or 
repeater  r^^nngi  between  1437  ifid  I4fl.3 
(with  moci}Hk.aUCUi  kit) 

ADDED  FEATURES  WITH  RM-7B: 

•  Sot  memorles- 

•  Automatic  memory  scan 

•  Aytomatic  scan  up  the  band  in  5-kHz  steps. 
With  select  at]  le  upper  ar^d  low  ei  frequency 
limits. 

^  Manual  scan  up  or  down  the  band  in  single  m 


KPS-7 


The  KPS-7  is  a  matching  AC  power  supply 
for  the  TR-7B0O  and  TR-7625  Output  rs 
13 J  VDC  at  7  A ICS  (50%  duty  cycle). 


fast  contmuoys  5'kHz  steps. 
±  1  MHz  tfaiTsmittef  offset  as  well  as  ±  600 
kHz  and  memory  oflsBt  for  repeater  operation, 
MARS  operation  on  14395  MHz  simplex. 
VersatiSe  digital  display  of  transmit  ar^d 
receive  frequencies,  and  operating  functions 


24 


II 


The  TR-2400  synthesized  2-meler  hand-held 
transceiver  features  a  large  LCD  frequency 
readout,  10  memories,  scenning.  and  much 
more. 


ST-1 


TR-2400 
FEATURES: 

•  Lafge,  illuminated  LCD 
digjtai  frequency  readout. 
Readable  m  difecl  sun- 
light, artd  a  iamp  switch 
makes  it  readable  In  the 
dark.  Shows  receive  and 
transmit  tTequencies  and 
memory  channels,  and  indicates  **0N  Alfi  \  memory 
lecall.  baUery  status,  and  lamp  switch  on. 

•  ID  memorlBs.  with  battery  backup. 

•  Automatic  memory  scan,  for  "busy"  or  "open" 
channels 

•  Mode  switch  for  simplex,  ±  6D0  kHz 
transmit  repealer  affset,  and  memory- 
frequency  {'M  D")  transmit  repeater  offset, 

•  REVERSE  momentafy  switch. 

•  Buiil-m  16'butlon  TouGh-Tooe  generator 

•  Keyboard  selection  of  5-kHz  channels  from 
144.00  to  147.995  MHz 


•  Up/down  manual  scan  and  repeater  or  simplex  operation 
from  143.300  to  143.435  MHz  in  single  or  fast  continuous 
S-kHi  steps 

•  Two  lock  switches  to  prevent  accidentat  frequency  change 
anct  iccidenta)  transmission 

«  Subtone  switch  (sublone  modufe  not  Kenwood  supplied) 

•  Mofe  than  1  5  W  RF  output 

•  High-impact  plastic  case  and  zinc  die-caat  frame. 

•  BNC  antenna  connector. 

•  Standatd  accessories  included  with  tbe  TB-24{)0  afe  a  flexible 
rubberized  antenna  with  BMC  connector,  ni-cad  hatlery  pack. 
and  AC  charger 

OPTIONAL  ACCESSORIES: 

•  Artraclrve  leather  case 

•  Modd  ST-1  base  stand,  which  provides  I.S-bour  quick  charge, 
trickle  charge,  and  base-station  operation  with  mtcrophona 
cannector  and  impedance-conversron  circuJI  for  using 
MC30S  microphone. 

•  Model  BC'6  OC  quick  charger. 


TOP  CONTROLS 


TS-700SP 


VFO-700S 


The  TS-70QSP  is  an  aihmode  (SSB.  FM,  CW.  and  AM)  solid-state  transceiver 
covering  the  entire  2-meter  band,  tncluding  repeater  operation  on  all  sub- 
bands.  It's  the  perfect  rig  for  the  seriQUs  2-meter  Amateur. 


TS-7D05P  FEATURES: 

•  Alf  modes    SSB  (OSB  and  LSB).  FM.  CW.  and  AM 

•  WO  tuning  from  144  to  148  MHi  in  four  hm^is 

•  Seven  digit  readout  of  rscefve  frequency,  witti 
100-Hz  resnlulian.  (Last  dtgit  can  lie  gliminated 
automattcdlly  in  the  FM  mode.) 

•  Stmplex  and  repealer  operation,  including  all 
repeater  sutibands  Switcliable  to  REVERSE  mode. 

•  Built-in  receiver  preamplifier. 

•  AC/OC  capabdity.  for  fixed  or  mobile  operation. 

•  44  fijied  cTiannels  with  tl  ciysisls 

•  Multifunction  meter    S-rf^eter  on  all  recerve  modes, 
lero-cenler  meter  on  FA^  receive,  and  flF  transmit 

•  High-iow  power  switch  (10  W/1 W). 

•  BIT  for  tioth  VFO  and  fixed  channels. 

•  Effective  noise  blanker. 


600 


SP-70 


TS-600  W/VOX-3 


The  TS-600  is  an  all-mode  (SSB,  FM,  CW.  and  AM)  solid-state  trans- 
ceiver covaring  the  entire  B-meter  band.  It's  the  ideal  transceiver  to 
enjoy  the  many  exciting  pfopagatron  conditions  on  6  meters. 


TS-600  FEATURES: 

•  All  modes,  SSB  (USB  and  LSB).  FM.  CW.  and  AM, 

•  VFO  tuning  from  50  lo  54  MHz  in  four  bands.  Main  dial  graduated 
at  \-kHi  Intervals 

•  AC/OC  capability,  for  fixed  or  mobile  operatiun. 

•  20  fixed  cliannels  wUh  five  cfystals 

•  Effective  noise  blanker. 

•  100'kHz  marker, 

•  Multifunction  meter  .S-meter  on  all  receive  modes,  zero- 
centef  meter  on  FM  receive,  and  3F  on  transmit, 

•  RIT  for  both  VFO  and  fixed  channels, 

•  20  W  PEP  input  on  SSB.  10  W  output  on  m  and  FM.  5  W  output 
on  AM. 

OPTIONAL  ACCESSORY: 

•  VOX -3,  to  provide  VOX  and  semi-break-in  CW  operation. 


The  TR-8300  mobile  FM  transceiver  operates  in  the  70-cm  band,  on 
23  crystal-controlled  channels  (three  supplied).  Transmitter  output 
IS  10  watts,  and  a  very  sensitive  and  selective  receiver  is  provided. 


TR-830D  FEATURES: 

•  Cavers  445  0-45Q  0  MHz  (Uansmit)  and  442J-44T.0  MHz 
(receive). 

•  23  cliannels,  f^ree  supplied  (446  0  MHz  simpfex.  446.5  MHz 
simplex,  and  449.10  MHz  tian5mit/444.10  MHz  receive). 

•  FivE'section  helical  resonator  and  two-pole  crystal  fifterin 
re        '  IF,  for  improved  intermodulatmn  characteristics. 

•  C^W  cnannel  swrtch,  for  user^destred  functjon  (sucti  as  suhtone)- 

•  Higti-low  power  switch  (10  W/1  W) 

•  Monitor  circuit,  to  allow  listening  to  modulation  while  making 
frequency  adjustments. 


fHitrtttfrr 


. . .  for  the  discerning  Amate 
who  demands  quality. 


OPTIONAL  ACCESSORIES 


PC-1  phone  patch. 


HS-5  defuxe  8Q  head- 
phone set 


MC-50  dynamic  dual- 
impedance  (SO  kQ/500Q) 
desk  microphone. 


MC-30S  (500^)  dynamic 
noise-canceliing  hand 
microphone.  Also  available, 
MC-35S  (50  kQ). 


HS-4  8Q  headphone  set. 


MB-IOO  mobile  mount  for 
TS-12DS. 


MC-4S  Touch-Tone  (with 
automatic  transmit) 
microphone. 


OF-180  digital  frequency 
control  fof  TS-180S  without 
OFC. 


DG-1A  digital  counter/ 
display  for  TS-820 


DS-1A  DC-DC  (mobile) 
converter  for  TS-820S/ 
TS-520S(notforTS-520SE) 


BS-8  (for  TS-IBQS  and 
TS-a20S)  and  BS-5  (for 
TS-520  series)  SM-220  pan- 


YK-8BCW  SOD-Hz  CW  filter 
for  TS-180S/T$-t20S  and 
YK-88SSB  IF  SSB  fitter  for 

TS-180S  dual-filter  system. 


CW-BZD  (YG-S&C}  500-H2 
CW  filter  for  TS-820S/R-820 
CW-320  500-Hz  CW  filter  for 
TS-520  series. 


Y6-88A  6-kHz  Al^  filter. 
YB-455C  500-Hz  CW  filter 
and  yG-45SCN  25D-H2  CW 
filter  for  R-820. 


. . .  fmctuiter  in  amateur  rudm 

TRIO-KENWOOD  COMMUNICATIONS  INC. 

1  til  WEST  WALNUT    COMPTON   CA  90220 


MFJ 


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ANTENNA 
TUNERS 


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coax  and  random  wire  1 ,8  to  30  MHz. 

Up  to  3D0  watts  RF  OUTPUT.  SWR,  dual 
range  wattmeter  (300  and  30  watts  full  sca^e). 

Six  position  antenna  switch  an  rear  Select  2 
coax  lines  direct  or  thru  tuner,  random  wire,  and 
tuner  bypass  for  dummy  load. 

New  efficient  airwaund  indyctor  (12  positions) 
gives  you  less  losses  than  taooed  torpid  for 
more  watts  out.  8x2x6  inches.   SO- 2 39  coax 

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connectors,  208  pf.  1000  voft  capacitors. 

Optional  mobile  mounting  bracket,  add  $3.00. 

Beware  of  imitatars.  When  you  buy  MFJ  you 
t)uy  proven  MFJ  quality  ...  and  a  one  year 
unconditional  guarantee. 


$0095 


39 


MFJ>900  ECONO  TUNER  matches  coax,  ran^ 
dorr  wires.  Ml  t^f^d  coverage  1.8  to  30  IVIHz. 
Up  to  200  watts  RF  OUTPUT.  Efficient  airwound 
inductor  gives  more  watts  out  than  tapped  toroid. 

S0-Z39  coax  connectors.  5x2x6  inches.  One 
year  unconditionaj  guarantee, 

MFJ-9Q1  Versa  Tuner  availatile.  Same  as 
MFJ-900  but  has  4:1  balun  lor  balanced  iine5> 
$49.95. 

Beware  of  Imitators.  Some  are  stifl  copying 
our  earlier  models.  MFJ  has  made  improvements, 

For  example,  a  new  efficient  airwound  ifiduc^ 
tor  gives  you  fess  losses  than  a  tapped  toroid 
for  more  watts  out  and  plenty  of  inductance  for 
fufJ  band  coverage  1.8  to  30  MHz. 


*29 


95 


MFJ-16010  RANDOIM  WIRE  TUNER  lets  you 
operate  1.8  to  30  MHz  with  random  wire.  Up  to 
200  watts  RF  OUTPUT.  Small  enough  to  carry 
in  your  hip  pocket.  Ultra  compact  2x3x4  inches. 

P^tch  low  ancf  high  Impedances  by  interchang- 
ing  input  and  output.  SO-239  coax  connectors. 

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Order  fram  MFJ  and  try  it.  If  not  delighted. 

return  within  30  days  for  refund  (less  shipping). 

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Add  S3.00  each  for  shipping. 


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Miss.,  outside  continental  USA,  call  501  323-5669. 

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Antenna    Tuner 


■A=itT 


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l-fere  is  a  new  tuner  that  puts  more  power  Into  your  antenna,  works 
from  160  through  10  meters,  handles  full  legal  power  and  then  some, 
and  works  with  coax,  single  wire  and  balanced  lines.  And  it  lets  you 
tune  up  without  going  on  the  airl 

WE  INVESTIGATED 

All  tuners  fose  some  rf  power.  We  checked  several  popular  tuners  to 
see  where  the  losses  are.  Mostly  they  are  In  the  inductance  coll  and  the 
balun  core. 

So  we  switched  from  #12  wire  for  the  main  inductor  to  Va"  copper 
tubing.  It  can  carry  ten  times  the  rf  current.  And  we've  moved  the 
balun  from  the  output,  where  It  almost  never  sees  Its  design 
impedance,  to  the  input  where  It  always  does.  Thus  more  power  to  your 
antenna. 

IMPOSSIBLE  FEAT 

The  biggest  problem  with  tuners  Is  getting  them  tuned  up.  With  three 
knobs  to  tune  on  your  transceiver  and  three  on  the  tuner  and  ten 
seconds  to  do  It  {see  the  warning  In  your  transceiver  manual)  that 's1^^ 
seconds  per  knob. 

We  have  a  better  way;  a  built-in  50-ohm  noise  bridge  that  lets  you  set 
thetuner  controls  without  transmitting.  And  a  switch  that  lets  you  tune 
your  transmitter  into  a  dummy  load.  So  you  can  do  the  whole  tuneup 
without  going  on  the  air.  Saves  that  final;  cuts  QRM, 

BROCHURE  AVAILABLE  NOW 

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easy-to-use  tuner  send  for  our  new  brochure.  Or  visit  your  Palomar 
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*^  Reader  Servfce—see  page  259 


15 


1 


kJ  CI,    I. 


o  1.3    iT  C>  o :  t H    i1 1 ..  f  ■ '  t    K'  V  f ::  :^    I)  r  0  J  r  'C 

I    i ! : : :  ?^  Th ^iT  you "pr^i  rTT  ^? "^'^ 
t  €:?  1 1   hla   Jj p  1 3    that    s  h  e   t^  hou 


I 


GODBOUT 


] 


Recently.due  to  failure  of  one 
Of  more  RAM  chips  in  my 
TRS-80,  which  had  been  pur- 
chased from  Godboul  (Bill  God- 
bout  Electronics)  ^0  months 
previously,  I  returned  all  eight 
chips  to  Godbout  under  the 
terms  of  their  one-year's  warran- 
ty, I  requested  that  they  test 
these  chips  to  determine  which 
were  defective  and  replace  as 
required.  I  offered  to  pay  for  the 
testing,  if  necessary,  as  I  was 
not  equipped  to  do  so. 

I  was  pleasantly  sorprised  to 
receive  within  a  week  a  conv 
piete  eight-chip  RAM  kit  from 
Godboul  — no  charge  whatso- 
ever, and  postage  paid!  Now,  I 
am  sure  that  atl  eight  original 
chips  were  not  defective  and 
can  conclude  only  that  once 
again  Godboul  is  performing  in 
their  characteristic  *'the- 
customer-must-be-pleased'* 
manner. 

This  attitude  will  go  far  to  en- 
sure the  future  success  of  this 
outstanding  supplier. 

Arch  Wicks  W6SWZ 
Agoura  CA 


DAVID 


Here  is  some  updated  materi- 
al regarding  the  emergency  op- 
eration of  the  Florida  Crown  Net 
(Jacksonville)  and  the  Florida 
Midday  Traffic  Net  (FMTN)  dur- 
ing  hurricane  David  Sept.  2-5th. 

Local  Red  Cross  Director 
Buck  Willocks  of  Jacksonville 
praised  the  amateurs  saying,  "if 
there  was  any  one  group  who 
shined  during  the  emergency,  it 
was  the  amateur  radio  opera- 
tors of  this  community."  He  was 
referring  to  the  56  operators 
who  volunteered  to  iink  the  16 
Red  Gross  evacuation  shelters 
to  Red  Cross  HQ.  Personal  com* 
mendation  certificates  are  be- 
ing given  to  each  participant.  In 
addition,  stations  were  set  up  at 
Civii  Defense  HQ,  the  Weather 
Bureau,  WTLV-Channel  12  stu- 
dios, and  the  l^ayor's  office, 

Jacksonville  Mayor  Jake 
6odbold  and  his  staff  also  ex- 
pressed  their  deep  appreciation 
and  tt  is  reported  that  the  Mayor 
will  attempt  to  visit  at  least  two 
local  amateur  clubs,  The  North 
Florida  Amateur  Radio  Society 
(NOFARS)  and  the  Jacksonville 
RANGE  Assn,,  to  express  his 


thanks  personally.  City  officials 
monitored  the  transmissions  on 
two  meters  to  get  the  latest 
evacuation  count. 

Telephone  lines  at  Red  Cross 
were  completely  jammed  and 
the  only  communications  were 
via  amateur  radio. 

On  the  statewide  level,  com- 
plimentary reports  continue  to 
pour  in  concerning  the  oper- 
ation of  the  Florida  Midday  Traf- 
fic Net  on  40  meters  (day)  and  75 
meters  (night).  The  net  stayed  in 
session  for  over  56  continuous 
hours  providing  the  only  cov- 
erage of  the  entire  slate.  At 
least  three  major  Weather 
Bureau  offices  in  Florida  were 
linked  together  by  FMTN. 

Ironically,  the  FMTN  was 
kicked  out  of  the  ARRL  last 
month  because,  after  23  years 
of  operation,  they  refused  to  ac- 
cept the  SCM*s  wish  to  dissolve 
the  net  administration  and  have 
ail  officers  appointed  by  him. 
Plaase  see  the  following  for  ad- 
ditional information, 

Billy  Williams  N4UF 

Assistant  Manager,  FMTN 

Jacksonville  FL 

STATE  ARRL  OFFICIAL  KICKS 

FLORIDA  MIDDAY  TRAFFIC 

NET  OUT  OF  LEAGUE 

On  August  11th,  ARRL  South 
Florida  Section  Communica- 
tions Manager  (SCM)  Woodrow 
*Woody"  Huddleston  informed 
Florida  Midday  Traffic  Net 
(FMTN)  Manager  Al  Suhr 
WB4AID  that  FMTN  was  no 
longer  a  part  of  the  American 
Radio  Relay  League  (ARRL). 

In  his  letter,  Huddleston  gave 
no  other  reason  for  the  revoca* 
tion  of  the  ARRL  section  of 
Florida's  largest  traffic  net 
other  than  to  say  that  the 
"FMTN  does  not  qualify  as 
either  a  section  net  or  a  local 
net  in  the  ARRL  National  Traffic 
System.  The  net  and  its  man* 
agement  have  steadfastly  re- 
fused to  respond  to  the  wishes 
of  the  ARRL  Administration 
within  this  section.  Therefore,  I 
cannot  justify  expending  ARRL 
funds  issuing  certificates  to 
FMTN  members/'  said  Huddle- 
ston, 

This  last  statement  is  con- 
sidered enlightening  because 
most  FMTN  members  are  ARRL 
members. 

To  summarize,  after  22  years 
of  operation,  the  FMTN  was 
asked  by  Huddleston  to  hand 
over  control  of  the  net  and  the 
freQuency  to  him  last  Septem- 


ber. He  said  that  he  felt  uncom- 
fortable with  so  many  nets  oper- 
ating  in  "his"  section.  The 
FMTN  members  voted  55  to  2 
for  rejecting  Huddleston's  de- 
mands. 

Shortly  thereafter,  Huddle- 
ston was  Instrumental  in  estab- 
lishing a  new  net  just  four  kHz 
up  In  frequency  at  the  same 
hour.  Evidentlyt  he  was  hoping 
to  use  his  influence  arni  the 
ARRL's  prestige  to  ture  FMTN 
members  away  since  most 
FMTN  members  belong  to  the 
League.  Most  officials  expected 
this  to  happen,  but,  surprisingly 
enough,  the  opposite  occurred. 
The  new  net.  called  the  Com- 
bined Florida  Net  (CFN),  creat- 
ed more  hard  feelings  by  '*c1ear- 
ing"  its  7,251  kHz  frequency  at 
net  time  by  just  opening  up  on 
top  of  stations  already  in  QSO. 
It  seems  that  Huddleston  and 
CFN  underestimated  the 
strength  of  those  upon  whom 
they  tried  to  trample,  because 
after  two  rocky  ineffective 
months  in  which  several  ses- 
sions were  cancelled,  the  CFN 
was  forced  to  move  Just  to  sur- 
vive, 

DespH0  the  move,  CFN  con- 
tinued to  falter  as  daytime  traf- 
fic operators  rallied  behind 
FMTN  and  its  democratic 
stand.  FMTN  has  been  the  lop 
net  of  any  In  Florida  for  the  last 
11  months  running,  based  on  of- 
ficial statistics  in  Fforida  Skip, 
in  messages  per  session  han- 
dled. The  long  anticipated  wilt- 
ing of  FMTN  was  not  to  be,  as 
many  operators  became  in- 
censed about  losing  their  right 
to  elect  their  own  manager  and 
not  have  it  dictated  by  Hud- 
dleston. CFN  went  begging  for 
traffic  while  people  waited  in 
line  to  pass  messages  on 
FMTN.  A  telephone  campaign 
by  some  Florida  ARRL  officials 
to  recruit  CFN  members  also 
was  a  dismal  failure. 

When  the  latest  Skip 
statistics  showed  FMTN  on  top 
again  last  month,  it  must  have 
been  more  than  Huddleston 
could  lake,  After  failing  to  get 
FMTN  cut  out  of  the  national 
nets,  he  sent  the  tetter  expelling 
FMTN  from  the  ARRL  because 
they  wouldn't  let  him  lake  over. 
For  the  70  FMTN  members, 
reaction  was  immediate,  includ- 
ed among  the  memt>ers  are  sev- 
eral club  presidents  and  offi- 
cers statewide.  Comments 
ranged  from  ''dumb"  to  "smack* 
ing  of  a  dictatorship"  describing 
Huddleston's  action. 

The  big  sting  came  last  De- 
cember when  one  member  of 
the  then-new  CFN  net  was  told 
by  a  North  Florida  ARRL  official 
that  he  couldn't  eat  at  5  pm  any 
more  tiecause  he  was  needed  to 
make  the  new  system  of  nets 
work  in  conjunction  with  linking 
CFN  with  a  later  net  A  lengthy 
shouting  match  occurred  on  the 
CFN  frequency  with  the  poor 


soul  saying  he  just  wanted  to 
continue  eating  at  5  o'clock  as 
he  had  done  for  the  last  25 
years.  Fortunately,  it's  all  on 
tape  so  it  can't  be  denied. 

We  have  no  reaction  from 
North  Florida  ARRL  officials  on 
Huddleston*s  mass  ejection, 
but  they  have  backed  him  up  in 
the  past  to  the  point  that  some 
have  said  that  the  statewide 
policies  are  all  made  by  Hud* 
d lesion  in  Largo  and  rubber- 
stamped  in  the  rest  of  the  state. 
It  will  be  interesting  to  see  if  this 
holds  true  now. 

Meanwhile,  Florida  Midday 
Traffic  Net  officials  have  de* 
dared  themselves  an  indepen- 
dent net  whose  memt>ers  op- 
erate on  the  legal  basis  of  their 
FCC  licenses  and  not  through 
the  sanction  of  the  ARRL. 
Meanwhile,  the  controversy 
continues  about  the  tactics  in- 
volved and  daytime  operators 
continue  to  support  FMTN  In 
growing  numbers. 

This  may  be  one  case  where 
David  rises  up  and  slaps 
Goliath  [ 

From  NOFARS  Balanced 
Modulator,  September,  1979 


[ 


DRIVEL 


Although  I  have  long  been  an 
admirer  of  you  and  73  Mag- 
azine, one  who  has  enjoyed 
your  growling  and  caustic  com- 
ments, all  of  which  put  amateur 
radio  on  its  toes,  made  us 
aware,  and  stirred  amateurs 
into  thinking  for  themselves,  I 
wonder  what  has  happened  to 
73  et  al  this  past  year.  I  am  really 
doubting  the  values  and  goals 
some  of  your  articles  are  exhort- 
ing. Also,  it  sure  seems  as  if  you 
are  dumping  the  average  ama- 
teur, the  guy  without  the  mega- 
bucks,  for  the  manufacturer  and 
big  interests.  Maybe  you  no 
longer  need  the  individual  ham 
as  long  as  you  have  the  big  or 
seemingly  big,  the  manufactur- 
er, and  the  guy  who  calls  build- 
ing a  ham  station  or  minicom- 
puter an  assembly  of  compo- 
nents. It  sure  looks  like  the  so- 
called  builders  merely  plug  in 
boards  and  equipment  accord- 
ing to  many  of  your  articles  (or 
build  power  supplies). 

Another  trend  in  73  that  is 
really  disturbing  has  been 
Pasternak,  and  his  trying  to 
foist  on  us  control  of  FM  and 
amateurs  by  clique-appointed 
committees  with  power  to  have 
yea  or  nay  over  other  hams. 
Let's  leave  California  and  its 
dubious  means  of  operation  on 
the  earthquake  side  of  the 
mountains.  Also,  I  object  to  his 
begging  support  of  HFers  as  he 
tries  to  tell  us  how  wonderful 
they  are. 

Then  we  get  articles  on  jam- 
ming police  radar  and  the  re- 

Continued  off  p9g&  226 


If 


**THE  INFLATION  FIGHTER 


ff 


Top  Performance  For  The  Budget 

Minded  Amateur 

Analog  Model  FT-IOIZ 


/  //###/##/#### if  fit fjiiiiii 1 1 ■•II  lit  lit  I  till  It i%i%%iii^%%%%%% 

fiigfifttitttitiii fifffr*iiriiiiiititlitiit%liiti%ii%^%v\AV\ 
ii§9§§99  §  t§i§§§i$M  ifriiiifiiiiiiiiiitii  1 1  tt  lit  t%%t%i^^^'^%%^^ 

iiifiiftitii 
iiifiiittiii 


\S  economy  is  an  important  consideration,  and  you  don't 
need  the  frequency  counter  and  digital  display,  then  choose 
the  FT-101Z.  The  precision  VFO  gear  mechanism  is  coupled 
to  an  easyto-read  analog  display,  providing  resolution  to 
greater    than    1    kHz.    A!)   other   features-the   variable    IF 

Specifications  :  FT- 101 Z 

GENERAL 

Frequency  coverage:   Amateur  bands  from  1.8—29.9  MHz  + 

WWV/JJY  (receive) 

Emission  types:  LS8,  USB,  CW 

Power   requirements:   AC   100/110/117/200/220/234  volts, 

50/60  Hz,   DC   13.5  volts,   negative  ground   (with  optional 

DC— DC  converter  instaffed) 

Power  consumption:  AC  85  V A  receive  (73  VA  HEATER 

OFF)    330   VA  transmit,   DC  5.5  amps   receive   (U    amps 

HEATER  OFF)  21  amps  transmit 

Case  size:  345{W)  x  157(H)  x  326(D)  mm 

Weight:  Approx.  15  kg. 

RECEIVER 

Sensitivity:  0.25  \i\l  for  S/N  10  dB 

Selectivity:    SSB  2.4  kHz  at  --6  dB,  4,0  kHz  at  -60  dB, 

CW   (with  opttonal   CW  filter:   600  Hz  at  -6  dB,  1:2  kHz 

at  -60  dB) 

Image  rejection:  Better  than  60  dB  (160-15  m),  better  than 


bandwidth,    RF    speech    processor,    superb    noise    blanker, 

VOX-are  identical  to  the  FT-101ZD.  Yaesu  gives  you 
greater  choice,  so  that  you  don't  have  to  pay  for  what  you 
don't  need!  The  counter  and  digital  display  can  be  added  to 
your  FT-101Z  at  a  later  date,  if  you  wish. 


50  dB  (40  ml 

IF  Bandwidth:   Continuously  variable  frcuri  2,4  kHz  to  300 

Hz,  using  two  8~pole  IF  filters 

Audio  output!  3  wans  at  1 0%  TH  D  into  4  ohms. 

TRANSMITTER 

Power  input:  180  watts  DC 
Carrier  suppression:  Better  than  40  dB 

Unwanted  sideband  suppression:  Better  than  40  dB  (14  MHz, 
1  kHz  modulation) 

Other  spurious  radiation:  Better  than  40  dB  down 
Third  order  distortion  products:  Better  than  31  dB  down 
Transmitter  frequency  response:  300  -  2700  Hz  (-6  dB) 
Antenna  output  impedance:  50—75  ohms,  unbalanced. 
Microphone      input      impedance:      500—600     ohms     (low 
impedance) 

Note:    FT101Z    (analog)    cannot    be    used    with   the    FV- 
901  DM,  as  there  Is  no  frequency  display. 


Price  And  Specifications  Subject  To 
Change  Without  Notice  Or  Obligation 


W 


*^Y1 


TAISU 


(U) 


rsidiOm 


YAESU  ELECTRONICS  CORP.,  15954  Downey  Ave.,  Paramount,  CA  90723  •  (213)  633-4007 
YAESU  ELECTRONICS  Eastern  Service  Ctr.,9812  Prlnceton-Glendale  Rd., Cincinnati  OH  45246 


Looking  H/est 


Biif  Pasternak  WA6fTF 
24854-C  Newhafl  Ave. 
Newhail  CA  91321 

On  Saturday,  September  22, 
1979,  it  was  announced  that  the 
nation's  second  oldest  repeat- 
er, currently  operating  under  the 
call  sign  WA6K0S/RPT  on  l^t. 
Wilson,  would  be  permanently 
terminating  operation  on  or 
about  October  13.  The  an- 
nouncement came  in  the  form 
of  a  letter  ffom  system  equip- 
ment owner/sponsor  Burt 
Weinef  K60QK,  in  which  it  was 
stated  that  after  IB  years  of  con- 
tinuous operation,  he  had  prov- 
en to  himself  that  he  could 
make  a  system  function  and  do 
so  at  the  extreme  limits  of  the 
state  of  the  art  available.  Fur- 
ther, that  due  to  the  increasing 
amount  of  willful  and  malicious 
interference,  with  him  as  a 
prime  target  of  It  on  a  personal 
level,  he  had  reached  the  deci- 
sion that  it  was  time  to  termi- 
nate the  operation  and  proceed 
In  other  directions. 

The  system  now  known  as 
WA6K0S/RPT  started  life  as 
WA6TDD  in  1962.  it  was  put  into 
service  as  an  open  repeater  and 
has  remained  such  ever  since. 
Dockett  18803  caused  a  call- 
sign  change  in  1972  and 
WA6TDD  became  known  as 
WR6A8E  In  1976,  Burt  Weiner 
bowed  out  of  the  responsibility 
of  licensee  of  the  repeater,  turn- 
ing that  obligation  over  to  Bob 
Thornburg  WB6JPI.  At  that 
time,  the  system  became 
known  as  WR6AMD,  Some  10 
months  ago,  Bob  bowed  out  of 
the  position  of  licensee  and  the 
reins  went  to  David  Faraone 
WA6K0S  whose  callsign  now 
appears  on  the  system. 
Throughout  these  latter  years, 
Burt  Weiner  has  remained  as 
equipment  owner  and  has  main- 
tained  the  system's  high  tech- 
nical standards  for  the  licens- 
ees who  followed  him. 

In  his  letter  to  Faraone  and 
the  repeater's  users  (about  450), 
he  stated  that  though  he  has 
tried  to  remain  a  disinterested 
party  In  the  operation  of  the  sys- 
tem, he  couid  not,  and  with  the 
Increasing  amount  of  personal 
abuse  being  hurled  at  him,  he 
realized  that  the  only  way  to 
solve  the  problem  was  for  him 
to  take  the  system  out  of  ser- 
vice and  disappear  from  the 
scene  entirely,  lie  hopes  that,  in 
time,  those  now  abusing  both 
him  and  his  equipment  wilt  for* 
get  that  he  ever  existed. 

in  commenting  on  the  demise 
of  WA6K0S,  Faraone  also  stat- 
ed his  intention  to  establish  a 
new  repeater  and  to  commence 
operation  when  Burt  removes 
his  system  from  service.  The 


10 


new  repeater,  again  under  the 
callsign  WA6KOS/RPT.  is  to  be 
located  atop  Santiago  Peak  in 
South  Orange  County  at  5800' 
MSL  However,  it  is  rumored, 
though  not  confirmed,  that  op- 
position to  the  new  system  from 
politically  powerful  remote- 
base  owners  who  want  no  part 
of  an  open  two-meter  repeater 
on  that  hill  is  mounting. 
WA6K0S  operates  with  a  trans- 
mit frequency  of  146.40  MHz. 
With  146.46  MHz  being  the  rec- 
ognized  national  remote-base 
intartie  frequency,  the  remote 
owners  fear  that  the  overall  am* 
bient  noise  factor  of  the  band 
Will  be  raised  by  the  new  device 
and  impede  communications 
on  .46.  It  should  be  mentioned 
thai  not  all  remote  owners  seem 
to  feet  this  way.  At  least  three 
have  offered  Faraone  help  in 
estabtlshing  the  new  system 
and  technical  assistance  in 
clearing  up  any  interference 
problems  that  might  ensue. 

Also  unconfirmed  are  rumors 
that  a  number  of  major  southern 
California  repeaters,  fearful 
that  the  same  type  of  abuse  that 
has  caused  the  demise  of  KOS 
Will  descend  on  them,  are  plan- 
ning to  "private  out"  and  turn 
toward  selective  usershfp  op- 
eration. The  poiitical  climate  is 
viewed  as  being  that  should  two 
or  three  major  systems  make 
this  move,  it  wouW  initiate  a 
domino  effect  that  would  write 
an  end  to  open  repeater  com- 
munication in  the  southwest  in 
short  order.  More  next  month. 

THE  GOOD  GUYS  WEAH 
WHITE  HATS  DEPARTMENT 

In  the  old  western  movies*  the 
ones  made  in  black  and  white 
and  prior  to  the  advent  of  tele- 
vision, it  was  easy  to  tell  the 
hero  from  the  villain.  Heroes 
always  wore  white  hats  and 
rode  white  horses.  Your  friend- 
ly local  neighborhood  villain 
usually  wore  black  clothing,  a 
black  hat,  and  rode  a  black 
horse.  Maybe  these  were  not 
the  actual  colors,  but  who  could 
tell?  You  went  to  a  flick  to  cheer 
the  hero  and  hiss  the  villain. 
Wasn't  it  easy  In  those  days? 

Villains  are  not  supposed  to 
be  good  guys  and  vice  versa. 
Unfortunately,  something  has 
run  amok  in  our  society  that,  at 
times,  causes  the  tables  to  be 
turned.  Syddenly.  a  villain  ap- 
pears to  be  a  hero  and  is  able  to 
build  support  for  a  position  that 
appears  totally  wrong  to  the  ma- 
lority.  in  a  nutshell,  this  de- 
scribes a  situation  now  running 
rampant  on  many  Los  Angeles 
two-meter  repeaters,  A  small 
but  highiy-vocal  group  of  people 
have  come  to  demand  their 
"right"  to  utlilze  any  form  of 


language  they  may  desire,  re- 
gar  di  ess  of  how  offensive  such 
utterances  might  be  to  the  rest 
of  the  area  amateur  community. 
They  defy  anyone,  including  the 
FCCj  to  stop  them,  claiming 
that  any  action  in  that  direction 
would  be  a  direct  violation  of 
their  First  Amendment  rights. 
There  even  appear  to  be  a  few  in 
this  group  who  are  not  even 
amateurs,  but  who  have  ama- 
teur equipment  and  use  it  on  the 
air.  Their  ctaim  seems  to  be  that 
since  the  "airwaves"  belong  to 
the  "people,"  they  have  a  right 
to  operate  a  radio  without  sub- 
jecting themselves  to  the  will  of 
any  government  or  agency 
thereof. 

This  group  believes  that  any- 
thing goes,  anything  said  is 
"right/'  and  anyone  they  wish  to 
abuse  on  the  air  is  fair  game.  It 
IS  quite  interesting  that  they  on- 
ly seem  to  Inhabit  busy  wide- 
coverage  open  repeaters,  where 
there  exists  a  vast  audience  for 
their  rhetoric.  They  rarely  bother 
the  smaller  local  systems,  and  I 
have  yet  to  hear  a  report  of  them 
"taking  on"  a  private  repeater's 
usership,  though  many  super- 
wide-coverage  "privates''  do 
abound.  Two  things  are  evident. 
First,  to  exist,  they  requtre  a 
large  audience  to  fulfill  their 
egos,  and  second,  they  prob- 
ably live  in  fear  of  the  reprisals 
they  might  endure  if  they  as- 
sailed a  private  system.  It^s  no 
secret  that  the  history  of  this 
area  in  relation  to  protecting 
one's  domain,  especially  in  re- 
gard to  the  sanctity  of  private 
repeaters,  is  one  of  retaliation 
for  any  such  attack.  So,  they 
continue  to  feed  their  egos  on 
the  **average"  amateur  who  op- 
erates on  the  "average"  open  re- 
peater. 

For  many  years,  I  have  won- 
dered how  a  situation  such  as 
thfs  could  possibly  develop. 
Many  theories  have  come  forth, 
but  few  were  very  conclusive, 
and,  until  now,  none  offered  any 
real  solution.  Recently,  I  had 
the  opportunity  to  meet  and 
speak  with  Russ  Andrews 
K6SMG.  Russ  is  not  new  to  the 
amateur  fraternity.  He  holds  a 
General  class  license  and  has 
been  a  ham  for  over  25  years. 
Like  myself,  he  has  witnessed 
the  move  toward  lawless  opera- 
tion and  disrespect  for  the  will 
of  the  majority  by  the  aforemen- 
tioned minority.  He  has  taken 
the  time  to  develop  a  short 
thesis  on  the  subject  that  we 
now  present  for  your  approval 
and  commentary. 

UWLESSNESS 
ON  THE  HAM  BANDS 

What  follows  is  one  man's 
opinion.  It  is  based  on  over  25 
years  as  a  licensed  ham  and  on 
my  observations  and  under- 
standing  of  human  nature  and 
foibles.  In  part,  It  takes  the  form 
of  a  scenario.  Its  purpose  is  to 


possibly  give  a  wider  view  of  the 
problems  on  the  ham  bands  and 
stimulate  thought,  discussion, 
and,  ultimately,  a  solution. 

How  Did  We  Get  Where  We  Are? 

1.  There  is,  in  society  today,  a 
general  disrespect  for  govern- 
ment, bureaucracy,  and  authori- 
ty. 

2.  The  creation  of  the  C8 
band  resulted  in  such  an  ex- 
plosion of  personal  radio  activi- 
ty that  the  FCC  resources  were 
overwhelmed.  This  inability  to 
provide  needed  policing  result- 
ed in  the  "lawless"  nature  of  CB 
the  FCC  is  now  struggling  to 
overcome. 

3.  This  CB  lawlessness  soon 
spread  to  the  creation  of  HFers, 
operating  on  non<^B  frequen- 
cies. 

4.  Many  of  these  CSers  and 
HFers  found  out  about  ham 
radio  and  moved  up  (either 
iegally  or  by  various  illegal 
methods). 

5.  Other  hams  simp!y  became 
corrupted,  or  fearless,  and  al- 
lowed their  negative  sides 
greater  rein. 

Why  Has  the  Traditional  Seff- 
Policing  of  Ham  Radio  Failed? 
Self-policing   1$   based   on 
three  things: 

1.  Respect  for  the  privileges 
and  for  others  who  have  earned 
similar  privileges.  This  factor 
has  been  weakened  in  several 
ways: 

•Eased  entry  requirements. 
•Examinations  '*given"  by 
other  hams -and  falsified, 
♦Bootleggers. 

2.  Peer  pressure.  The  new 
breed  of  offender  Is  immune  to 
peer  pressure  from  the  general 
ham  fraternity. 

•They  have  a  different  set 
of  values. 

•There  are  enough  of  them 
now  to  form  their  own  sub- 
culture, or  peer  group,  that 
supports  them  tn  their  law- 
lessness, 

3.  Fear  of  exposure.  They 
have  built  a  rationalization 
which  convinces  them  that  they 

are  in  the  right  and  the  rest  of 
the  fraternity  is  wrong.  So,  why 
should  they  be  afraid  of  being 
exposed,  if  they  befieve  they  are 
right?  In  addition,  the  prevailing 
opinion  is  that  even  If  exposed 
to  the  FCC,  the  FCC  will  do 
absoiutely  nothing]  therefore, 
why  should  they  fear  being 
"turned  in"  by  other  hams? 

Where  Are  We  Now? 

We  have  a  growing  group  of 
antisocial,  lawless  individuals 
whose  governing  force  is  an 
ego-driven  desire  to  have  power 
through  the  use  of  radio  tech- 
nology. This  group  is  seif-stimu- 
lating,  that  is,  It  encourages 
within  itself  increased  technical 
competence  toward  jamming 

Commusd  on  page  224 


The  following  are  excerpts  from  unsolicited  letters  and  registration  cards 
received  from  owners  of  the  new  TEN-TEC  OMNI  transceiveL 


"J  BoM  0  Yaesu  to  buy  this  and  am  very  impretaetf* 

"My/lrsf  QSO  with  OMNIA  was  UklSV  on  CW  and 
second  was  EA8SK  on  SSB/' 

"Exxrellent  rig.  fust  as  odverffBed." 

**Very  pleased  with  perfamxance.  QSKjeoture 
very  slick," 

**7his  (s  my  5th  T^if-TEC  transceiver  in  less  than  2 
yeara.  I  loved  them  all  and  stiU  have  $." 

**Through  the  years  I  have  hod  complete  Drake 
and  CoUins  stations.  I  tried  a  544  Digiwi  and  liked 
It  the  best  so  dectded  to  purchase  the  546 
OMNl-D  Digltair 

"Your  OMNI  is  the  best  rig  !  haue  had  in  20  years 
oj  homing  " 

'*As  a  owner  of  Collins  rlg^  your  OMNt-D  ia  the  best*' 

"I  already  have  an  OMNi-A.  544  and  a  TRITON  IV, 
You  may  oak  why  I  own  so  many  TEN -TEC  r|g8< 
in  ca$e  there  is  a  great  RF famine,  I  want  to 
be  ready t" 

"You  guys  really  know  how  to  turn  on  an  old  timer!** 

"Best  operating  &  most  conveniences  of  any 
transceiver  I've  ever  used." 

"f  tike  CW.  Compared  OMNI  against  IC7Q1  (rcvr) 
and  OMN!  won  hands  down.  XYL  WD6GSB  really 
enjoys  rig  on  SSB^  Finds  rig  is  very  9 table  and 
digital  readout  accurate^ 


-WB5ULA 

—N2CC 
-WB5TMD 

—WBOELM 

—WBOVCA 


—WA4NFM 

—H4IH! 
—K9JJL 


WD4HCS 
-KBELS 

-W6LZI 


*r 


"Have  checked  U  out  on  both  modes  from  "tap  band^' 
(1^)  all  the  way  to  29  MHz.  TerrificUiV* 

**  Works  well,  parts  layout  and  design  much  better  for 
any  pon^fe  servicing  than  other  ham  gear.  The 
Japanese  hybrid  sets  can't  compare  to  TEN -TEC 
for  audio ^  Audio  reports  excellent  without  special 
speech  processors,  etc.,  to  distort  the  signaU" 

'7  have  been  using  the  S-Ifne  over  15  yrs  and 
n^fer  thought  anything  could  outperform  it,  [got  the 
biggest  surprise  and  THRILLED  with  this  OMNl-D 
even  though  I  have  been  a  ham  since  1936," 


—AC6B 
^W4DN 


—AG8K 


"This  must  be  the  greatest  I've  spent  enough  money 
on  final  tubes  to  almost  pay  for  this. ' ' 

**This  transceiver  was  recommended  to  me  by  old 
time  hams  (Xtras)  whom  [have  known  for  40  yrs. 
Has  excellent  break- in/' 

*'Best  package  job  Vve  ever  seen!  First  licensed  6MIV 
in  192o.Now  in  operation^ a  sweetheart!" 

"From  a  32\/2/SX115  to  an  OMNI  is  a  big  step!" 

^'Receiver  promfnent^  transmitter  likewise — 
WOTking  comfortable — pleasing  design,** 

"First  new  rig  for  me  in  10  years  but  seems 
to  be  very  good," 

*'The  best  transceiver  !  ever  used  or  owned." 

**t  wouldn*t  swap  my  OMNI  for  anything  on  the 
moTket*  regardless  of  price." 


-KA4BIH 


~N6AVQ 

^W7LUP 
—K6YD 

—OEIFAA 

-rnGBY 

^WmffTE 


OMNI/SERIES  B  FEATURES 

All  solid-state;  160-10  meters;  Broadband  design;  Standard  8-Pole 
2.4  kHz  Crystal  Udder  IF  Filter  +  Optional  IS  kHz  SSB  Filter  & 
0.5  kHz  8  Pole  CW  Filter;  3'Bandwidth  Active  Audio  Filter;  Choice 
of  readout  —  OMNIA  (analog  dial),  OMNI^D  (digital):  BullMn  VOX 
and  PTT,  Selectable  Break-in.  Dual-Range  Receiver  Offset  Tuning. 
Wide  Overload  Capabilities*  Phone  Patch  Interface  Jacks;  Adjusta- 
ble ALC;  Adjustable  Sidetone:  Exceptional  Sensitivity;  200  Watts 
INPUT;  100%  Duty  Cycle,  Front  Panel  Microphone  and  Key  Jacks; 
Zero-Beat  Switch;  "S"/SWR  Meter;  Dual  Speakers;  Plug-in  Circuit 
Boards;  Complete  Shielding;  Eastcr-to-usc  size:  5'^4  h  x  14^*"^  k 
14 "d;  Full  Options:  Model  645  Keyex  $85;  Modd  243  Remote  VFO 
$139;  Model  252MO  matching  AC  power  supply  $139;  Model  248 
Noise  Blanker  $49;  Model  217  500  Hz  8-Pole  Crystal  Ladder  CW  Filter 
$55;  Model  218  1.8  kHz  S^Pole  Ciystal  Ladder  SSB  Biter  S55. 

Model  545  Series  B  OMNIA . , .  $949 
Model  546  Series  B  OMNI  D . . .  $1119 

To  add  your  name  to  tfie  fast-growing  list  of  OMNI  owners,  see  your 
TEN -TEC  dealer,  or  write  for  full  details. 


nrafz 


—KV4GD 


TEN -TEC,  INC. 

«iVt£JlVlLLE,  TEHNESSEE  31162 


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I6dtt9*r 


^itii<^h«tNi«^^'.  ^^^^^^^'^N*l1%l1^4t4^l.i  Ii.i4ilitl  »i  Y  ,  *  *  t 


RTTY  Loop 


Marc  /.  Leavey,  M.D:  WA3AJR 
4006  Wmies  Ro^d 
Bandaltstown  MD  21133 

I  made  a  mistake.  Now,  now, 
don't  try  to  talk  me  out  of  it  or 
minimize  it.  I  made  a  mistake! 
Let's  call  it  an  error  of  omission. 
You  see,  a  few  months  ago  I 
listed  articles  on  ''silent  RTTY/' 
grouped  by  system  types.  (  said 
that  the  list  was  complete-  Wellj 
I  was  only  partially  right;  i  in- 
advertantly left  out  reference  to 
articles  appearing  in  73*s  sister 
magazine,  Kilobaud  MICRO- 
OOMPUTtNG. 

Fig.  1  is  an  attempt  to  correct 
this  error.  As  you  can  see, 
several  types  of  articles  have 
been  published  in  Kilobaud 
MICROCOMPUTING,  encom- 
passing many  computer  fami- 
lies. Rather  than  list  them  strict* 
ly  by  type,  the  figure  includes  a 
brief  statement  on  each  arti- 
cle's content  so  that  you  may 
guide  your  search  accordingly* 

Interest  in  microcomputer- 
assisted  RTTY  is  running  quite 
high  and  clearly  constitutes  the 
majority  topic  m  mail  received. 
One  correspondent,  Victor  C. 
Johnson  from  Minneapolis, 
Minnesota,  is  interested  in  the 
Heath  H-S  RTTY  program.  I  hope 
the  program  printed  in  the  J  une. 
1978,  issue  of  Kilobaud  MfCRO- 
COMPUTiNG  is  of  use  to  him. 

Victor  also  is  looking  for  a 
TeletypeTivT  Model  28,  receive 
only,  and  is  apparently  having  a 
hard  time  finding  one  in  the  Min- 
neapolis -  St.  Paul  area.  Anyone 
in  that  region  who  might  help 
him  is  asked  to  drop  a  line  to 
him,  In  care  of  this  column;  1  will 
fonA/ard  it  along  to  him.  As  far  as 


commercial  sources  go,  Victor, 
we  have  covered  several 
sources  in  the  past,  but,  as 
always,  checking  with  local 
hams  for  reliable  sources  is  the 
best  way  to  go. 

[  have  been  quite  upset  over 
the  number  of  complaints  re- 
ceived about  several  of  the 
known  firms  dealing  with  Tele- 
type equipment.  While  most  of 
the  complaints  center  around 
unanswered  inquiries  (several 
of  which  I  have  also  suffered)  or 
prolonged  shipment  times  (dit- 
to), there  Is  also  the  occasional, 
as  pointed  out  over  the  past  few 
months,  paid-for  order  which  is 
never  heard  from  again.  Inciden^ 
tally,  no  work  yet  on  the  prob- 
lem source  noted  last  month. 

Dave  Phillips  W7GZ  writes 
that  he  will  be  coming  up  on  the 
air  soon  with  a  KJeinschmidt 
machine  and  home-brew  TU. 
This  is  to  be  replaced  in  short 
order  by  a  6800  microprocessor 
system  and  CRT  terminal.  Quite 
an  order  of  magnitude  dif- 
ference! Dave  is  in  need  of  wir- 
ing diagrams  or  maintenance 
manuals  for  his  Kleinschmidt 
model  TT-99.  He  notes  that  he 
has  Teletype  Model  28  ASR/ 
KSR  data  aval  labl  e  for  the  costs 
of  postage  and  reproduction.  If 
anyone  is  interested,  contact 
Dave  at  802  S,  Eli  Drive,  Tucson, 
Arizona  85710. 

A  tetter  received  from  Way* 
land  Osborn  W0RRG  poses  a 
"big  question.''  Wayland  asks, 
"Are  you  aware  of  any  RTTY 
gear,  other  than  the  MIcrolog 
system,  which  can  be  used  to 
key  the  Kenwood  TS-82Q  in 
transmit  utilizing  its  built-in 
FSK  feature?"  My  first  inclina^ 


Corrections 


In  my  article,  "Dual-Band 
Smokey  Detector,"  which  was 
published  in  the  May  issue,  two 
errors  in  the  drawing  dimen- 
sions slipped  by  me  when  I 
reviewed  the  proofs. 

On  page  49  of  that  issue,  the 
last  paragraph  calls  for  the  cir- 
cular waveguide  to  be  made 
from  y^-inch  water  pipe.  It 
should  be  V4-inch  water  pipe. 

The  dimensions  shown  on 
the  rectangular  waveguide  E 
plane  view  on  page  51  should 
show  the  hote  for  the  circular 
waveguide  as  7/8  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  (or  the  outside  di- 
meter of  a  piece  of  ^/i-inch 
copper  water  pipe).  The  horn 
mounting  hole  is  also  shown  as 
Vz-inch;  this  descrepancy  can 
be  easily  rectified  by  making 
the  tab  cuts  deeper  so  that  they 
can  be  bent  to  fit  the  o.d.  of  the 


circular  waveguide.  All  hole 
cuts  into  the  circular  waveguide 
retain  the  same  dimensions. 
One  thing  not  described  in  the 
article,  however,  is  the  fact  that 
the  WR42  guide  must  be 
trimmed  on  the  inside  of  the  cir- 
cular guide  to  be  flush  with  the 
inside  wall  of  the  pipe. 

I  have  also  received  many 
calls  regarding  the  omission  of 
the  value  of  the  series  resistor 
shown  where  the  12-volt  feed  is 
located;  this  resistor  ts  rated  at 
10  Ohms.  It  connects  to  the 
junction  point  where  it  feeds  the 
main  dc  into  the  two  741  ICsand 
a  390-0 hm  resistor.  The  point 
marked  +12voltsontC5  should 
also  tie  to  the  same  junction 
point  since  that  resistor  serves 
as  part  of  the  filter  from  the 
source. 

I  have  found  a  supplier  for 


tion  is  to  suggest  using  one  of 
my  favorite  devices,  a  reed 
relay,  in  the  loop  to  key  the 
transmitter.  It  occurs  to  me, 
however,  that  you  may  be  using 
only  a  CRT  setup,  without  a  con- 
ventional loop.  In  that  case,  you 
would  have  to  adapt  some  form 
of  on-off  switching  to  the  sys- 
tem, and  I  can  appreciate  your 
probiem.  Readers  with  simitar 
systems  are  invited  to  drop  a 
line  and  tell  Wayland,  and  alt  of 
us,  how  you  solved  itl 

Wayland  also  touches  on  the 
reported  rf  sensitivity  of  the 
MIcrolog  system  and  my  note 
last  year  that  information  prom- 
ised me  was  yet  to  be  seen. 
Well,  as  of  this  writing,  one  year 
has  passed,  and  I  still  have  re* 
ceived  zip.  This  is  not  unique  to 
Microlog,  however.  In  fact, 
several  companies,  visible  and 
well  advertised,  have  promised 
to  send  various  data  sheets  and 
literature  in  the  past;  not  one 


has  followed  up  on  the  offer.  I 
don't  know  why— oh,  well! 

The  final  letter  this  month 
comes  from  Jim  New  WA4DHD, 
a  newcomer  to  RTTY,  as  he 
puts  it.  Jim  is  using  the  TRS-80 
with  a  Model  19  for  hard  copy 
and  is  having  great  fun  on  the 
air.  He  wants  to  know  where 
most  RTTYers  hang  out  Well, 
starting  on  80  meters,  you  might 
try  3620  kHz,  and  14080  kHz  on 
20.  Forty-meter  RTTY  is  an  iffy 
thing,  and  other  bands  frequent- 
ly depend  on  conditions.  Twen- 
ty and  80  are  pretty  well  popu- 
lated, and  a  QSO  is  almost 
always  available. 

Yes,  I  do  have  a  station,  for 
those  of  you  who  have  asked, 
but  I  have  not  been  on  the  air 
much.  I  promise  to  try,  so  that 
those  of  you  who  think  that  I  am 
but  a  pseudonym  for  Wayne 
Green  will  learn  better.  I  know 
that  I  exist,  and  I  hope  to  be 
more  visible. 


Marchi  1977  — "Using  The  '$60'  Terminal,"  James  Brown. The  author  presents,  in 
flowchart  f ashion^  ASCM-to-Murray  conversion.  No  particular  microprocessor  is 
mentioned. 

November,  1977— "SC/MP Goes  Baudot,"  Benjamin  BMsh.  An  SC/MPmicrocom- 
puter  is  used  to  interface  a  Murray  machine  to  an  SWTPC  6B0O.  Both  software 
and  hardware  are  presented, 

June,  1978— "Baudot . . .  er .  . .  Murray,  Meet  The  H8;'  Howard  L  Nurse.  Interfac- 
ing  to  the  Heath  HB  is  covered  with  full  source  listing  and  hardware  needed,  A 
solid  article. 

June,  1978— "ASCII  to  Baudot . . .  er . . .  Murray  Uhe  Hard  Way)."  John  A,  Lehman 
and  Ray  Gfaham.  A  tale  of  an  experience  with  one  supplier's  conversion  board. 

September,  1973— "Baudot  Interface  Cookbook,"  J.  R.  Haglund  and  W.  6.  Reed. 
A  scheme  for  Interfacing  to  an  8080  based  microprocessor.  A  note  states  that  the 
program  has  been  tried  on  and  runs  well  on  a  Z-80  system. 

August,  1979— "Teleprmter  Output  for  TRSaO,"  David  G,  Morr,  A  hardware  and 
software  scheme  for  using  a  Murray  encoded  printer  as  an  output  device.  Full 
listings  and  hardware  are  covered  for  this  Z-80  system. 

September  1979— "Make  PET  Hard  Copy  Easy,"  Dr  James  M.  Downey.  Interfac- 
ing both  ASCII  and  Murray- en  coded  machines  to  the  PET  IEEE  bus  through  use  of 
a  UART  and  specially  encoded  ROM,  This  Is  a  hardware  modification  with  no 
software  requirements.  The  machine  is  used  strictty  as  a  printer 

Fig.  1.  Aftlcles  from  Kilobaud  MICROCOMPUTING  on  computer- 
ized RTTY. 


waveguide  and  other  micro- 
wave components  where  ama- 
teurs can  get  small  quantities. 
This  supplier  has  an  excellent 
catalog  and  offers  it  to  the 
public  for  the  asking— no  micro- 
wave experimenter  should  miss 


it.  The  company  is  Lectronic 
Research  Laboratories,  Atlantic 
and  Ferry  Avenues,  Camden  NJ 
08104.  Ask  tor  Sales  SuHetin 
107. 

Stirling  OlbergWISNN 
Waltham  MA 


Ham  Help 


I  was  an  amateur,  but  lost  my 
license  because  I  could  not  con- 
struct my  own  transmitter  and 
operate.  E  am  trying  to  again  get 
my  ilcense,  but  also  I  am  badly 
in  need  of  some  equipment  to 
continue  with  my  other  experi- 
ments. Unfortunately,  this 
equipment  is  not  available  in  In- 
dia. 

If  anyone  can  send  me  con- 
struction details,  along  with  cir- 
cuit diagrams,  etc.,  of  a  Van  de 
Graaff  electrostatic  generator, 


a  Wimshurst  electrostatic  gen- 
erator, and  biofeedbaci^  ma- 
chinesj  I  would  be  most  grate- 
ful. 

Any  names  of  books  and  their 
publishers,  from  whom  I  can 
buy  those  books,  also  would  be 
appreciated.  Thank  you  very 
much. 

Hetnant  K.  Pate! 
1008  Nllanjana,  10th  Floor 

Marve  Road 

Malad-Wast 

Bombay  400064,  India 


20 


WHEN  OUR  CUSTOMERS  TALK 

WE  LISTEN. 


From  around  the  world  their  RTTY  messages  read  loud  and  clear. 


At  HAL  we  want  to  hear  what  our  customers  have 
to  say  about  RTTY  practices,  problems,  and  possibilities. 
So  when  they  talk . . .  we  listen . . ,  and  respond. 

The  result  is  that  HAL  Communications  equipment 


stays  at  the  leading  edge  of  RTTY  design  wfth  . ,  - 
features  that  open  up  new  capabilities  for  greater 
enjoyment  of  RTTY  operation.  And  with  performance 
reliability  so  certain,  we  offer  a  full  one-year  warranty. 


Write  or  give  us  a  call.  We'll  be  glad  to  send  you  our  new  RTTY  catalog. 


HAL  COMMUNICATIONS  CORP- 

Box  365 

Urbana»  Illinois  61801 
217-367-7373 


For  our  European  Customers  Contact: 
Richter  &  Co,.  D3000  Hannover  1 

(.E.G.  fnterelco.  6816  Bfssone/Lugano 


>4i^vards. 


Biff  Gosney  WB7BFK 
2665  North  7250  East 
Whidbey  tsl&nd 
Oak  Harbor  WA  98277 

This  past  fall  we  announced 
for  the  first  time  our  new 
amateur  radio  awards  program. 
Featured  in  a  two-part  series  in 
the  September  end  October 
issues,  we  ouiliried  a  total  of 
eight  73  hAagazlne  achievement 
awards  available  to  amateurs 
the  world  over.  Since  then,  let- 
ters of  support  have  been  re- 
ceived from  alt  parts  of  the 
globe,  each  showing  dedicated 
interest  in  pursuing  the 
challenges  our  awards  program 
has  to  offer. 

This  month,  we  offer  two  new 
awardSr  each  of  which  is  very 
unique  tn  its  own  right. 

THE  Q-5 
AWARD  OF  EXCELLENCE 

This  award,  sponsored  by  the 
editors  of  73  Magazine,  is 
available  to  amateurs  through- 
out the  world  possessing  any 
class  license  who  operate 
periodically  in  the  American 
Novice  band. 

To  be  valid,  alf  contacts  must 
be  made  on  or  after  January  1, 
1980.  Likewise,  all  contacts 
must  be  made  using  only  the 
CW  mode  on  those  frequencies 
assigned  to  the  American 
Novice.  Maximum  power  al- 
lowed will  be  limited  to  250 
Watts  input.  There  are  no  band 
restrictions  for  this  award. 

To  qualify,  the  appi  icant  must 
work  al  I  ten  US  call  districts  and 
receive  no  less  than  a  Q-5 
report.  A  qualifying  RSI  might 
be.  for  example,  559,  539,  579, 
etc.,  while  an  RST  of  449,  349, 
479,  would  not  qualify  the  appli- 
cant for  the  award. 

This  award  is  not  meant  to  be 
an  overnight  accomplishment. 
Stations  meeting  the  challenge 
of  these  requirements  wilt  be 
proud  to  display  this  unique 
award  depicting  the  excellence 
and  superiority  of  their  station's 
transmitted  signal. 

To  apply  for  this  award,  the 
applicant  must  prepare  a  list  of 
ail  claimed  contacts,  logging 
each  contact  in  order  of  the  US 
call  district.  Indicate  the  station 
workedp  the  date  and  time  in 
GMT,  the  frequency  utilized, 
and,  most  important,  the  RST 
report  as  noted  on  your  confir- 
mation card.  Also  required  is  a 
brief  description  of  the  station 
equipment  and  antenna  system 
used  to  complete  this  award. 

Do  not  send  QSL  cards!  Have 
your  list  verified  by  two 
amateurs,  a  local  radio  club 
secretary  I  or  a  notary  public. 
Enclose  your  verified  list  along 
with  the  award  fee  of  $3,00  or  8 


IRCs  to:  Bill  Gosney  WB7BFK. 
73  Awards  Editor,  2665  North 
1 250  East,  Oak  Harbof .  Whidbey 
island  WA  98277  USA. 

A  significant  number  of 
amateurs  throughout  the  world 
find  their  primary  interest  in  the 
operation  and  development  of 
specialty-type  communica- 
tions. It  is  the  efforts  of  these 
many  pioneers  in  their  field 
which  have  created  many  state- 
of-the-art  Improvements  which 
we  know  today.  The  editors  of 
73  wish  to  recognize  those 
amateurs  who  make  positive 
steps  toward  expanding  the  use 
of  their  respective  mode  or  type 
of  amateur  operation.  As  a 
result*  in  the  paragraphs  to 
follow,  you  will  learn  of  our 
latest  communications  award 
dedicated  to  ^'communicator 
specialtsts." 

SPECIALTY  COMMUNICA- 
TIONS ACHIEVEMENT  AWARD 

Sponsored  by  the  editors  of 
73,  this  award  is  dedicated  to 
amateurs  worldwide  who  take 
pride  in  active  participation  in 
the  field  of  specialty  com- 
munications. 

To  be  eligible  for  this  award, 
some  very  rigid  requirements 
must  be  met.  First  of  all,  con- 
tacts must  be  made  on  or  after 
January  1,  1980,  in  additiont 
only  communications  via  SSTV, 
RTTY.  EME  (Earth-moon-Earth), 
and/or  OSCAR  will  be  recog- 
nized for  this  award.  Contacts 
between  stations  on  OSCAR  or 
EME  may  be  made  using  any 
mode  authorized  in  your  coun- 
try. Applicants  must  be  cau- 
tioned, however,  that  mixed- 
mode  contacts  will  not  be  valid. 

This  award  will  be  offered  in 
two  levels  of  operating  achieve- 
ment, each  a  worthy  award  in 
itself: 

Class  A  requires  applicant  to 
work  all  50  US  states. 

Class  A-1  requires  applicant 
to  work  a  minimum  of  10  DX 
countries  from  the  WTW  DX 
Countries  List 

To  apply,  the  applicant  must 
prepare  a  list  of  claimed  con- 
tacts. For  the  Class  A  award, 
this  Hst  must  be  arranged  in 
alphabetical  order  by  US  state; 
for  the  Class  A-1  award,  prepare 
the  list  of  contacts  in  order  by 
caUsign  prefix.  Either  list  must 
also  include  the  date  and  time 
in  GMT.  the  band  and  mode  of 
operation,  and  a  signed  declara- 
tion of  the  type  and  description 
of  equipment  and  antenna  sys- 
tems used  to  make  your  con- 
tacts. 

Do  not  send  QSL  cards!  Have 
your  list  verified  by  two 
amateurs,  a  local  radio  club 
secretary,  or  a  notary  public. 
Enclose  each  list  with  an  award 


fee  of  $3.00  or  8  IRCs  to:  Bill 
Gosney  W87BFK,  73  Awards 
Editor,  2665  North  1250  East, 
Oak  Harbor,  Whidbey  Island  WA 
98277  USA. 

Should  any  readers  of  this 
column  care  to  possess  our  new 
awards  program  booklet,  you 
are  urged  to  send  for  your  free 
copy  now  while  the  supply 
lasts.  The  only  requirement  is 
that  you  send  a  large  business- 
size  SASE  when  making  your  re- 
quest. At  the  same  time,  I  would 
like  to  encourage  you  to  write 
any  comments  you  may  have 
about  this  column  or  our 
awards  program  being  offered* 

Traveling  abroad  as  we  do 
every  month,  i  wish  to  share  a 
very  unique  series  of  awards  be- 
ing offered  by  the  Swedish 
Amateur  Radio  Society  (SSA— 
SveriQes  Sandareamatorer). 

Karl  Friden  SM61D  wrote  to  in- 
form us  about  the  WASM  tl 
achievement  award  and  sent 
along  this  very  attractive 
diploma  which  is  issued  upon 
successful  completion  of  the 
awafd  requirements, 

WORKED  ALL  SM  LAENS 
WASM  It 

The  WASM  II,  awanjed  by 
SSA,  is  available  to  amateurs 
throughout  the  world.  Class  A  is 
for  amateurs  located  in  those 
countries  with  prefixes  LA,  OH, 
OZ,  and  SU.  The  Class  B  award 
is  for  amateurs  in  the  rest  of  the 
worid. 

To  be  valid,  all  contacts  must 
be  made  January  1,  1953,  or 
after.  Any  one  of  the  amateur 
bands  is  allowed  and  contacts 
made  in  CW  or  phone  or  any 
combination  of  both  are  al- 
lowed, providing  it  is  not  cross- 
mode. 

Amateurs  in  Class  A  areas 
must  submit  proof  of  having 
established  two-way  communi- 
cations with  each  of  the  25 
laens  (counties)  on  two  dif* 
ferent  bands  (50  QSLs).  Ama- 
teurs in  Class  B  areas  must  sub* 
mil  proof  of  having  established 
contact  with  each  of  the  25 
Jaens  without  any  band  restric* 
tions. 


Sweden   is  divided  into  25 
laens  or  counties: 

A  -  City  of  Stockholm  (SMS  and 
SM«) 

B- Stockholm  laen  {SM5  and 

SMO) 
C- Uppsala  laen  {SM5| 
D-SoderTTianiand  laen  (SMS) 
E-OstergOtland  laen  (SMS) 
F- JOnkOping  iaen  (SM7) 
G-Kronoberg  laen  (SM7) 
H-Kalmar  laen  {SM7) 
I -Gotland  laen  (SMI) 
K-Blekinge  laen  {SM7) 
L-Kristianstad  laen  (SM7) 
M  -  MalmOhus  laen  (SM7) 
N-Halland  laen  (SM6) 
O—GGteborg  och  Sohus  laen 

tSM6) 
P- Alvsborg  laen  (SM6) 
R  — Skaraborg  laen  {SM6) 
S-Varm*and  laen  tSM4) 
T-drebro  laen  (SM4) 
U— Vastmanland  laen  (SMS) 
W  —  Koppart>erg  laen  (SM4) 
X-G§vleborg  laen  (SMS) 
Y-Vasternorriand  taen  {SM3) 
Z-Jamtland  laen  (SM3) 
AC-Vasterbotten  laen  (SM2) 
BD-Norrbotten  laen  (SM2} 

Application  for  the  WASM  II 
must  be  accompanied  by  a  veri- 
fied list  of  claimed  contacts. 
This  list  may  be  verified  by  two 
amateurs,  a  local  club  secre- 
tary, or  a  notary  public.  Enclose 
this  list  with  7  IRCs  or  US 
stamps  of  equivalent  value  and 
send  to  the  attention  of:  Karl  0. 
Friden  SM61D,  Awards  Manager 
SSA,  PL  1084,  Morup,  310  56 
Langas,  Sweden. 

And,  while  speaking  of  the 
Swedish  Amateur  Radio  Socie- 
ty,  I  received  a  very  nice  letter 
from  Kjell  Edvardsson  SMIZiCCE 
who  IS  awards  manager  for  the 
WASM  I  award  being  offered  by 
this  national  organization,  It  is 
very  unfortunate  that  a  sample 
of  this  award  is  not  available  for 
reproduction.  This  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  award  is  a  very 
large  cloth  depicting  scenic 
highlights  of  this  beautiful  and 
picturesque  country  and  per- 
sonaJized  to  display  the  identity 

0>mlnued  on  page  228 


i.<^<^.^^^<^^<^::^^^-:^^^i^^:^--'^^^:..:^ 


22 


Do  not  b©  fooled  by  the  low  pric#s,  Ihese  brand 
new  lab  quafity  frequency  countei s  have  intpprtanl 
advantages  over  instrunients  co^lirtg  much  mora. 
The  models  7010  and  8010  are  not  old  counters  rspftck- 
aged  but  100'\^  new  designs  using  the  latest  LSI 
state-of-the-af t  circuitry.  Wilh  oniy  4  IC's.  our  new  7010 
offers  a  host  of  features  including  10  Hz  to  600  MHi 
oper.ilion,  9  digit  display*  3  gate  timds  and  moce. 
This  outperlurms  units  using  10-15  IC*s  at  awaral 
limes  the  size  and  power  consumption.  The  older 
designs  using  many  more  parts  increase  the  possiblity 
of  failure  and  contpU^xity  o(  troubleshooting.  Look 
closely  at  our  impi essive  specifications  and  note  you 
can  buy  these  lab  quality  counters  for  similar  or  less 
money  than  hobby  quality  units  with  TV  xtal 
lime  bases  and  plastic  cases! 

Both  the  new  7010  and  8010  have  new  amplifier 
circuits  with  amazingly  flat  rriKjuency  response  and 
improved  dynamic  range.  Sensitivity  is  e)^cellent 
and  charted  below  for  all  frequencies  covered  by  the 
instruments. 

Both  counters  uwa  modern,  no  warm  up,  10  MH^ 
TCXO  I  temperature  compensated  xtal  osctllator] 
lime  base  with  external  cloci^  capability  -  no  economical 
3.579545  MHz  TV  xial. 


Quality  metal  cases  wtth  machine  screws  and  heavy 
guage  black  anodized  alumjnuni  provide  RF  shield- 
Ing  Jight  weight   and  are  rugged  and  attractive  -  not 
economical  plastic. 

For  improved  resolution  ttiere  are  3  gate  times 
on  ttie  7010  and  8  gate  times  on  the  8010  with  rapid 
display  update.  For  example,  the  10  second  gate  time  on 
either  model  will  update  the  continuous  display  every 
10*2  seconds.  Some  competitive  counters  offering  a 
10  second  gate  time  may  require  20  seconds 
between  display  updates. 

The  7010  and  8010  carry  a  100^     parts  and 
labor  guarantee  for  a  lull  year.  No  ^limited"  guarantee 
here!  Fast  service  when  you  need  it  too.  90'-b 
ot  ail  serviced  instruments  are  on  the  way  back  to 
the  user  within  two  business  days. 

We  have  earned  a  reputation  for  state-of-the-art 
designs,  quality  products,  last  service  and  honeet 
advertising.  All  of  our  products  are  manufactufed  and 
shipped  from  our  modern  13«000  square  foot  facility  in 
Ft.  Lauderdale.  Florida. 

When  quality  OJun Is*.. count  on  Oploeleclronics, 


MODEL  7 


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Optoelectronics    inc     1-800-327-5912 


5821  N.E.  14th  Avenue.  Fort  Lauderdale,  Florida  33334  FROM  FLORIDA    t30S)  771-2051/2 

KRMS   Ord«r«  |9  U  S  aitd  VrnmOB,  tdtf  B*y  9m  iNpplitfl  Nifiar<it0  mu$  immprtc*  to  ^  m^mmum  of  %W.W  m  vfthm  oimn  &6a  re 


Leaky  Lines 


Dave  Mann  K2AGZ 
3  D3nfet  Lane 
Kinnefon  NJ  07405 

Some  Irritations  are  of  great 
Importance;  others  are  of  rela- 
tively less  concern.  Since  it  is  in 
the  very  nature  of  the  incorrlgt- 
bie  nnatcontent  to  nitpick,  I  de- 
cided a  long  time  ago  to  leave 
significant  questions  for  others 
to  discuss.  I  deal  witii  those  nig- 
gling little  matters  that  produce 
heartburn  rather  than  peptic  ul- 
cers. If  you  seek  the  earth-shat- 
tering expose,  the  juicy  scan- 
dal, or  the  noble  crusade,  move 
on;  you  wit!  not  find  it  here.  Let 
others  pursue  man-eating 
sharks  and  tigers  . , ,  I  swat  flies 
and  mosquitoes. 

A  case  in  point:  Here,  I  think, 
is  one  of  those  small  insanities 
that's  right  up  my  alley.  It  calls 
for  some  protest^  however 
slight,  i  would  have  hoped  that 
Newington,  Connecticut,  would 
have  registered  some  opposi- 
tion, but  none  was  forthcoming. 
There  are  times,.  I  suppose, 
when  the  lamb  will  willingly  lie 
down  with  the  lion. 

The  present  system  of  call- 
sign  allocations  is  an  abomi- 
nation, it  more  ctoseiy  resem- 
bles some  sort  of  random  seiec- 
tion  than  a  structured  plan 
which  could  clarify  grade  of  li- 
cense, seniority,  or  geographi- 
cal location.  The  unfortunate  in- 
clusion of  a  great  number  of 
garbled  prefixes  has  botched 
up  the  whole  thing  but  good. 

There  is  no  longer  any  de- 
pendable way,  short  of  asking 
directly  (which  somehow  goes 
against  the  grain),  to  know 
whom  you  are  working  or 
whether  your  contact  has  been 
licensed  for  sixty  years  or  for 
sixty  days,  it  is  claimed  that  this 
arrangement  will  tend  to  de- 
mocratize the  ham  bands,  but  it 
will  not.  It  will  merely  produce 
an  element  of  uncertainty  in  an 
area  once  highly  organized.  One 
used  to  know  beyond  peradven- 
ture  that  the  KA  he  hooked  up 
with  was  a  member  of  the  U.S. 
military  stationed  in  Japan;  now 
he  may  be  some  guy  right 
around  the  corner . , .  there's  no 
way  to  tell  just  from  the  prefix. 

Tm  not  disturbed  merely  by 
the  confusion.  I  simply  disiike 
the  idea  of  creating  equality 
where  it  really  has  no  place. 
Don't  misunderstand  me.  I  am 
one  hundred  percent  in  favor  of 
political,  racial,  sexual,  and 
social  equality ...  a  true  ad- 
vocate and  champion  of  democ- 
racy* But  it  has  no  more  place  in 
ham  radio  than  it  has  in  any 
other  such  avocation  , , ,  pho- 
tography, stamp  collecting,  gar- 
dening, woodworking,  astrono- 
my, or  Sunday  painting.  What  is 


this  sudden  impulse  to  create 
equality  everywhere?  I  believe 
that  those  who  have  been 
around  for  a  very  long  time  de- 
serve to  flaunt  the  distinction  to 
some  extent.  No  human  endeav- 
or in  which  skill  Js  a  factor 
should  be  subjected  to  some  ar- 
tificial leveling  process, !  speak 
not  of  reward,  but  of  simple 
recognition.  And  if  this  should 
happen  to  consist  of  a  distinc- 
tive caiisign,  as  it  used  to, 
what*3  so  terribly  wrong  with 
that? 

The  simple  truth  is  that,  in  the 
words  of  an  old  adage  "When 
everybody  is  somebody,  nobody 
is  anybody.'* 

By  ail  means,  reward  dili- 
gence, talent,  and  industry.  But 
not  by  taking  something  away 
from  somebody  else.  They've 
now  removed  the  distinction  of 
the  preferred  callsign,  the  only 
thing  that  differentiated  the  old- 
timer  from  the  Johnny-come- 
lately.  I  rise  to  my  hind  iegs  and 
bay  loudly  at  the  moon.  The  new 
caiisigns  are  lousy! 

But  things  might  have  been 
far  worse.  I  read  a  proposal  that 
would  have  utilized  the  3-letter, 
3-digit  system  presently  em- 
ployed in  the  assignment  of 
some  state's  auto  license 
plates.  If  our  present  callsign 
system  is  bad,  that  one  would 
have  been  infinitely  worse. 
Some  other  ioker  got  the  bril- 
liant idea  that  because  Social 
Security  numbers,  like  snow- 
flakes  and  fingerprints,  are 
unique ...  no  two  alike . , .  they 
should  be  used  to  replace  the 
standard  caiisigns.  Don*t  ex- 
pect me  to  analyze  the  logic 
that  prompts  such  suggestions; 
I'm  no  expert  in  abnormal  psy- 
chology. 

It  may  be  that  the  present  re- 
vision of  the  callsign  structure 
was  designed  for  the  conve- 
nience of  the  FCC  monitoring 
stations,  so  that  they  could 
more  easily  determine  who  may 
be  operating  illegally  in  the  re- 
stricted subbands. 

This  notion  presupposes  that 
these  monitors  are  doing  a  con- 
scientious job  of  policing  in  the 
first  place . .  .staying  on  top  of 
the  situation  and  nailing  viola- 
tors with  swift  efficiency.  But 
they  are  not  A  recent  incident 
confirms  the  very  opposite.  The 
monitor  at  Anchorage,  Alaska, 
issued  notices  of  violation  to  a 
number  of  amateurs  who  had 
contacted  Thailand  stations. 
Obviously,  the  monitor  labored 
under  the  mistaken  impression 
that  there  still  exists  a  banned 
countries  list. 

We  have  not  had  such  a  list 
for  a  very  long  time.  This  misad- 
venture reminds  me  of  the  great 
flap  that  occurred  when  police 


were  issuing  summonses  to 
hams  who  were  transmitting 
while  driving,  despite  a  change 
in  the  law.  This  took  place  some 
fifteen  years  ago,  and  notwith- 
standing the  repeal  of  the  mea- 
sure which  had  formerly  prohib- 
ited such  transmissions,  these 
misguided  minions  of  the  law 
were  highly  reluctant  to  accept 
the  change.  Hams  were  advised 
to  carry  copies  of  the  new  regu- 
lation so  ttiey  could  show  them 
to  arresting  officers.  Despite  all 
this,  there  are  still  some  cops 
who  attempt  to  hand  out  tickets 
to  this  day!  To  be  sure,  such 
cases  are  thrown  out  of  court. 
But  those  who  receive  the  sum- 
monses must  answer  them  . , . 
a  needless  inconvenience.  In 
like  manner,  those  who  have  re- 
ceived these  notices  of  viola- 
tion from  the  FCC  are  being 
penalized.  They  have  been  in- 
formed that  they  "must  respond 
to  the  citation  in  the  manner 
outlined  in  97.137,  and  the  reply 
must  be  sent  via  registered  or 
certified  mail.'*  (See  QST, 
August,  1979.) 

What  would  happen  if  one  of 
these  cited  amateurs  were  to 
fail  to  reply  to  the  notice?  Bu- 
reaucratic conceit  and  self- 
conferred  omnipotence  being 
what  they  are,  it  would  not  be  at 
all  strange  if  they  were  to  face 
actual  revocation  of  license. 
Such  is  the  nature  of  bureau- 
cracy  .  .  .  agencies  of  the 
government  are  known  to  foul 
up  from  time  to  time. 

Not  only  do  these  erroneous 
citations  demonstrate  that  a  bu- 
reaucracy can  be  wrong,  but 
they  also  confirm  a  persistent 
conviction  held  by  many  that 
even  when  they  are  wrong,  they 
pretend  that  they  are  right,  and 
they  insist  upon  having  every- 
one else  take  part  in  the  pre- 
tense, too. 

Would  it  have  been  so  embar- 
rassing for  the  FCC  to  have  is- 
sued a  simple  statement  to  the 
effect  that  all  persons  who  had 
received  the  citation  should 
simply  ignore  it?  Why  couldn't 
they  acknowledge  that  there 
had  been  an  inadvertent  human 
error?  Would  this  have  been 
such  a  terrible  humiliation? 

It  appears  that  the  Commis- 


sion is  committed  to  the  per- 
petuation of  a  grand  illusion;  it 
must  maintain  an  aura  of  infalli- 
bility. Perhaps  even  more  Im- 
portant, licensees  must  con- 
stantly be  made  aware  of  the 
awesome  power  of  Big  Brother. 

Phooey  and  double  phooey! 

If  the  FCC  were  one-tenth  as 
capable  as  it  would  have  us  be- 
lieve, it  would  long  since  have 
succeeded  in  cleaning  up  the 
horrendous  mess  on  CB  . .  Jt 
would  have  been  able  to  do 
something  significant  about  the 
"woodpecker"  that  has  plagued 
and  bedeviled  operations  on  the 
OX  bands ...  it  would  have 
been  able  to  nail  all  the  CW  in- 
truders on  fishing  trawlers  who 
constantly  appear  on  unautho- 
rized frequencies  within  our  al- 
legedly sequestered  portions  of 
the  amateur  spectrum.  It  would 
have  been  able  to  deal  with  the 
problem  of  unauthorized  linear 
amplifiers  on  27  MHz  without 
having  to  eliminate  10-meter  ca- 
pability from  amplifiers  in* 
tended  for  use  among  legiti- 
mately licensed  amateurs  . .  Jt 
would  have  been  capable  of  de- 
vising some  nationally  applic- 
able regulation  which  would, 
once  and  for  all,  take  uncompro- 
mising precedence  over  com- 
munity zoning  restrictions  on 
radio  tower  installations.  It 
would  also  have  been  able  to 
force  manufacturers  of  home 
entertainment  devices  to  install 
adequate  filtering  so  that  TVI 
and  BCI  would  be  minimized,  if 
not  eliminated  altogether,  thus 
lifting  the  burden  of  ostracism 
and  public  condemnation  from 
the  shoulders  of  thousands  of 
blameless  amateurs  and  plac- 
ing it  where  it  rightfully  belongs. 

The  fact  is  that  there's 
nothing  perfect  in  this  ail-too- 
Imperfect  world.  But  this  has  its 
compensations.  It's  great  for 
the  likes  of  me ...  a  guy  who 
derives  personal  satisfaction  in 
pointing  out  foibles  and  flaws. 
How  could !  function  if  this  were 
a  world  without  faults?  Yet, 
somehow  I  have  the  feeling  that 
even  if  it  were  perfect,  we  grum- 
blers and  groaners  would  still 
manage  to  find  something  to 
gripe  about 


Ham  Help 


1  need  a  parts  list  and 
assembly  and  tuning  instruc- 
tions for  a  Tel  rex  TC-99  triband 
beam  antenna.  Will  copy  and  re- 
turn. 

A.  McGinnis  WA2DTQ 

55  Ration  St. 

Iselin  NJ  08830 

1  am  in  desperate  need  of  a 
schematic  and  alignment  in- 
structions for  a  National  NC- 
300.  I  would  really  appreciate 


any  help. 

Bob  Amos 

607  N.  Madden 

Shamrock  TX  79079 

I  would  like  some  help  in 
studying  for  the  General  exam. 
Any  person  or  group  in  the 
Bronx  area  interested  in  helping 
me? 

Smfdath  Shuler 

60  Cfason  Ft.  lane 

Bronx  NY  10473 


24 


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Everyone  knows  RF  amplifiers  take  a  real  beating  in  day-to-day  operations  —  in  overheated  repeater  stations,  knocking 
around  under  dasiies  and  in  trunks,  quick  rigged  for  contests  and  field  days.  That's  why  we've  designed  our  new  series  of 
amplifiers  to  take  all  kinds  of  punishment  and  still  keep  on  delivering: 

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exceeded.  The  yellow  "over-temp"  L.E.D.  on  the  front  panel  lets  you  know  what  s  happening. 

•  Tough  emitter  ballasted  transistors  resist  damage  from  high  VSWR,  short  and  open  circuits. 

•  All  amps  have  reverse  D.C.  polarity  protection. 

PLUS  KLM'S  STANDARD  HASSLE-FREE  FEATURES 

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The  age  of  tone  control  has  come  to 
Amateur  Radio.  What  better  way  to  utilize 
our  ever  diminishing  resource  of  fre- 
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control  allows  several  repeaters  to  share 
the  same  channel  with  minimal  geo- 
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from  intermod  and  interference  for 
repeaters,  remote  base  stations,  and 
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toring of  our  crowded  simplex  channels. 


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sizej  25'x2,0'x  65*  •  Encodes  and dncodes simultaneously  • 
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TS-1JR    Sub  AodibleEncaderDecoder  •  Microminiature 
version  ol  the  TS-1  measyfmg  just  t.O^  %  1.25'  t  ,65'  tor  hand- 
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measures  .45'  i  If  x  .6'  •  Instant  starl-up  •  $29  JS  complete 
wrtti  K-1  element 

TE-8   Rght-Tone  Sub- Audible  Encoder  •  Measures  2.6'  % 
2Sf  1 1'  *  Frequency  se^ection  made  by  either  a  pulf  to  ground 
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12  K-1  elements 

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COMMUmCATlONS  SPECIALISTS         ^"^ 

426  West  Tatl  Avenue,  Orange.  CA  92667 
(800)  854-0547,  California  residents  use:  (714)  998-X21 


/Vllcrocomputer 


David  G.  Larsen 
Peter  R.  Rony 
Jonathan  A.  Titus 
Christopher  A.  Titus 

The  characteristics  of  the  In- 
tel 8253  programmable  interval 
timer  were  introduced  in  our  Oc- 
tober column.  This  24-pm  chip 
is  very  useful  in  counting  and 
timing  operations.  This  section 
will  discuss  two  test  programs 
for  the  8253.  One  is  a  demon- 
stration program  that  illustrates 
the  various  modes  of  operation 
of  the  timer,  and  the  other  is  a 
program  that  demonstrates  the 
reading  of  counter  data  "on  the 
fly.** 

The  counter  is  wired  to  an 
8080A-based  microcomputer, 
as  shown  in  our  October  col- 
umn. The  details  of  the  test  ck* 
cull  are  provided  in  Fig.  1, 
Although  the  use  of  an  oscil- 
loscope is  handy  to  monitor  out- 
put signal  OUTO  from  counter 
#0;  it  has  been  found  just  as 
useful  to  provide  a  single  7490 
decade  counter  chip  to  detect 
negative-edge  transitions  at 
OUTO.  The  25'kHz  input  clock 
freqyeocy*  which  has  a  period  T 
of  40  fis.  is  input  at  CLKO. 

Before  the  8253  chip  is  used, 
the  nature  of  output  signal 
OUTO  must  be  understood  as  a 
function  of  the  six  different 
modes  of  operation,  MODE  0 
through  MODE  5.  We  have 
found  the  manufacturer's  liter- 
ature to  be  somewhat  confus- 
lng»  so  their  diagrams  have 
been  simplified  by  omitting  alt 
signals  other  than  OUTO.  This 
permits  all  six  modes  to  be 
compared  simultaneously,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  2,  Note  that 
MODES  0  and  1  provide  a  neg- 
ative monostable  clock  pulse  of 
duration  NT;  MODE  2  provides  a 
series  of  negative  clock  pulses 
of  pulse  width  T  and  period  NT; 
MODE  3  provides  essentially  a 
square  wave  of  period  NT;  and 
MODES  4  and  5  provide  a  single 
strobe  pulse  of  pulsewtdth  T  at 
a  time  NT  after  a  trigger  pulse 
has  been  applied  to  counter  #0. 
The  quantity  N  is  a  16-bit  timing 
byte  Jnttially  loaded  into 
counter  #0-  In  our  program,  the 
timing  byte  is  000  000,  which 
corresponds  to  the  decimal 
number  65,536. 

At  this  point,  It  is  appropriate 
to  comment  on  the  two  possible 
actions  of  the  GATEO  input: 

1,  GATEO  functions  as  a 
gating  input;  when  at  logic  0, 
pulses  input  at  CLKO  do  not 
reach  counter  #0  and  no  count- 
ing occurs.  This  type  of  be- 
havior occurs  with  MODE  0, 
MODE  2,  MODE  3,  and  MODE  4, 


PULSER 


Q 


CCKJhTEA 


£5  i*U 


2.  GATEO  functions  as  a  trig- 
gerfreset  input;  a  positive-edge 
transition  at  GATED  resets 
counter  #0  and  initiates  count* 
fng.  Each  time  there  is  a  positive 
edge  at  GATEO,  counter  #0  ts 
reset.  This  type  of  behavior  oc- 
curs with  MODE  1,  MODE  2, 
MODE  3.  and  MODE  5, 

These  different  actions  can 
best  be  observed  with  the  aid  of 
a  counter  and  a  value  of  NT  in 
the  range  of  3-10  seconds.  In  our 
case,  N  is  65,536  and  T  is  40  ms, 
so  NT  =  (65,536)(40x10-') 
=  2.62  seconds. 

The  program  used  to  test  the 
8253  chip  is  provided  in  Table  1, 
Note  that  we  have  employed 
memory-mapped  I/O,  in  which 
the  control  register  has  an  ad- 
dress of  200  003  and  counter  #0 
has  an  address  of  200  000.  The 
program  is  quite  simple.  First 
the  control  word  060 {MODE  0)  is 
output  into  the  control  register. 
Next,  we  successively  load  the 
LO  and  HI  counter  bytes,  both 
of  which  are  000,  into  counter 
#0.  Finally,  we  enter  a  wait  loop. 
Table  2  in  the  October  issue 
shows  that  a  control  word  of 
060  means  that  counter  #0  is 
chosen;  the  least-significant 
byte  is  loaded  first,  then  the 
most-significant  byte.  Observe 


Fig.  h  Circuit  for  counter  HO  on  the  8253  timer  to  be  used  with  the 
demonstration  program  given  in  Tabie  7.  It  is  assumed  that  the 

counter  counts  negative-edge  transitions. 


m 


oum 


OLTTQ 


<WTO 


DUTO 


OUTO 


OUTO 


^ 


r 


MT- 


J 


IT 


y *.\T    J 

II IT 


¥ 


-IT" 


V 


~i_l — L 


WT 


i_j — i__r 


-m 


¥ 


■«f- 


IT 


MWE  t 


MODE  i 


MODE  3 


M0DE4 


HOQCS 


Fig.  2.  Timing  diagrams  for  the  OUTO  output  signal  for  each  of  the 
six  operating  modes  of  the  8253  timer. 


the  MODE  0  operation  of  the 
counter  and  count  down  in 
binary. 

When  executing  this  pro- 
gram, observe  that  OUTO  goes 
immediatety  to  logic  0  and  re- 
mains at  this  logic  state  for  NT 
seconds,  after  which  it  returns 
to  logic  1.  This  behavior  can  be 


repeated  only  by  executing  the 
program  a  second  time,  starting 
at  memory  address  003  000. 

If  the  control  word  is  changed 
at  location  003  001  to  062 
(MODE  1),  the  execution  of  the 
program  begun,  and  the  pulsar 

Continued  on  page  225 


003  000  076 
003  OOia  060 
003  002  062 
003  003  003 
003  004  200 
003  005  076 
003  006  000 
003  007  062 
003  010  000 

003  on  200 

003  012  076 
003  0t3  000 
003  014  062 
003  OtS  000 
003  016  200 
003  017  303 
003  020  017 
003  021  003 


TIMER, 


MViA 

060 

STA 

003 

200 

MVIA 

000 

STA 

000 

200 

MV1A 

OOO 

STA 

000 

200 

JMF 

017 

003 


/Move  control  word  into  accumulator 
/Mode  control  word 
/Store  it  within  control  r^gi^ter 
/In  3253  Interval  timar  chip 

MmB  10  counter  byte  into  accumu later 

/LO  counter  byte 

/Store  LO  byte  In  counter  #0 


/Move  LO  counter  byte  into  accumulator 

/HI  counter  byte 

/Store  HI  byte  In  counter  #0 


Wait 


If  you  wish  to  observe  the  counting  process  on  a  pair  of  output  ports,  replace  the  last 
program  instruction  by  ttie  following  sequence  of  ir^slructions; 


003  017  076 

003  020  OOO 

003  021  mz 

003  022  0O3 
003  023  200 
003  024  072 
003  025  000 
003  026 
003  027 
030 


RPT. 


003 
0O3  031 
Q03  032 
003  033 
003  034 


200 
323 
002 
072 
QOO 
200 
323 
000 


O03  035 
003  036  303 
003  037  024 
003  040  003 


MVIA 

000 

STA 

003 

200 

LDA 

000 

200 

OUT 

002 

LDA 

000 

200 

OUT 

000 

JMP 

RPT 

0 


/Move  new  control  word  into  accumulator 
/Move  control  word  I o  read  counter  iO 
/Store  it  within  control  register 


/Read  LO  counter  byte  into  accumulator 

/Output  LO  counter  byte  to  Port  #2 
/Read  HI  counter  byte  Into  accumulator 

/Output  HI  counter  byte  to  Port  #0 
/Continue  to  output  the  counter  bytes 


^The  control  word  af  address  003  001  Is  changed  to  demonstrate  the  behavior  of  the 
different  modes  ot  operation. 

Tabie  7.  Demonstration  program  for  the  6253  interval  timer. 


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DX 


DXPEDITION  TO  MT.  ATHOS 
BY  SV10C,  SV1IW,  AND  SV1JQ 

This  expedition  to  IVIt.  Athos 
was  the  outcome  of  long  dis- 
cussions with  the  community  of 
the  Holy  Mountain  and  great  ef- 
forts on  the  part  of  all  con- 
cerned. The  operators  were 
notified  on  July  20,  1979,  that 


they  would  be  permitted  to 
transmit  from  Mt.  Athos;  they 
departed  Athens  on  Monday, 
August  6. 

SV1DC  drove  twelve  straight 
hours,  and  the  group  was  on  the 
air  at  1430  UTC,  August  7.  Since 
getting  to  the  operating  spot  in- 
volved    walking    and    hand- 


carrying,  only  a  12AVQ  Hy-Gain 
vertical  was  taken;  no  antennas 
were  aval  [able  for  other  than  20, 
15,  and  10  meters.  A  Kenwood 
TS-520  with  external  remote  vfo 
and  a  Honda  E300  generator 
rounded  out  this  field  operation. 

!n  70  hours,  over  SOOO  con- 
tacts were  logged,  including  a 
thousand  on  CW  by  SV1IW. 
Most  operation  was  on  20  and 
15,  with  10  meters  being  its 
usual  obstinate  summer  self.  In 
general,  conditions  were  OK  ex- 


On  Crete  (l-rh  SV7IW,  SV1KP,  and  SVUG. 


SV1tW  works  SSB  from  Mt  Athos,  while  SVWC  observes. 


cept  toward  Asia— only  a  few 
stations  from  Asia  got  through. 

The  Mt.  Athos  operation  shut 
down  at  0200  UTC  on  August  1 1 ; 
SV1IW  and  SV1JG  along  with 
SV1KP  {Ms.  SV1IW)  proceeded 
to  the  island  of  Crete  for  a 
"vacation-styte"  expedition.  In 
ten  days,  the  three  made  6000 
more  contacts,  including  many 
by  Natasha,  who  signed  SV9YL, 
During  this  period,  propagation 
reversed  itselt,  with  conditions 
being  better  toward  Asia  than  to 
North  America- 

The  operators  of  this  Mt. 
Athos  and  Crete  expedition  ex- 
press their  appreciation  to  all 
who  called  in  and  made  their 
trip  a  successful  one.  We,  in 
turn,  thank  them  for  putting  two 
new  countries  in  so  many  logs 
around  the  world. 

KOVICE  CORNER 

Lef  s  talk  about  the  perennial 
Novice,  the  one  who  never 
seems  to  learn.  This  is  a  rare 
case,  actually,  as  most 
amateurs  advance  to  being 
reasonably  competent  opera- 
tors as  they  gain  experience. 
Today's  topic  Is  how  to  work 
through  a  pileup  on  CW  while 
causing  minimal  interference  to 
others. 

This  morning,  VQ9MR  was 
working  the  US  on  the  long  path 
at  14,036  kHz,  using  relativeiy 
high-speed  CW.  The  stations  he 
was  working  were  all  about  one 
kHz  higher  in  frequency.  That  is, 
VQ9MR  was  "listening  up  one" 
without  saying  so,  enabling 
those  who  grasped  the  pattern 
to  easi ly  have  a  quick  QSO.  One 
poor  K4  station  insisted  on 
calling  exactly  on  VQ9MR's  fre- 
quency, which  was  bad  enough; 
that  same  K4  also  seemed  in- 
clined to  transmit  at  the  worst 
possible  times,  like  when 
VQ9MR  was  also  sending.  What 
boggles  the  mind  is  that  our  K4 
friend  has  been  a  ham  for  over 
twenty  years  1  ft  was  8:00  am,  so 
maybe  he  was  asleep  at  the 
key? 

First,  our  K4  person  slowed 
down  the  whole  operation  by 
causing  many  to  miss  their 
report  from  VQ9MR;  indeed, 
often  one  couid  not  hear  the 
Chagos  come  back  through 
those  still  calling.  This  Is  not  an 
uncommon  problem.  But  If  one 
particular  K4  caller  had  had  his 
act  together,  with  the  strong 
signal  he  had,  he  surely  could 
have  worked  the  DX  on  one  or 
two  calls,  and  he  would  have 
been  gone,  instead  of  fouling  up 
the  works  for  a  long  period  of 
time. 

The  procedure  for  handling  a 
situation  such  as  this  is  simple 
and  the  rewards  are  great, 
especially  with  an  excellent  CW 
operator  like  VQ9MR  handling 
the  pileup.  The  goal,  of  course, 
is  to  transmit  to  the  DX  off  fre- 

Continued  on  page  223 


30 


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Neiv  Products 


SWAN  ASTRO  150  SSB 
TRANSCEIVER 

Swan  is  back!  After  a  several 
year  htatuSj  during  which  little 
was  heard  from  the  company^ 
Swan  has  returned  to  amateur 
radio  wtth  an  impressive  array 
of  all-new,  state-of-the-art 
equipment. 

Swan,  for  those  who  have 
short  memories,  was  a  domi- 
nant force  in  amateur  gear  in 
the  late  '60s  and  eafly  70s,  1  was 
one  of  thousands  of  young 
hams  of  that  era  who  yearned  to 
own  a  Swan  rig,  but  my  high 
school  and  college  finances 
never  gave  me  that  opportunity. 
That's  one  reason  I  jumped  at 
the  chance  to  put  one  of  Swan's 
new  breed,  the  Astro  15D  SSB 
Transceiver,  through  its  paces. 

The  Astro  150  bears  scant  re- 
semblance to  the  transceivers 
of  that  earlier  time.  If  you 
haven't  shopped  for  an  allband 
rfg  in  the  last  five  or  ten  years, 
you'll  be  amazed  at  just  how 
compact  and  convenient  they 
are. 


General  Descrfptlon 

The  Astro  150  is  a  five-band 
SSB  and  CW  rig  covering  10-80 
meters,  A  sister  model,  the 
Astro  151 ,  covers  1 5-1 60  meters. 
The  frequency  coverage  on 
each  band  extends  weli  beyond 
the  upper  and  lower  limits  of  the 
amateur  allocations,  making 
the  150  a  fine  choice  for  MARS 
operation.  With  the  bandswitch 
in  the  20-meter  position,  for  ex- 
ample, the  transceiver  tunes 
from  13.8  to  16.0  MHz.  The  other 
bands  offer  a  similar  overlap- 
While  the  160  is  designed  for 
SSB  and  CW  operation,  the 
owner's  manual  advtses  that 
SSTV  and  RTTY  operation  is 
possible  if  you  take  precau- 
tions. It  recommends  providing 
a  small  cooling  fan  for  the  heat 
sinks  of  both  the  transceiver 
and  its  power  supply.  In  addi- 
tion, the  mike  gain  control 
should  be  used  to  reduce  output 
to  50  Watts  or  less.  A  rear  panei 
RCA  jack  is  provided  for  input- 
ting AFSK  or  SSTV  signals. 

Inside  the  150 
This  transceiver  is  a  ruggedly 


■'■'^^■•■'WIOTW^S  ■ 


Swan's  Astro  fSO  SSB  Transceiver, 


built  modular  rig.  Virtually  all 
componentSj  including  most  of 
the  front-panel  controls,  mount 
on  printed  circuit  boards.  Con- 
nections between  the  boards 
are  mostly  of  the  plug-in  variety, 
so  removing  a  board  for  service 
should  not  be  difficult,  A  profu- 
sion of  heavy  metal  brackets 
and  plates  provides  rf  shielding 
as  well  as  mechanical  rigidity. 
My  lone  reservation  about  the 
construction  of  the  150  is  that  a 
few  of  the  metal  brackets  inside 
the  rig  have  sharp  edges  which 
might  erode  the  insulation  on 
nearby  wires.  Admittedly,  this  is 
a  minor  point,  as  an  enormous 
amount  of  abuse  and  vibration 
would  be  necessary  for  such 
damage  to  occur.  A  couple  of 
well-placed  pieces  of  plastic 
tape  would  set  my  mind  com- 
pletely at  ease.  Unless  you  plan 
extensive  mobile  and  portable 
operation  with  your  Astro  150,  it 
is  not  cause  for  concern.  This 
rig  will  last. 

Despite  its  small  size  (3.75"  H 
X  9.75"  W  X  11.75"  D),  the  150 
weighs  in  at  a  hefty  13  pounds. 
The  companion  PSU-5  Power 
Supply/Speaker  is  of  similar 
size.  Both  the  transceiver  and 
its  power  supply  have  their  own 
on-off  switches,  a  nice  feature 
for  those  who  doni  like  to  con- 
nect a  "hot"  lead  to  any  piece  of 
equipment. 

With  few  exceptions,  there  is 
no  shared  circuitry  between  the 
receiver  and  transmitter.  The  re- 
ceiver is  a  si ngie-con version  de- 
sign with  a  9-MHz  i-f.  The 
claimed  sensitivity  is  .35  uV  for 
10  dB  (S-h  H)/N,  For  CW  opera- 
tion, a  300'Hz  i-f  filter  can  be  se- 
lected, or  you  can  opt  to  use  the 
SSB  filters. 

The  transmitter  is  of  a  broad- 
banded  design  with  an  output 
power  of  100  Watts  PEP.  As  with 
most  "no  tune-up"  transmitters, 
a  low  swr  is  important.  The  150 
will  perform  up  to  specifica- 
tions only  if  it  is  operated  into 
an  swr  of  2:1  or  better.  At  higher 
ratios,  the  transceiver  protects 
itself  by  automatically  reducing 
output  power  so  that  the  final 
transistors  do  not  overheat.  For 
this  reason,  Swan  recommends 
using  an  antenna  tuner  to  keep 
the  swr,  as  seen  by  the  trans-^ 
celver,  as  low  as  possible. 

The  150  offers  full  break-in 
(QSK)  on  CW,  something  found 
on  few  rigs  at  any  price  these 
days.  Break-in  is  accomplished 
by  leaving  the  final  amplifier 
always  connected  to  the  anten- 
na through  the  low-pass  filters. 
In  the  receive  mode,  the  final 
power  transistors  are  biased 
off,  effectively  creating  an  open 
circuit  on  the  transmittef  output 
transformer  The  receiver  input 
is  coupled  to  the  secondary  of 
this  transformer  via  a  high- 
speed reed  relay. 

Perhaps  the  most  unique 
technical  feature  of  the  Astro 
150  is  its  method  of  frequency 


seiection  and  tuning.  This  trans- 
ceiver is  one  of  a  small  handful 
of  amateur  HP  rigs  incorporat- 
ing true  digital  frequency  syn- 
thesis- Much  of  our  2-meter 
equipment  (and  even  some  CB 
gear)  has  used  synthesizers  for 
several  years,  but  only  recently 
has  it  become  available  in  multi- 
band  HF  radios. 

Incidentaily,  just  because  a 
transceiver  has  a  digital  dis* 
piay,  this  does  not  necessarily 
mean  that  it's  synthesized.  In 
many  rigs,  the  operating  fre- 
quency is  determined  by  con- 
ventional vfo  circuitry,  and  a  fre- 
quency counter  is  used  to  pro- 
duce the  digital  display.  The 
principle  of  synthesized  fre- 
quency control  is  completely 
different,  as  we  shall  see. 

Swan's  design  uses  a  pair  of 
phase-locked  loops  (PLLs)  to 
provide  precise  crystal-con- 
trolled reference  frequencies  to 
six  voltage-controHed  oscil- 
iators  (vco's).  Five  of  these  are 
designated  as  "band*'  vco's.  The 
outputs  from  the  band  vco's  are 
divided  by  a  diode-programmed 
divider  so  that  band  vco  fre- 
quencies are  variable  in  steps  of 
500  kHz.  The  transceiver's  band- 
switch  selects  the  proper  vco 
and  diode  program  for  each 
band.  The  7-32-MHz  output  of 
the  selected  band  vco  is 
summed  with  the  5-7-MHz  out- 
put of  the  sixth  or  *'tuning"  vco 
to  produce  a  local  oscillator  fre- 
quency in  the  12-39-MHz  range. 
The  local  oscillator  is  thus  al- 
ways about  9  MHz  above  the  op- 
erating frequency,  and  indeed, 
the  Astro  150  uses  a  9.0165-MHz 
i-f. 

Directing  traffic  inside  the 
synthesizer  is  an  8048  micropro- 
cessor chip,  a  device  from  the 
same  family  as  the  popular  6080 
chip  found  in  thousands  of  mi- 
crocomputer systems.  A  small 
amount  of  read-only  memory 
stores  a  program  containing  the 
instructions  which  allow  the 
8048  to  control  this  complex 
radio. 

The  microprocessor  accepts 
as  inputs  the  band  and  mode 
you  have  selected,  along  with 
signals  from  the  tuning  con- 
trols. It  uses  this  data  to  pro- 
duce signals  which  determine 
the  frequency  of  the  tuning  vco. 
The  8048  also  sends  the  proper 
information  to  the  readout 
board  to  enable  it  to  display  the 
correct  frequency.  The  micro- 
processor and  Its  program  also 
carry  out  other  functions  which 
would  otherwise  require  much 
additional  logic.  For  example, 
as  long  as  power  to  the  150  is 
not  interrupted,  the  micropro- 
cessor will  remember  the  last 
frequency  used  on  each  band.  If 
you  want  pileups  on  five  differ- 
ent bands  simultaneously,  the 
Astro  150  can  do  Itl 

With  this  high-technology 
frequency-determining  scheme, 
you  wouldn't  expect  the  150  to 


32 


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reads  S"  units  in  receive, 
and  selects  fon^^ard  power, 
reflected  power,  or  ALC  in 
transmit. 


Vtsual  Display  of 
Passband  Tuning 

A  series  of  8  LED  s  indicate 
the  equtvaleni  band  width 
and  position  of  the 
passband  from  0  6  to  2.7 
KHz  as  ihe  passband 
tyning  knob  is  rotated. 


300H2  Crystal  CW  Filter 

Cascaded  wiEh  the  passt»and 
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ttie  passband   Combined 
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Pole  Filters 

Two  &-pole  crystaJ  filters  in 
cascade  provides  a  t,4:1 
shape  factor  at  -lOOdB! 

The  uHimate  in  selectivity. 


Tyrtable  Notch  Rtter 

Provides  the  ability  to 
"notch  our  QRM,  When 
used  in  conjunction  with  the 
passband  tuning,  provides 
the  uttimale  in  removing 
rnterlefence. 


t 


Dual  PTO's 

Two  independent  high 
stability  PTO's  provide  true 
split  band  operation.  The 
digttat  counter  reads  the 
pf  O  selected,  or  in  split 
band  reads  the  PTO  used 
for  receive,  then  switches 
to  the  transmil  frequency 
selecied  when  the  mic  is 
keyed. 


All  Band  Coverage  using 
PLL  and  Synthesizer  for 
Band  Selection 
Fult  coverage  of  160  meters 
through  all  of  10  meters  m  9 
ranges  .  .  .  diode  matnx 
programmed  for  fiow  —  or 
for  the  future! 


The  ASTRO  T02SX  with  a:s  companion 
PSU'6  Pow#r  Supply.  T5002  Linear  Amplifier 
and  ST'2A  Antenna  Tuner  provides  a 
matched  and  highly  efficient  1 500  wall 
PEP  or  1000  watt  CW  complete  station  to 
be  complernented  by  a  great  Swan 
antenna 


^S4l 


All  Solid 
State 
Quality 
American 

iStructron 


• 


• 


ELECTRONICS 


^  ia»r««' oi' in«  Cm6rc  Cckrij^riMOi^ 


305  Airport  Road  t  Oceanside,  CA  92054  /  714-757-7525 


Top  view  of  Astro  150  chassis. 


Bottom  view  of  the  Astro  150  (with  metal  shield  removed}. 


have  a  conventional  tuning 
knob  . . .  and  it  doesn't.  The 
main  tuning  control  iscaited  the 
VRS  (variable  rate  scanning) 
knob.  The  shaft  of  this  knob  is 
attached  to  a  cam  which  ac- 
tuates either  of  two  micro- 
switches,  depending  on  which 
way  the  knob  is  turned.  When 
actuated,  these  microswitches 
send  signals  to  the  8048 
mtcfoprocessor.  For  example, 


when  the  VRS  knob  is  rotated 
clockwise  from  its  neutral  12 
o'clock  position,  the  left-hand 
microswitch  is  tripped,  sending 
a  signal  to  the  3046,  which  then 
Issues  commands  causing  the 
transceiver  to  begin  scanning 
upward  in  I00-Hz  steps.  If  the 
VRS  control  is  turned  counter- 
ctockwise,  the  right-hand  micro- 
swHch  is  tripped,  and  the  trans- 
ceiver begins  tuning  downward 


In  frequency.  A  potentiometer 
attached  to  the  VRS  knob  shaft 
determines  the  scanning  rate. 
The  further  the  knob  is  rotated 
from  the  neutral  12  o'clock  posl- 
tion^  the  faster  the  frequency 
changes.  Once  the  desired  fre- 
quency is  reached,  the  VRS 
knob  is  returned  to  the  neutral 
position,  and  the  scanning 
stops.  Scanning  controi  Is  also 
available  via  up/down  push-but- 


tons on  the  Included  hand-held 
microphone,  making  mobile  op- 
eration safer  and  more  conve- 
nient. 

Other  front-panel  controls  In* 
elude  both  RIT  and  Fine  Tuning, 
RIT  changes  only  the  received 
frequency  (up  to  ±300  Hz), 
white  the  Fine  Tuning  control 
alters  both  transmit  and  receive 

Continued  o^  fmge  2  W 


SPONSORS. « ,...  73  Magazine.  Peterborough, 

New  Hampshire  03458. 

DATES  B  TIMES, OOOOZ  i^far^u^ry  1980  to 

Z40OZ  20  January  1 980. 

OBJECT* • To  work  as  many  stations  as 

posstbte  on  1 60  merer  phone  in 
a  maKimum  of  30  hours  of 
ailowable  contest  operation, 
Mult  I  ^operator  stations  may 
O  per  ate  rtie  f  liII  4S-hour  pierioct. 
EHTRT  CATEOOIUEa.., 

( I )  Single  opecaior.  single 
transmitter,  phone  only:  {1) 
Multi -operator,  single  transmit- 
ter, phone  only. 

Stations  within  the  conHnerstal 

4B  US  states  transmit  RS  report 
and  US  state;  all  others  transmit 
RS  report  and  DX  country. 
-,**..♦  All  contacts  score  FIVE  (S) 

POINTS  each.  The  same  station 
can  only  be  worked  once  for 
contest  points. 

•  • ONE  (I)  mu It ipiier  point  is 

earned  for  each  US  state  worked 
within  the  continental  US:  THREE 
(3)  multiplier  points  are  earned 
for  each  DX  country  worked  out- 
side  the  continental  US- 
FINAL  flC^R^.. /Total  QSO  points  times  total 

multiplier  points  equals  claimed 
score - 


EXCHANGE.... 


l^jJIiPf  1^9*  •  *  •  •  « 


MULTIPLIERS... 


CONTEST  ENTRIES Each  entry  must  Include 

logsheets,  dupe  sheet  for  1 00  or 
more  contacts,  a  summc^ry 
sheet,  and  a  multiplier  checklist 

ENTRY  DEADLINE*  - ,  * ,  All  entries  must  be  postmarked 

no  later  than  20  February  1 980. 

DX  WINDOW.*  *• -.All  stations  are  expected  to 

observe  the  DX  window  from 
1 ,825-  \  .830  MHi  as  mutually 
agreed  u|Kin  by  top43and  opera- 
tors. 


DISQUALinCATIONS 


*•• 


J%  ^^  ^n  n  LFO  ■.  A  «««.•.«.«•' 


CONTEST  ADDRESS. 


Contest  disqualification  may 
result  if  contestant  omits  any  re- 
quired  entry  forms  upon  submls* 
sion  of  results:  operates  in  ex- 
cess of  legal  power  limitations 
or  frequency  allocations  within 
his  given  area:  manipyJates  op- 
erating times  lo  achieve  a  score 
advantage:  or  fails  to  omit 
duplicate  contacts  whkh  would 
reduce  the  overall  score  more 
than  2  per  cent . 

.  Contest  awards  will  be  issued  In 
each  operator  category  In  each 
of  the  continental  US  states  and 
DX  countries. 

.Those  wishing  contest  Informa- 
rlon  or  entry  forms  or  who 
desire  to  submit  a  contest  entry 
should  enclose  ^n  SASE  and 
write  to; 

nmn  Murphy  WAaGZR 

Post  Office  BoJ<  195 
Andover  H\  0782 1  USA 


34 


Contesfs 


Robert  Baker  WB2GFE 
15  Windsor  Dr. 
A  tea  NJ  08004 


CW  CONTEST 
Starts:  1600  GMT  December  1 
Ends:  1800  GMT  December  2 

General  cali  is  "CQ  QMF "  and 
entry  classes  incfude  singte-  or 
muUi-operator  Use  3,5  to  3.6 
MHz,  USA  Novices  between  3.7 
and  3.75;  all  contacts  must  be 
on  80  meters,  CW  only. 
BXOHANQE: 

RSI  and  QSO  number  from 
001. 

SCOBiNG: 

Contacts  with  own  country 
score  1  point.  Each  call  area  in 
NKinm,  VEA^O.  VK,  and  UA, 
etc.,  counts  as  a  separate  coun* 
try.  Contacts  with  stations  in 
the  same  continent  are  2  points, 
other  continents  are  5  points. 
Contacts  with  HQ  station, 
GW8WJ  or  GW6AQ,  score  25 
points.  It  is  hoped  to  have 
a  special  station,  perhaps 
GB2TAC,  for  another  25  points. 
Total  score  is  total  QSO  points 
times  number  of  prefixes 
worked  (prefixes  as  per  WPX 
award). 
ENTRIES: 

Send  logs  to:  Peter  Lumb 
G3IRM,  14  Linton  Gardens,  Bury 
Saint  Edmunds,  Suffolk  IP33 
2D2,  United  Kingdom.  Logs 
should  be  sent  no  later  than 
January  31st.  Contest  results 
will  be  sent  to  alJ  stations  ex- 
cept eastern  Europeans,  which 
will  be  sent  via  the  bureau.  Due 
to  postage  costs,  stations  are 
asked  to  help  by  enclosing 
IRCs. 

NORTH  CAROLINA  QSO 

PARTY 

Starts:  1900  GMT  December  1 

Ends:  0100  GMT  December  3 

This  contest  is  sponsored  by 
the  Alamance  Amateur  Radio 
Ctub,  Suggested  frequencies 
are  plus/minus  10  kHzi 

CW-3560,  7060,  14060, 
21060,  28060. 

Novice -3720,  7120,  21120, 
28120. 


SSB-3900.    7270,    14290, 
28590. 
EXCHANGE: 

Out-of-state   stations   send 
RSfO  and   state,   province,  or 
country.  NC  stations  send  RS(T) 
and  NC  county. 
SCORING: 

Out-of-state  stations  count  1 
point  per  NC  contact.  The  same 
station  may  be  worked  on  differ- 
ent bands,  modes,  or  in  differ- 
ent NC  counties.  Multiply  QSO 
points  by  number  of  different 
NC  counties  worked  for  final 
score.  NC  stations  count  1  point 
per  QSO  and  multiply  by  total 
number  of  states,  provinces,  or 
countries  for  finai  score,  NC 
mobiles  use  the  number  of 
counties  operated  from  for  an 
additional  multiplier. 
ENTRiES  AND  A  WARDS: 

Your  log  must  be  signed; 
none  will  be  returned.  Logs 
must  show  RS(T>s,  bands/ 
modes,  time  (GMT),  state,  prov- 
ince, country;  or  NC  county.  On 
a  separate  sheet,  please  show 
name,  call,  and  mailing  address 
plus  your  total  score  and  wfiere 
operated  from.  In  the  case  of 
mufti-operator  stations,  this 
sheet  must  also  list  the  call  of 
the  operators.  Awards  will  be 
issued  as  usual.  Logs  must  be 
postmarked  no  later  than  Jan* 
uary  10th  and  sent  to:  Alamance 
ARC,  Inc.,  2822  Westchester 
Drive,  Burlington  NC  27215. 

CONNECTICUT  QSO  PARTY 
Starts:  2000  GMT  December  1 

Ends:  0200  GMT  December  3 

Rest  period  from  0500  to  1200 

GMT  December  2 

The  Candlewood  ARCA  in- 
vftes  all  amateurs  to  participate 
in  this  year's  contest.  Phone 
and  CW  are  the  same  contest. 
Stations  may  be  worked  once 
on  each  band  and  mode  includ- 
ing OSCAR  (and  RS)  as  a  sepa- 
rate mode.  Novices  will  please 
identify  themselves  by  ?n. 
W1QI,  the  club  station,  will  op- 
erate CW  on  odd  hours  and  SSB 
on  even  hours.  Connecticut 
mobiles  working  in  other  than 


Dec  12 

Dec  1-3 

DeeS-9 

Dec  22-23 
Jan  5-6 

Jan  12-13 
Jan  19-20 
Feb  2-3 
Mar  9-10 


Calendar 

ARRL  160  Meter  Contest 

TOPS  CW  Contest 

North  Carolina  QSO  Party 

Connecticut  QSO  Party 

ARRL  10  Meter  Contest 

Garden  City  Contest 

Teenage  Radio  Sprmt 

QSL  Exchange  Contest 

International  Island  DX  Contest 

North  and  South  America  RTTY  Flash 

South  Carolina  QSO  Party 

Europe  and  Africa  RTTY  Giant  Flash 


their  home  counties  will  receive 
special  certificates  provided 
they  make  at  least  20  out-of- 
state  QSOs.  Mobiles  count  as  a 
separate  station  in  each  county. 

EXCHANGE: 

Send  QSO  number,  RS(T). 
ARRL  section  for  out-of-state 
stations,  and  Connecticut  coun- 
ty for  Connecticut  stations, 

FRBQUENCIES: 

Suggested  frequencies  are  40 
kHz  up  from  the  bottom  of  the 
CQ  bands  plus  3927,  7250, 
14295,  21370.  and  28540  for 
SSB.  Watch  for  Novices  on 
3725,  7125,  21 125,  and  28125. 

SCORING: 

Each  completed  QSO  counts 
1  point,  2  points  if  with  a  Novice, 
and  3  points  if  via  OSCAR.  Also, 
contacts  wrth  W1QI  count  5 
points.  Only  one  DX  multiplier  is 
aNowed  although  all  DX  QSOs 
count  for  QSO  points.  Out-of- 
state  stations  multiply  QSO 
points  by  the  number  of  Con- 
necticut   counties   worked   (8 


max.).  Connecticut  stations 
multiply  the  number  of  QSO 
points  by  the  number  of  ARRL 
sections  worked  plus  a  maxi* 
mum  of  1  DX  multiplier. 

ENTRIES  AND  AWARDS: 

Certificates  for  the  top  sta- 
tion in  each  ARRL  section  and 
each  Connecticut  county  If  the 
winner  has  at  least  5  QSOs.  Cer- 
tificate to  top-scoring  station  in 
each  DX  country.  A  Worked  All 
Connecticut  Counties  certifi- 
cate will  be  awarded  to  each 
station  working  ali  S  counties 
during  the  contest.  Logs  must 
show  all  QSO  Info  plus  band, 
mode,  and  single-  or  multr-oper- 
ator  class.  Entries  must  also 
show  QSO  points  and  claimed 
score.  Enclose  a  large  SASE  for 
results.  Logs  must  be  post- 
marked no  tater  than  January 
2nd  and  sent  to:  Skip  Paulsen 
W1PV,  2  Ryders  Lane,  Danbury 
CT  06810. 

Continued  on  page  228 


r 


Resulfs 


RESULTS  OF  1979  NEW 
QSO  PARTY 
NEW  JERSEY 

Atlantic  K2NJ/2 

Bergen  N2CR 

Burlington  W2XQ 

Camden  WA2ftflN0 

Cape  May  K4FFf^/2 

Cumt>erland  K20G 

Essex  WA2LWT. 

Gloucester  AB2E 

Hudson  K2NJ/2 

Hunterdon  KA2EG0 

Mercer  W2ZQ* 

Middlesex  WA2NPP* 

Monmouth  AF2L 

Morris  WB2P0G 

Ocean  K2NJ^2 

Passaic  WA20VE 

Salem  WA2RAN 

Somerset  K2PF 

Sussex  W2RQ 

Union  W62RMt 

Warren  K2NJ/2 


OUTOF'STATE 
N1PL/1 
WA1TZY 
K1KA'* 
WB2THN 
N2ARG 
K3UEI/3 
K3NB** 
AD8J 
AI4X 

WB4WHE 
W5WG 
WB6IYS 
NSHE 
WB7QEL 
WA8ZNC 
W8UI 

IIL  W9QWM 

Wise.  K9GDF 

Kans,  WDOHAP 

Ont,  VE3DAP** 

*  =  muftj-operator 
**  -  worked  all  21  counties 


Maine 

Conn. 

N.H. 

ENY 

WNY 

DeL 

E  Pa, 

WPa, 

Ga. 

Tenn, 

La. 

East  Bay 

Los  Ang. 

Wash. 

Ohio 

WVa, 


w  tfldC  T 


50 

1584 

11352 

9540 

176 

2599 

1060 

4011 

70 

490 

14202 

94599 

24939 

8621 

78 

27264 

16232 

114 

26400 

15286 

64 

646 

565 

1470 

1380 

496 

25 

3591 

63 

18 

30 

1445 

64 

16 

eo 

704 

1660 

240 

9 

120 

2268 


36 


SCR  1000  vhfSCRWOOuhf 


Far  Your  New  Reneaier  Svst 


H,  Puul  Shuch  N6TX 
Microcomm 
149QS  Sandy  Lane 
San  Jose  CA  95124 


Low-Cost  Receiver 
for  Satellite  TV 

this  modular  design  uses 
readily  available  technology 


Author's  No1«:  This  article  was  originally  presented  by  the  author  as  part  of  the  professional  program^  "SateHite  TV  and  the  Private 
Uaer/'  at  WESCON/79  In  San  FranelscoCAonSeptember20J579.WESCON,  the  annua  I  Western  Electronics  Show  and  Convention  Js  a 
large-scale  trade  show  which  features  films,  exhibits,  and  profess  ion  a  I  sessions  related  to  all  fdcets  of  the  electronics  industry. 


The  technological  revo- 
lution which  is  nnaking 
possible  the  distribution  of 


television  programming  via 
satellite  has  been  discussed 
in  both  popular  and  tech- 


Video  Carrier 

Channels 

24 

Adjacent  channel  spacing 

40  MHz 

Orthogonal  channel  spacing 

20  MHz 

Frequency  band 

3J-4.2  MHz 

Peak  deviation 

10.25  MHz 

Max.  video  frequency 

4.2  MHz 

Pre-emphasls  curve 

CCIR  405-1 

Audio  Subcarrfer 

Frequency 

6.8  MHz 

Peak  deviation 

75  kHz 

Max.  audio  frequency 

15  kHz 

Pre-emphasis  time  const. 

75  usee 

Energy  Dispersal 

Waveform 

Triangular 

Frequency 

30  Hz 

Peak  deviation 

750  kHz 

Composite 

EIRP 

+  65dBm 

nical  publications  and  at 
conferences  and  seminars.* 
In  this  article,  I  will  explore 
the  trade-offs  involved  in 
designing  a  wideband,  tun- 
able FM  video  receiver  for 
processing  and  displaying 
DOMSAT  (Domestic  Com- 
munications Satellite) 
signals. 

It  should  be  recognized 
that  there  are  at  least  as 
many  conflicting  receiver 
design  philosophies  as 
there  are  microwave  engi- 
neers, and  no  claim  is  made 
that  the  concepts  presented 
here  are  necessarily  supe- 
rior to  any  other  approach. 
Nevertheless,  this  receiver 
does  provide  adequate  per- 
formance at  low  cost,  and 
the  trade-offs  encountered 


.^#JH^^^--->  I 


.1     t.U^*. 


..;aI^ 


mystique    of    microwave 
receiver  design. 

Signal  Characteristics 

Unlike  the  vestigial-side- 
band AM  video  standard 
used  for  terrestrial  TV 
broadcast,  DOMSAT  video 
incorporates  a  wideband 
FM  format,  with  audio  mul- 
tiplexed onto  a  subcarrier 
prior  to  modulating  the 
composite.  The  resulting 
Wideband  channel  (see 
Table  1)  affords  consid- 
erable "FM  advantage" 
(signal'to-noise  enhance- 
ment for  a  given  carrier-to- 
noise  ratio);  however,  the 
bandwidth  and  format  tend 
to  complicate  the  receiver 
design  task. 

Were  a  signal  consisting 


Fig,  T.  Spectral  display  of  a  4-CHz  DOMSAT  downlink  re- 
covered on  a  4.7-meter  antenna  and  amplified  by  a  CaAs 
FET  Low-Noise  Amplifier  (LNAl  Horizontal  deflection  is 
100  MHz/div,  and  vertical  sensitivity  /s  10  dB/div.  Eleven 
video  carriers,  along  with  their  associated  FM  sidebands, 
are  visible.  Note  that  the  fourth  channel  above  the  bottom 
of  the  band  is  vacant.  Otherwise,  channel  spacing  is  40 
MHz  and  carrier-tchnoise  ratio  appears  to  be  on  the  order  of 
10  dB. 


would  involve  merelv  het- 
erodyning the  selected 
channel  in  the  4~CHz  trans- 
mission band  against  a 
stable  microwave  local 
oscillator  (LO),  and  apply- 
ing the  VHF  difference  sig- 
nal directly  into  the  tuner  of 
a  conventional  TV  set.  Un- 
fortunately, With  DOMSAT 
signals  as  they  are  currently 
formatted,  such  a  down- 
conversion  process  would 
merely  spread  unintel- 
ligible sidebands  across  six 
adjacent  TV  channels/* 
Thus,  it  becomes  necessary 
to  design  a  complete  re- 
ceiver, including  hetero- 
dyne conversfon  stages, 
demodulators,  and  video 
and  audio  processing  cir- 
cuitry, to  recover  and  dis- 
play satellite  TV. 

Frequency  Agility 

It  will  be  noted  from 
Table  1  that  the  downlink 
band  used  by  most  North 
American  DOMSATs  is  500 
MHz  wide,  and  that  for  a 
given  antenna  polarization 
there  will  be  present  up  to 
twelve  video  carriers, 
spaced  40  MHz  apart  (see 
Fig.  IX  That  these  signals 


are  of  extremely  low  ampii- 

tude  complicates  the 
design  of  the  Earth  station's 
antenna*  and  low  noise  pre- 
amplifier,*  but  we  will 
assume  for  the  moment 
that  an  adequate  signal-to- 
noise  ratio  exists  at  the  in- 
put of  the  receiver  to  per- 
mit signal  recovery.  The 
problem  at  hand,  then,  is  to 
select  a  particular  40-MHz 
wide  channef  from  among 
12  such  signals  in  a 
500-MHz  wide  band,  while 
adequately  attenuating  the 
adjacent  channels. 

A  Tuned  Radio  Frequenh 
cy  [TRF)  approach,  with  de- 
tection occurring  directly 
at  the  downlink  frequency, 
would  require  readily-turh 
able  bandpass  filters  of 
high  Q  (to  accommodate 
the  1  %  or  so  channel  band- 
width)  and  skirts  steep 
enough  to  reject  adjacent 
channels.  Tuning  require- 
ments rule  out  both  LC  and 
resonant  cavity  filters,  sug- 
gesting the  use  of  Yttrium- 
Iron-Car  nett  (YIG)  sphere 
resonators  for  channel 
selection. 

Although  YIC  filters  can 
readily  be  bias-tuned,  their 


Fig.  2.  Spectral  display  of  a  single  wideband  FM  video  chan- 
nel after  dual-downconversion  to  a  70-MHz  second  i-t 
Horizontal  deflection  is  3  MHz/div.  and  vertical  sensitivity 
is  W  dB/div.  This  is  the  composite  FM  signal  from  which 
video  and  audio  are  to  be  demodulated. 


cost  and  the  complexity  of 
the  required  driving  cir- 
cuitry tend  to  rule  them  out 
for  private  terminal  ap- 
plications. Furthermore,  it 
is  far  easier  to  tune  a  single 
oscillator  than  a  bank  of  fil- 
ters. This  suggests  heter- 
odyne-down converting  a 
selected  channel  into  a 
fixed  intermediate  fre- 
quency, at  which  demod- 
ulation may  take  place. 

l-f  Selection 

The  selection  of  inter- 
mediate frequencies  for 
superheterodyne  receivers 
involves  careful  attention 
to  the  required  and  realiz- 
able mixer  bandwidths,  Im- 
age rejection  criteria, 
demodulator  circuit  capa- 
bilities, and  tuning  corv 
straints.  These  various  con- 
siderations tend  to  be 
mutually  exclusive,  but  it 
has  been  shown*  that  for 
narrowband  systems,  a  rea- 
sonable compromise  is 
achieved  by  selecting  an 
intermediate  frequency 
approximately  one^tenth 
the  frequency  of  the  inconn- 
ing  signal  Although  DOM- 
SAT video  hardly  qualifies 
as  a  narrowband  service,  we 
can  use  the  one- tenth  rule 
of  thumb  to  establish  a 
starting  point.  For  a  4-CHz 


input  signal,  this  suggests  a 
UHF  i-f.  However,  the 
various  demodulator  cir- 
cuits compatible  with  wide^ 
band  FM  video  (quadrature 
detector,  ratio  detector, 
Foster-Seely  discriminator, 
phase-locked  loop  and  the 
like}  are  all  most  readily 
realized  in  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  VHF  spectrum 
An  obvious  solution  is  to 
utilize  dual  downconver- 
sion,  with  first  and  second 
i-fs  near  400  and  40  MHz, 
respectively. 

In  fact,  numerous  experi- 
mental DOMSAT  video  ter- 
minals have  adopted  the 
above  frequency  scheme, 
many  employing  UHF  TV 
tuners  for  the  second  down- 
conversion.  The  drawbacks 
to  such  an  approach  in- 
clude the  typical  UHF 
tuner's  restricted  channel 
bandwidth,  relatively  high 
noise  figure,  and  poor  local 
oscillator  stability.  Never- 
theless, when  cost  is  the  pri- 
mary design  constraint, 
these  problems  can  be  cir- 
cumvented. 

Not  so  readily  resolved  is 
the  input  filtering  require* 
ment  which  such  a  fre- 
quency scheme  imposes. 
Assuming  low-side  first  LO 
injection  and  top-channel 
reception,  the  first  conver- 


39 


■■ 


MX'4200  DOUBLE-BALANCED  MIXER 

Input  frequency  3 J  — 4.2  GHz 

LO  frequency  2.5-3.0  GHz 

InteffTiediate  frequency    1>2  GHz 
Isolation  20  dB 

Ck>nversion  ioss  7  dB 

LO  3000  VOLTAGE  CONTROLLED  OSC 


Output  frequency 

23-3  GHz 

Output  power 

+  7  dBnr 

Spurious  rejection 

20  dB 

Tuning  voltage  range 

3-iOVdc 

Supply  potential 

+  13.5Vdc 

RF'1200  AMPLI-FILTER 

Center  frequency 

1.2  GHz 

3'dB  bandwidth 

50  MHz 

Gain 

15  dB 

Noise  figure 

2dB 

Supply  polentiat 

+  ia5Vdc 

LO-1270  LOCAL  OSCILLATOR 

Output  frequency 

1270  MHz 

Stability 

±  0.001  % 

Power  out 

+  7  dBm 

Spurious  relection 

40  dB 

Supply  potential 

+  13.5  V  do 

MA'1200  MIXER-AM PLIFtER 

Input  frequency 

1200  MHz 

LO  frequency 

1270  MHz 

Interfnediate  frequency 

70  MHz 

Conversion  gain 

20  dB 

Z'6B  bandwidth 

40  MHz 

Supply  potential 

+  13.5Vdc 

Isolation 

20  dB 

Table  2,  Typical  parameters  for  conversion  modules. 


sion  will  generate  an  image 
frequency  which  falls  a 
mere  300  MHz  below  the 
bottom  edge  of  the  dowrv 
link  passband.  An  input  fil- 
ter capable  of  providing 
adequate  passband  flatness 
and  minimal  insertion  loss 
over  the  3 J-  to  4.2-CHz 
band  is  unlikely  to  provide 
adequate  image  rejection  if 
a  400'MHz  first  i-f  is  uth 
lized.  One  may  wish  to  raise 
the  first  i-f  high  enough  to 


separate  the  image  f  requer^ 
cy  band  well  away  from  the 
downlink  passband,  thus 
simplifying  input  filtering. 

In  fact,  if  the  Low-Noise 
Amplifier  (LNA)  which  pre- 
cedes the  receiver  utilizes  a 
waveguide  Input,  then  an 
image  filter  already  exists. 
Rectangular  waveguide  is  a 
high-pass  transmission  line. 
If  low-side  first  LO  injection 
is  used  and  the  first  i-f  is 
carefully    selected,    the 


RF-r2O0 


KF-  f  200 


HX   4ZOO 


OUT     IN 


OUT    z.a-soHi.&m*  rw 


LNA's  waveguide  input  will 
itself  reject  the  image  fre* 
quency. 

Most  commercial  LNAs 
utilize  an  EIA  standard 
WR-229  waveguide  input. 
This  guide  has  a  lower 
TE|  0  cutoff  frequency  near 
2.5  GHz,  This  cutoff  fre- 
quency is  about  1.2  GHz 
below  the  bottom  edge  of 
the  receiver's  required  pass- 
band,  so  input  losses  will  be 
minimal.  But  a  first  i-f  of, 
say,  1,2  GHz,  will  piace  the 
image  frequency  as  far 
5e/ow  cutoff  as  the  input 
passband  is  above  cutoff. 
The  image  thus  ends  up 
quite  far  down  the 
waveguide  high-pass  filter's 
skirts,  and  may  effectively 
be  ignored. 

True,  the  fixed  1.2-CHz 
first  i-f  requires  that  the  first 
LO  be  tunable,  but  we  men- 
tioned earlier  that  it's  far 
easier  to  tune  a  single  oscil- 
lator for  channel  selection 
than  a  bank  of  filters.  And 
even  at  the  top  of  the  down- 
link passband,  where  the 
first  LO  must  be  tuned  up  to 
3  GHz,  the  image  at  1.8 
GHz  is  sufficiently  far 
below  cutoff  so  that  a 
12-cm  long  input  wave- 
guide will  afford  on  the 
order  of  60  dB  of  image  re- 
jection* 

Another  signpost  point- 
ing to  the  selection  of  1.2 
GHz  as  a  first  i-f  Is 
realizable  amplifier  Q.  The 
3-dB  bandwidth  of  the  i-f 
amplifier  string  must  be 
greater  than  or  equal  to  the 


OUT      HF 


^Vr      KO-30CH) 


C0MTfl0L 


'«E 


/fr 


OSC 

r^**^ 

aPF 

^ 

g9^ 

^ — -^ 

OUT 


l£rOIIIHt,9«W  TYP 


LO  iJTO 


FJg.  3.  Block  diagram  of  tfie  heferodyne  downconversion  portion  of  the  DOMSAT  video 
receiver.  Shown  at  left  is  the  3 J-  to  4.2-CHz  input  terminal  from  the  LNA  and  feedline.  The 
70-MHz  i-f  output  at  right  feeds  the  baseband  demodulator  and  processing  circuitry  (see 
Fig.  71  The  potentiometer  shown  at  the  lower  left  represents  the  resistive  voltage  divider 
which  tunes  the  first  LO  for  channel  selection.  Cain  partitioning  of  the  various  blocks  is 
discussed  in  the  text 


20<f  B  channel  bandwidth  in 
order  to  avoid  unduly  atten- 
uating significant  side- 
bands. Assuming  a  channel 
bandwidth  of  40  MHz  and 
an  if  of  1.2  GHz,  this  dic- 
tates an  effective  first  if  Q 
of  30.  This  value  is  readily 
realized  with  microstripline 
circuitry. 

Despite  the  obvious 
economic  advantages  of 
the  modified  UHF  TV  tuner 
conversion  scheme,  it  was 
decided  to  employ  a 
1,2-GHz  first  i-f  in  the 
Microcomm  DOMSAT  vid- 
eo receiver.  But  what  of  the 
second  i-f  — is  it  similarly 
constrained  by  the  wide 
downlink  passband?  Ac- 
tually not.  With  channel  se- 
lection occurring  in  the  first 
downconversion,  the  sec- 
ond i-f  need  only  be  wide 
enough  to  accommodate  a 
single  video  channel. 
Downconverting  the  1,2- 
GHz  first  i-f  to  any  de- 
sired VHF  frequency  will 
allow  ample  second-con- 
version image  rejection 
with  simple  i-f  filtering 
while  providing  adequate 
bandwidth  to  pass  the 
40-MHz  composite. 

Since  the  communica- 
tions industry  has  long 
utilized  70  MHz  as  a  stan- 
dard i-f  for  microwave  links, 
it  was  decided  to  employ  a 
70-MHz  second  i-f  in  the 
DOMSAT  video  receiver. 
This  makes  it  possible  to 
utilize  any  of  the  readily 
available  70-MH2  wide- 
band FM  i-f  strips  to  demod- 
ulate  the  video  infor- 
mation. 

Gain  Distribution 

Gain  partitioning  for  the 
DOMSAT  video  receiver 
depends  upon  the  available 
power  from  the  satellite, 
the  threshold  sensitivity  of 
the  demodulator  circuitry 
selected,  and  the  gain  of 
the  receive  antenna  util- 
ized. It  has  been  shown  that 
for  the  illumination  coiv 
tours  typical  of  most  North 
American  DOMSATs,  an 
optimum  private-terminal 
antenna  will  exhibit  on  the 
order    of    +41-dBi    gain.' 


40 


Given  the  EIRP  and  path 
loss  numbers  listed  in  Table 
1,  it  appears  that  the  signal 
level  available  to  the  LNA 
will  be  on  the  order  of  —90 
dBm, 

The  input  threshold  for  a 
typical  phase-locked  loop 
tPLL)  integrated  crrcuit  op- 
erating as  an  FM  demod- 
ulator at  70  MHz  is  on  the 
order  of  --20  dBm.  This 
suggests  that  between  the 
antenna  and  the  demod- 
ulator, roughly  70  dB  of 
conversion  gain  is  required. 

There  are  three  sources 
of  gain  available  between 
the  antenna  and  the  PLL. 
These  include  the  LNA  and 
first  and  second  i-f  am- 
plifiers, There  are,  similarly, 
three  sources  of  loss  in  the 
system:  the  insertion  loss  of 
the  transmission  line  which 
connects  the  LNA  to  the  re- 
ceiver, and  the  conversion 
loss  of  the  first  and  second 
mixers.  For  a  typical  home 
installation,  the  feedline  in- 
sertion loss  may  be  on  the 
order  of  6  dB,  and  if  double- 
balanced  diode  mixers  are 
used  for  the  two  frequency 
conversions,  it  is  safe  to 
assume  that  the  conversion 
loss  of  each  will  be  on  the 
order  of  7  dB.  This  suggests 
that  the  overall  gain  of  the 
LNA,  first,  and  second  i-f 
amplifiers  will  need  to  total 
90  dB  for  adequate  DOM- 


SAT  video  reception. 

In  the  interest  of  maxi- 
mizing system  stability  and 
dynamic  range,  it  is 
desirable  to  distribute  the 
required  90  dB  of  gain 
uniformly  between  the  rf 
and  two  i-f  frequencies.  A 
30-dB  gain  LNA  is  clearly 
feasible  at  4  GHz  and 
would  require  three  stages 
of  CaAs  FET  amplification. 
This  amount  of  LNA  gain  is 
sufficient  to  adequately 
mask  the  noise  temperature 
contribution  of  the  feedline 
and  receiver,  allowing  the 
low-noise  temperature  of 
the  FETs  to  predominate/ 
Similarly,  it  is  practical  to 
achieve  the  desired  30  dB 
of  1,2-CHz  gain  by  cas- 
cading two  stages  of  ion- 
implanted  silicon  bipolar 
transistor  amplification.  At 
70  MHz,  the  required  gain  is 
readily  available  from  thin- 
fifm  wideband  gain  blocks 
produced  by  a  number  of 
different  vendors. 

A  block  diagram  for  the 
dual  downconversion  por- 
tion of  the  DOMSAT  video 
receiver,  partitioned  in 
accordance  with  the  fore- 
going discussion,  is  shown 
in  Fig.  3. 

Construction  of  Conversion 
Circuitry 

During  the  initial  system- 
development  phase  of  any 


r 

1 

„r%  I 

Ffg,    4.    Typical  microstripfine   circuit  module   used  for 

satellite  video  downconversion.  Each  module  in  the  receive 
system  is  mounted  in  its  ov^^n  shielded  enclosure,  and  all  are 
interconnected  via  coaxial  cable  as  discussed  in  the  text. 


new  product,  it  is  common 
practice  to  build  a  number 
of  different  ampfifier,  mix- 
er, filter,  and  oscillator  cir- 
cuits, each  connectorized 
for  coaxial  input  and  out- 
put and  with  each  circuit 
separately  boxed  and 
shielded.  A  modular  devel* 
opmental  system  provides 
the  engineer  with  the  flex- 
ibility of  changing  one  or 
more  circuits  without  hav- 
ing to  disrupt  the  rest  of  the 
system.  Microcomm's 
earlier  efforts  at  modular 
receiver  development  have 
been    documented    pre- 


viously.' 

But  modularization  has 
advantages  for  a  produc- 
tion system  as  welL  If  every 
function  represented  by  a 
block  in  Fig,  3  is  im- 
plemented in  a  separate, 
shielded  module,  then 
isolation  between  stages  is 
maximized  and  the  cross- 
talk and  stability  problems 
associated  with  stray  rf 
coupling  can  be  eliminated 
entirely.  Further  ad- 
vantages are  realized  in  the 
area  of  maintainability. 
Should  a  receiver  fail,  fault 
isolation    by   module   sub- 


Fig.  5.  Baseband  output  of  the  PLL  demodulator.  Presence 

of  the  energy  dispersal  waveform  on  the  video  composite  is 
evident 


Fig.  6,  The  dc  restorer  is  simply  a  diode  clamp  circuit  v/hich 
removes  from  the  video  waveform  any  vestiges  of  the 
energy  dispersal  waveform  seen  in  Fig.  5. 


41 


■I 


VIQCO 
4lift.lFlEPE 


CMrrrtB 

FOLLCVKEfl 


*    uci3se 


Fll  IN 


iUftCARRIER 

dciiooi»LATOfr 


iiF  OUT 

600  OHMS 


^  VmEO  OUT 
r&  OHMS 


FILTER 


4  Z  HHt 


DC 
ftESTQREH 


EMITTER 
FOLLOWER 


Fig.  7.  Block  diagram  of  the  complete  baseband  processing 
portion  of  the  DOMSA  T  video  receiver  The  above  circuitfY 
is  driven  by  the  output  of  the  downconverston  module  set 
[see  Fig.  31  and  provides  standard  7-vo/f  video  and  t}-dBm 
audio  outputs  to  an  external  modulator,  studio  monitor,  or 
video  tape  deck. 


stitution  becomes  a  viable 
troubleshooting  technique. 
And,  of  course,  a  modular 
system  maximizes  user  f lex- 
ibilitv  by  allowing  cus- 
tomers to  assemble  from 
standard  modules  a  custom 
system  designed  to  meet 
their  precise  needs. 

The  specifications  of  the 
modules  developed  to  im- 
plement Fig.  3  appear  here 
as  Table  2,  Each  of  these 
modules  employs  micro- 
striplrne  construction,  as 
shown  in  Fig,  4,  to  minimize 
component  count  and 
assure  duplicability.* 

Baseband  Processing 

Before  the  wideband  FM 
composite  shown  in  Fig.  2 


can  be  displayed,  several 
processing  steps  are  neces- 
sary.  The  70-MHz  i-f  signal 
will,  of  course,  be  demod- 
ulated first,  and  this  may  be 
accomplished  readily  by  us- 
ing a  monolithic  PLL  in  a 
standard  circuit.^^  The  out- 
put waveform  from  the  PLL 
will  contain  both  the  video 
waveform  and  the  mod- 
ulated audio  subcarrier,  but 
superimposed  on  these  will 
be  found  the  30-Hz 
triangular  energy  dispersal 
waveform  added  to  all 
DOMSAT  downlink  signals 
as  an  interference  reduc- 
tion technique.  This  wave- 
form is  evident  in  the  oscil- 
loscope display  rn  Fig.  5. 
Prior  to  attempting  to  re- 


Fig.  8.  The  video  output  of  the  baseband  unit  displayed  on 
a  TV  set  with  the  aid  of  the  rf  modulator  in  a  video  cassette 
recorder.  Most  DOMSAT  v/ewers  fmd  the  clarity  and  re- 
solution of  satellite  video  clearly  superior  to  network  video 
which  is  distributed  by  multiple  terrestrial  microwave  hops. 


move  the  energy  dispersal 
waveform,  it  is  desirable  to 
amplify  the  rather  feeble 
video  level  available  from 
the  PLL  demodulator,  and 
this  may  be  accomplished 
using  a  single  monolithic 
TV  video-amplifier  IC.  Next, 
an  emitter-follower  permits 
splitting  off  the  6.8-MHz 
audio  subcarrier  for  de- 
modulation in  a  standard 
TV  sound  i-f  microcircuit, 
whose  associated  circuitry 
is  modified  slightly  for  com- 
patibility with  the  higher 
carrier  frequency  and  peak 
deviation  used  on  satellite 
audio. 

After  passing  through  a 
de-emphasis  filter  and 
passive  video  low-pass 
filter,  the  video  waveform 
may  finally  be  applied  to  a 
diode  clamp  circuit  which 
will  remove  the  energy  dis- 
persal waveform  (see  Fig.  6). 
An  emitter-follower  then 
establishes  the  desired 
75-Ohm  video  output  im- 
pedance to  drive  recording 
or  display  circuitry,  as  re- 
quired. 

A  block  diagram  for  a 
complete  baseband  pro- 
cessing subsystem  is  shown 
in  Fig.  7,  This  circuit  can  be 
constructed  on  a  single 
printed  circuit  board  and 
incorporated  into  a  com- 
plete DOMSAT  video  re- 
ceiver by  simply  interfacing 
it  to  the  downconversion 
circuitry  shown  in  Fig.  3. 

Display  Options 

An  ideal  DOMSAT  video 
receiver  for  the  home  Earth- 
station  market  would  pro- 
vide an  intercarrier  audio, 
Vestigial  sideband  rf  output 
for  direct  interface  to  the 
user's  VHF  TV  receiver. 
Such  an  rf  output  may 
readily  be  realized  by  using 
any  of  the  available  video 
modulator  m  re  roc  i  re  u  its 
developed  for  the  TV  game 
and  home  computer  in- 
dustries. In  fact,  the  video 
and  audio  levels  available 
from  the  baseband  unit 
shown  here  are  entirely 
compatible  with  such  mod- 
ulators* 

Unfortunately,    incorp- 


orating an  rf  modulator  in  a 
commercial  DOMSAT 
video  receiver  would  sub- 
ject the  entire  receiver  to 
FCC  type  acceptance  in  the 
United  States,  As  more  than 
one  home  computer  man- 
ufacturer has  discovered, 
the  type-acceptance  proce- 
dure  is  burdensome  in  the 
extreme,  with  bureaucratic 
delays  often  precluding  a 
timely  market  entry.  In  act 
dition,  the  resolution  and 
clarity  of  most  of  the  avail* 
able  low-cost  video  mod* 
ulators  leave  quite  a  bit  to 
be  desired,  and  rf  mod- 
ulation would  tend  to  de- 
grade overall  video  quality 
noticeably. 

A  possible  solution 
would  be  to  provide  the 
user  with  simply  a  video 
and  audio  output  from  the 
DOMSAT  receiver  and 
allow  him  to  display  the  re- 
ceiver's output  on  a  studio- 
quality  TV  monitor.  How- 
ever, few  videophiles  pos- 
sess such  a  monitor,  and  the 
cost  is  prohibitive. 

Fortunately,  most  video- 
philes do  possess  a  video- 
tape recorder  (In  fact,  the 
owner  of  a  home  satellite 
Earth  station  would  most 
likely  find  it  impossible  to 
function  without  one!]  and 
the  average  video  recorder 
contains  an  extremely  high 
quality  rf  modulator  Allow- 
ing the  user  to  interface  his 
DOMSAT  receiver  to  the 
TV  via  a  video  recorder  pro- 
vides an  ideal  solution  to 
the  type-acceptance  dilem- 
ma. And  those  users  who 
have  no  recorder  are,  of 
course,  free  to  add  an  exter- 
nal  rf  modulator,  any 
number  of  which  are  avail- 
able in  kit  or  assembled 
forms- 

Equipment  Availability 

Once  priced  in  the  tens 
of  thousands  of  dollars, 
DOMSAT  video  receivers 
are  now  being  brought 
within  the  reach  of  the 
American  consumer.  The 
conversion  modules  shown 
in  Fig.  3,  for  example,  have, 
since  late  197d,  been 
available     to     the    ex- 


42 


perimenter  at  $1000  com- 
plete, and  to  the  OEM  at 
significantly  tower  prices  in 
production  quantities. 

It  is  expected  that  by  the 
end  of  1979,  a  complete, 
fully  tunable  DOMSAT 
video  receiver,  utilizing  the 
above  conversion  modules 
and  a  baseband  unit  such  as 
that  blocked  out  in  Fig.  7, 
will  be  available  to  the  con- 
sumer for  under  $2000.  This 
receiver  will  be  fully 
packaged  and  assembled, 
including  power  supply, 
tuner,  control  circuitry,  and 
inter-connecting  cables. 
Such  a  receiver  promises  to 
make  possible  for  the  first 
time  a  complete,  consumer- 
grade  Earth  station,  in- 
cluding antenna  and  LNA, 
for  under  $4000  We  can  on^ 
ly  begin  to  guess  at  the 
price  breakthroughs  which 
may  follow [■ 

References 

1.  John  C.  Bacon,  'Ttiose  Great 
Repeaters  In  the  Sky/'  WES- 


C0N/7a 

2.  H.  Paul  Shuch,  "A  Vidiot^s 
Guide  to  Microwave  TV  Links," 
Microwaves,  June,  1979* 

3.  Jotin  Kin  Ik,  "Antennas  and 
Feeds  tor  DOMSAT  Video  Re- 
ception/'  WESCON/79. 

4.  Mike  Fomaciari  and  George 
VendeHn,  "Low-Noise  Communi- 
cations Amplifiers^  WESCON/ 
79, 

5.  H.  Paui  Shuch,  ^'Rat-race  Bal- 
anced Mixer  for  1296  MHz,"  Ham 
Badio,  July,  1977. 

6.  ReferencB  Data  for  Radto  En- 
gineers, Fifth  Edition,  Howard 
Sams  &  Co.  Inc.,  p.  23-6,  "Atten- 
uation in  a  Waveguide  Beyond 
Cutoff." 

7.  H.  Paul  Shuch,  "Antenna/LNA 
Tradeoff  Analysis  for  G-Band 
Video  Terminals,"  Microcomm 
Appiication  Note  #4,  April.  1979. 
a  H.  Paui  Shuch,  "A  CostEffec- 
tlve  Modular  Downconverter  for 
S-Band  WEFAX  Reception," 
IEEE  Trans.  MTT,  Ctecember, 
1977. 

9.  H.  Paui  Shuch,  ^'Microstrip— 
Magical  PC  Technique  Ex- 
plained," 73,  October,  1978. 
10*  "Signetics  Phase  Locked 
Loop  NE564,"  Signetics  Corp. 
ApptiGatior}s  Note,  March,  1978. 


"CALL  FOR  QUOTE" 


KENWOOD 
TS-520SE 


MADISON  ELECTRONICS 
SUPPLY,  INC. 


k'HSS 


1508  Mc Kinney  •  Houston,  TX  77002 

(713)658-0268 

MASTERCHARGE  •  VISA 


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V     "HAl 


"  HAtOLD  C    NOWIAND 
WiZXH 


Hal-Tronix  .h» 

P.O.  BOX  1101 

SOUTHGATE.  MICH.  48195 

PHONE  (313)285-1782 


J 


1^  ffesrfer  Service— see  page  259 


43 


A  Simple  2m/10m  Crossband 

Repeater  System 

—  work  the  world  with  an  HT! 


Bob  Heii  K9EID 
PO  Box  26 
Marissa  Ji  62257 


With  the  rules  relaxa- 
tion concerning  the 
crossband  repeater  opera- 
tion and  the  clearance  of 
the  Technician  license 
holder  to  be  retransnnitted 
on  an  HF  frequency  (tnx  to 
the  OSCAR  program),  we 
have  a  terrific  opportunity 
to  use  HF  links  on  our  two- 
meter  repeater  systems 
with  not  too  much  effort 
and  one  heck  of  a  lot  of 
fun.  A  whole  new  world 
can  be  opened  up  to  those 


who  really  haven't  gotten  a 
taste  of  the  HF  bands  as 
well  as  those  of  us  who  are 
out  just  to  experiment  and 
enjoy  all  the  benefits  from 
such  a  hookup. 

MARC  Does  It! 

The    Marissa    Amateur 

Radio  Club,  Inc.,  in  south- 
western Illinois,  has  a  three- 
site,  two-meter  repeater 
which  has  three  receivers,  a 
quarter-kW  transmitter,  50 
voice-ID  tapes,  a  time  ma- 
chine, and  an  open  auto- 
patch  and  gives  a  good  10O 
mile  coverage  on  two 
meters  with  rubber  duckies! 
The  idea  was  generated 
when  I  listened  to  Carlos 
TI2CF   with    his   ten-meter 


(O  UrrCR  AlttfUAJTt    £Y5T£li 


auxiliary  link.  The  interface 
to  do  this  with  WD9C0E/ 
RPT  was  begun.  A  Pace 
1000M  CB  SSB  rig  was  con- 
verted to  10  meters  with  the 
American  Crystal  Company 
kit.  This  worked  out  fine 
and  gave  us  a  good  little 
15-Watt  rig  tied  to  a  TA  33 
antenna.  Next,  we  needed 
to  build  a  COR  (carrier 
operated  relay)  that  would 
be  activated  by  the  Pace 
squelch,  to  key  the  two- 
meter  transmitter.  At  the 
same  time,  a  spare  keying 
line  had  to  be  pulled  off  the 
two-meter  repeater  COR  so 
that  when  the  two-meter 
signal  was  received,  it 
would  key  up  both  the  two- 
meter  repeater  transmitter 


CXLR 


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14?  £  I 
TWANSMtTTtfl! 


fig,  1.  Block  diagram. 


and  the  ten-meter  transmit- 
ter. Simple.  Really!  (See  Fig. 
1.) 

Not  a  Ten-Meter  Repealer 

One  point  that  should  be 
noticed  is  that  this  system 
is  not  a  ten-meter  repeater. 
That  is  to  say  that  the  ten- 
meter  signals  received  are 
not  retransmitted  on 
another  ternneter  frequen- 
cy. The  ten-meter  signals 
are  repeated  only  on  two 
meters  at  the  same  time 
that  the  normal  two-meter 
signals  are  repeated  on  two 
meters,  so,  in  actuality,  we 
have  a  simple  ten-meter 
auxiliary  link  between  two- 
meter  and  ten-meter  receiv- 
ers and  transmitters. 

220  Link 

The  MARC  group  had  a 
special  problem  that  may 
not  be  relevant  to  most 
systems,  This  section  may 
not  really  apply  to  your 
group,  therefore,  but  it  will 
show  that  this  system  is 
capable  of  a  lot  more, 
should  your  group  want  to 
carry  it  out  further,  The 
main  receiver  site  for  the 
81/21  system  is  located  5 
miles  southwest  of  Marissa 
on  a  250'  coal  silo  The  two- 
meter  signals  are  relayed 
back  to  the  250-Watt  trans- 
mitter, located  in  Marissa, 
over  a  220-MHz  link  sys- 
tem using  the  Midland 
13-509  equipment.  The  ac- 
tual ten-meter  link  of 
WD9GOE/RPT  is  located  at 
the   home   of   K9EID.   The 


44 


reason  for  this  was  two- 
fold. The  ten-meter  system 
should  be  at  the  transmit- 
ter site,  not  at  the  receiver 
site,  due  to  desense,  etc., 
and  the  MARC  group  feft 
that  very  close  tabs  should 
be  kept  on  the  ten-meter 
link  so  that  it  was  not 
abused.  A  Midland  13-509 
transceiver  was  taken 
apart  for  link  use,  therefore 
(a  great  piece  of  gear  for 
this  service!),  and  used 
ahead  of  and  behind  the 
Pace  1000M  so  that  all 
signals  would  pass  from 
ten  to  220  then  to  the  two- 
meter  repeater,  and  re- 
verse. It  sounds  com- 
plicated, but  it  was  very 
easy  to  do.  Follow  the 
block  diagram  and  you  can 
see  how  simple  it  really  is. 

If    your    group    has    a 
repeater    system    using 
cavities  and  duplexing,  you 
can  skip  all  the  220-link  ac- 
tivities and  wire  the  Pace 
straight  through  [see  Fig,  4), 
One  thought  about  the  220 
link    Is    that    it    also   gives 
WD9COE/RPT   a   220-MHz 
link  that  220  operators  can 
get  in  and  out  of  just  as  the 
ten    meter    operators    are 
able  to  do,  so  we  really  got 
a  lot  of  mileage  from  doing 
the  extra  link  thing.  It  rs  not 
unusual    to    dial    up    the 
Marissa  system  and  hear  a 
QSO  going  on:  one  station 
operating    on    147  81/21, 
another    on    220.5,    while 
another  can  be  1000  miles 
away    talking    to    both    of 
thenn    on    29.590!    That's 
communication!    What    is 
interesting    is    that   some 
club  members  have  only  a 
220    rig,    some    have    only 
ten-meter    equipment,    and 
some  have  only  two-meter 
equipment.    All    three    of 
these    can    communicate 
very  readily  with  no  prob- 
lem, and  should  you  listen 
on  any  of  the  three  frequen- 
cies, 99%  of  the  time  you 
would  not  be  able  to  tell 
who  was  operating  where  or 
what  mode  they  were  op- 
erating. One  thing  that  is  in- 
teresting   is   that    the   SSB 
signals    from    ten    meters 


come  through  the  220  and 
two-meter  FM  system,  and 
you  are  hard-pressed  to  tell 
that  that  signal  is  not  FM! 
Likewise  on  ten  meters,  it  is 
impossible  to  detect  that 
the  SSB  signal  you  are 
listening  to  is  an  actual  FM 
signal  except  for  one 
thing  — the  squelch  tail! 
That  sounds  crazy  on  ten- 
meter  SSB!  (We  recently 
modified  the  Motran  re- 
ceiver so  that  that  blasted 
squelch  tail  is  GONE!)  The 
ten-meter  link  is  no  longer 
disturbed  by  the  crashes! 

Audio  Coupling 

The  audio  coupling  has 
been  done  passively.  An 
active  limiter  could  be 
used  here,  but  it  was  decid- 
ed to  try  the  passive  route 
(ust  for  simplicity;  so  far,  it 
has  worked  without  any  in- 
herent problems.  You 
perhaps  will  have  to  make 
minor  adjustments  of 
values  to  achieve  linear 
audio  response  between 
the  two  outputs.  Care  also 
was  taken  at  the  audio  in- 
puts of  both  transmitters 
so  that  rf  would  not  enter 
and  cause  undue  prob- 
lems. Bypass  these  audio 
leads  with  very  small,  .001 
capacitors  and,  of  course, 
use  good  shielded  wire 
throughout. 

COR  Operation 

The  really  good  point 
about  the  Pace  1000M 
when  used  in  this  applica- 
tion is  that  it  has  a  squelch 
circuit  that  works  with  the 
age  line  and,  therefore,  will 
operate  on  SSB  signals;  this 
is  something  that  most  of 
the  CB  rigs  will  not  do. 
Since  the  squelch  does 
work  on  SSB  signals,  it 
makes  it  very  simple  to  pull 
off  a  reference  voltage, 
drive  a  simple  COR,  and  use 
that  to  key  up  the  two- 
meter  transmitter.  An  in- 
teresting side  effect  of  the 
Pace  squelch  is  that  since  it 
does  get  activated  via  the 
age  line,  a  slight  delay  is 
noticed  with  the  squelch, 
and    that    becomes    our 


PACE 


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Fig,  Z  COR  for  the  ten-meter  Pace. 


2-second  delay  tail.  It 
works  well  and  was  found 
to  be  adequate;  delay  cir- 
cuits were  not  required  to 
achieve  the  necessary  hang 
time  to  allow  things  to 
switch  over  [See  Fig,  2 J 

A  worthwhile  project  for 
the  two-meter  repeater  ts  a 
timer-reset  beep  Without 
it,  it  is  difficult  for  the  two- 
meter  operator  to  tell 
when  the  ten-meter  signal 
dropped  out  [or  turned  the 
transmission  over).  With  a 
reset  timer' beep  tone/'  the 
two-meter  system  is  aware 
when  the  COR  of  the  ten- 
meter  receiver  has  been 
dropped.  Because  of  the 
slight  delay  that  the  age  in- 
troduces, the  timing  is  such 
that  the  COR  does  not  drop 
out  when  the  ten-meter 
SSB  operator  pauses  for  a 
breath  between  words. 
Pace  certainly  made  things 
easy  for  us! 

Choose  Your  Mode 

As  you  can  see  quite 
easily,  you  can  select  the 
frequency  and  mode  the 
ten-meter  link  will  operate 
on  simply  by  adjusting  the 
Pace  to  those  require- 
ments The  MARC  group  at 
Marissa  has  chosen  USB  on 
29,590.  After  spending 
much  time  and  effort  in 
checking  with  groups  such 
as  the  10-10  club,  etc.  590 
seemed  out  of  everyone's 
way  and  has  worked  out 
weir  The  unit  has,  on  occa- 
sion, been  used  on  ten- 
meter  AM  further  up  the 
band.  It  would  be  an  easy 
task  to  remote  this  pro- 
cedure should  you  desire. 
With  the  great  increase  of 


CB  conversion  to  ten-meter 
29,6  FM,  it  might  even  work 
out  for  your  group  to  use 
this  mode  if  you  have  lots 
of  ten-meter  FM  activity. 

One  of  the  interesting 
facets  of  the  SSB  mode  is 
the  absolute  clarity  when 
listenfng  on  two-meter  FM, 
At  first,  one  might  ask, 
"How  do  you  tune  the  ten- 
meter  receiver?"  The 
answer  is  that  the  repeater 
never  is  adjusted  It 
transceives  (hopeful lyf)  on 
the  exact  same  frequency. 
The  two-meter  FM  signals 
are  patched  to  the  Pace 
microphone  input  and  are, 
of  course,  transmrtted  on 
ten-meter  upper  sideband. 
The  ten-meter  operator 
simply  will  tune  in  this  USB 
signal  as  he  normally 
would  and,  when  it  is  his 
turn,  merely  transmits  on 
the  same  frequency  which 
the  Pace  receives  and 
patches  back  through  the 
two-meter  FM  transmitter. 
Easy. 

CB'to-Ten  Conversioii 

The  first  thing  that  you 
will  have  to  do  is  get  the 
Pace,  or  similar  rig,  work- 
ing where  you  want  it  on 
ten  meters.  MARC  used  the 
American  Crystal  (Amer- 
ican Crystal  Supply,  PO 
Box  638,  W.  Yarmouth  MA 
02673]    conversion,    and    it 


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45 


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took  less  than  one  hour  to 
make  the  conversion  and 
get  the  ten-meter  rig  on  fre* 
quencv^ 

A  few  modifications  are 
available  in  the  conversion 
kit  that  can  be  left  out— 
mainly,  the  frequency  ex- 
pansion switches  that 
allow  a  full  one-megacycle 
coverage.  By  selecting  the 
correct  set  of  crystals  in 
the  kit,  the  Pace  can  be  put 
on  the  frequency  you  have 
selected  without  the  addi- 
tion of  the  switches  and 
cabling,  American  Crystal 
also  recommends  a  modifi- 
cation that  allows  the 
"clarifier''  to  move  the 
transmitter  as  well   as  the 


receiver.  As  long  as  you 
check  the  two  frequencies 
very  carefully  and  do  not 
plan  to  move  the  ten-meter 
frequency,  this  modifica- 
tion also  can  be  left  out 

The  COR  pick-off  point 
is  taken  from  Q28.  Fig-  2 
shows  the  very  simple,  but 
very  effective,  COR  circuit 
used  to  key  up  the  two- 
meter  transmitter.  Spare 
contacts  on  this  relay  can 
be  used  for  various  other 
applications  which  may 
suit  your  particular  needs. 
This  one  connection  is  the 
only  connection  that  has  to 
be  made  inside  the  Pace. 
Everything  else  is  done 
from  the  speaker  jack  and 


microphone  jack.  Should 
you  desire  local  audio 
from  the  Pace,  you  may 
want  to  install  a  switch  (or 
wire  the  speaker  jack  per- 
manently) to  keep  the 
speaker  operational  with  a 
plug  inserted  into  the 
speaker  jack.  Normally, 
the  speaker  wire  is  discon- 
nected when  a  jack  is 
plugged  in.  Since  we  will 
pull  the  ten-meter  audio 
from  this  jack,  you  will  not 
have  any  local  speaker 
audio  unless  you  make  this 
change. 

Two-Meter  COR 

The  Pace  will  need  only 
a  ground  to  transmit  for 
the  PTT  circuit  which  will 
be  tapped  off  at  the 
microphone  front-panel 
plug.  If  you  do  not  have 
any  spare  contacts  on  your 
two-meter  COR,  parallel 
another  relay  across  the 
main  COR  and  away  you 
go.  You  also  could  use 
electronic  switching  here 
to  save  you  the  problems 
of  installing  a  separate 
relay.  Look  over  this  auxil- 
iary circuit  in  Fig.  3.  Fig,  4 
shows  the  actual  audio 
patching  in  and  out  of  the 
two-meter  repeater.  It  is 
very  important  to  use  good 
shielded  cable  with  proper 
rf  bypassing  to  keep  the 
audio  lines  free  of  any 
stray  rf  that  may  occur 
when  installing  the  addi* 
tional  equipment. 

Access  Equipment 

Access  to  the  ten-meter 
link  can  be  accomplished 
in  many  ways.  The  simplest 
method  is  to  use  a  tele- 
phone line  with  proper 
equipment  to  allow  a  con- 
trol operator  (or  operators) 
to  dial  up  the  proper  codes 
to  complete  the  access  link 
in  the  two  COR  circuits. 
(See  Fig.  4.) 

With  digital  circuitry  to- 
day, it  is  very  simple  to 
come  up  with  an  easy  ac- 
cess system  for  the  ten- 
meter  link.  The  only  thing 
that  the  access  equipment 
has  to  do  is  connect  the 
12-volt  dc  line  to  the  COR 


circuits.  With  the  12  volts 
removed,  power  can  be  left 
on  the  Pace  continuously, 
and  even  though  there  may 
be  signals  received  on  the 
ten-meter  frequency,  the 
COR  will  not  bring  up  the 
two-meter  system,  or  vice 
versa.  By  allowing  the  ac- 
cess equipment  to  connect 
the  1 2  volts  to  the  COR,  the 
ten-meter  link  then  be- 
comes active.  Fig.  5  will 
give  you  a  simple  digital 
access  to  the  system.  We 
really  don't  need  to  go  into 
great  detail  here  because 
almost  all  of  the  repeater 
systems  have  some  kind  of 
access  control  for  other 
functions  and  it  should  be 
easy  to  tie  in  the  ten-meter 
access  to  this  existing 
logic- 

The  only  problem  that 
your  group  may  encounter, 
should  you  use  ten*meter 
access,  is  that  there  is  no 
really  good  foolproof  ac- 
cess through  ten  meters. 
The  MARC  ten-meter  group 
feels  that  the  only  access 
should  be  on  two  meters;  a 
great  many  problems  are 
eliminated  while  a  tighter 
control  can  be  kept  on  the 
system. 

An  Alternate  Control 

System 

Carlos  TI2CF  has  an 
I  com  701  linked  to  a  Spec- 
trum two-meter  repeater 
via  a  regular  phone  patch 
system,  like  the  Data 
Signal  RAP  200,  This 
system  controls  the  audio 
of  the  701  just  as  it  would 
the  telephone  line.  To  use 
this  system,  a  member  of 
the  group  accesses  just  as 
he  would  if  it  were  a  phone 
patch,  only  when  this  oc- 
curs, the  ten-meter  fink  will 
come  up.  When  the  two- 
meter  station  transmits, 
the  patch  circuitry  keys  the 
PTT  line  of  the  ten-meter 
transmitter.  When  the  two- 
meter  station  listens,  the 
ten-meter  receiver  audio  is 
patched  to  the  two-meter 
transmitter.  The  only  prob- 
lem with  this  system  is  that 
the  two-meter  transmitter 
would   be   keyed   up   con- 


46 


stantly  (as  it  would  when 
any  patch  logic  is  ac- 
cessed). Should  someone 
access  the  ten-meter  link 
and  not  bring  it  down,  the 
two-meter  repeater  stays 
on  until  someone  brings  it 
down.  This  system  does 
allow  the  two-meter  oper- 
ator to  switch  the  ten- 
meter  link  audio  by  simply 
pushing  his  or  her  mic  PTT 
button.  The  ten-meter  sta- 
tion received  woufd  not 
control  any  relays  or  con- 
trols. The  system  would 
work  just  like  a  phone 
patch  but,  of  course, 
without  the  phone  lines 
and  actuatly  substituting  a 
ten-meter  {or  20-,  or 
40-meter!)  transceiver  for 
the  phone  lines* 

This  system  has  some  ad- 
vantages but  also  needs  ad- 
ditional equipment  that 
groups  may  not  have,  nor 
could  round  up  the  fi- 
nances to  obtain.  It  also 
has  some  disadvantages 
for  control,  so  your  group 


Will  have  to  select  the 
method  that  best  suits  its 
needs. 

The    Marissa    system    at 
WD9GOE/R    has    been    in 
use  since  March,  and  many 
excellent    contacts    have 
been  made  by  many  mem- 
bers  of  the  group  as  well  as 
by    dozens    of    interested 
newcomers  that  the  system 
has  attracted.    It   becomes 
very    exciting    to    work 
Venezuela   from   southern 
Illinois  on  a  Tempo  S-1  HT 
with  the  rubber  ducky!  It  is 
also    very    exciting    to 
foreign  stations  when  they 
discover    what    they    are 
working f    The    system    has 
brought  the  entire  St.  Louis 
area  to  its  feet,  and,  again, 
attention  to  amateur  radio 
is    gained    through    simple 
technology,  some  imagina- 
tion,   and   a  few   hours  of 
hard  work.  This  is  only  the 
beginning.   Let's  all  get  to 
work  and  see  where  we  can 
go   from    here.    It's   all   for 
amateur  radio!  ■ 


From  Urfm  lo  Ifme  73  M«o«ztnt  tn^k&s  its  subscrtber  lisls  available 
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47 


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48 


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*^  ReA<iet  S^f\rice—see  page  259 


49 


Gary  McCMlan 
2500  N.  Harbor  Blvd. 
Fullerton  CA  926S4 


Audio  Booster  for  Mil-Surplus 

Receivers 

a  must  for  headphone  haters 


One  of  my  biggest  pet 
peeves  with  military 
surplus  radio  equipment  is 
the  low  audio  output  of 
some  sets.  And  that  is  the 


one  big  problem  with  the 
R-64a/ARR-41  radio  receiv- 
er that  [  converted  recent- 
ly. (See  "Another  Surplus 
Treasure/'    73    Magazine, 


November,  1978.)  This  re- 
ceiver worked  fine  with 
headphones,  but  not  when 
the  output  transformer  was 
changed  for  a  speaker.  If 
you  have  done  much  work 
at  all  with  surplus  radio 
equipment,  you  know  what 


I  am  talking  about! 

After  studying  the  sche- 
matic of  the  audio  stages,  t 
saw  that  the  best  route 
would  be  to  change  the 
5686  output  tube  to  some- 
thing heftier  — like  a  6AQ5. 
You  could  do  it  but  for  one 


Photo  A.  Phg-in  audio  amp  with  rig. 


Photo  B.  Interior  view  of  amplifier 


50 


thing:  Mounting  the  tube 
could  create  a  height  prob- 
lem with  the  case.  Also, 
you  would  upset  the  fila- 
ment string  in  this  series 
string  set.  So  that  was  out. 

The  next  best  thing 
turned  out  to  be  a  whole 
new  audio  amplifier,  built 
from  the  ground  up  This 
turned  out  to  be  a  fairly 
easy  job;  an  IC  "building 
block''  amplifier  was 
pressed  into  service.  It  was 
possible  to  mount  all  parts 
in  the  module  case,  too, 
and  the  whole  thing  makes 
up  a  neat  plug-in  package. 
Oh  yes,  there  is  plenty  of 
volume  with  a  speaker 
now! 

If  you  are  working  with 
other  surplus  sets  and  need 
an  audio  boost  this  ampli- 
fier may  do  it  for  you.  It  is 
cheap  to  build,  takes  little 
room,  produces  little  heat 
and  creates  a  heck  of  a  lot 
of  volume.  You  are  wel- 
come to  try  it  in  your  own 
unit;  in  this  article,  how- 
ever, I  will  concentrate  on 
the  R-648  receiver  conver- 
sion. 

Before  getting  started 
with  the  actual  wiring,  let's 
take  a  look  at  what  is  being 
modified  in  the  R-648.  If 
you  check  out  Fig.  1,  you 
will  see  a  simplified 
diagram  of  the  receiver's 
audio  section.  Basically, 
you  have  two  stages  of 
gain  (581 4J  and  a  stage  of 
power  (5686).  The  5686 
tube  is  the  bottleneck  here. 
The  tube  just  won't  draw 
enough  plate  current  for 
any  real  power  output,  and 
is  a  poor  choice  for  an 
audio  output,  especially 
since  it  sits  there  and  draws 
300  mA  at  63  volts.  It's  a 
better  heater-dropping  re- 
sistor than  output  tubel 

Note  particularly  the 
cathode  connection  of  the 
first  audio  stage.  Resistor 
R1305  is  in  series  with  the 
tube  cathode  and  a  pot  on 
the  front  panel.  This  is  the 
vofume  control.  It  is 
unique  in  that  no  audio 
signals  pass  down  it,  pre* 


RECEIVER 

CHASSIS 
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f 


Fig.  7.  Existing  audio  section  of  R-648. 


venting  hum  pickup,  yet 
making  shielded  cable 
from  the  volume  control 
unnecessary.  This  is  called 
a  ''dc  volume  control"  and 
is  used  widely  in  IC-genera- 
tion  TV  sets  today.  It  is  im- 
portant to  us  because  we 
are  going  to  use  it  in  our 
modification. 

The  schematic  shows 
what  goes  in  place  of  the 
two  tubes:  two  low-cost 
ICs,  One  IC  you  are  prob- 
ably f  ami  liar  with— the  Na- 
tional LM-380.  This  is  the 
2y2-Watt  power  amplifier 
job,  It  is  a  natural  for  this 
job.  The  other  one  is  a  little 
less  known,  and  that's  too 
bad,  because  it  is  very  use- 
ful. This  IC  is  the  Motorola 
MFC-6040  or  Motorola 
HEPC6009.  It  is  an  elec- 
tronic attenuator.  It  at- 
tenuates   a    signal    when 


either  a  resistor  to  ground 
or  voltage  is  applied  to  a 
control  pin.  There  is  no 
gain  added,  just  attenua- 
tion. A  simple  12-volt 
power  supply  rounds  out 
the  modification. 

Construction  is  easy.  I 
would  suggest,  however, 
that  if  your  R-648  still  has 
the  tube  filaments  wired 
for  24  volts,  leave  the  tube 
filaments  in  the  audio 
module  wired  up.  This  will 
make  sure  that  the  other 
tubes  get  the  proper  volt- 
ages. One  good  advantage, 
besides  the  fact  you  elim- 
inate several  power  resis- 
tors, is  that  the  tubes  can 
be  bad.  just  the  filaments 
have  to  be  good. 

The  photos  and  the  sche- 
matic tell  the  construction 
story   pretty  well.   I   must 


add  that  I  rewired  the  fila- 
ments in  my  receiver  for 
6.3  volts,  so  I  was  able  to 
mount  all  parts  in  the 
schematic  on  the  original 
module.  This  made  a  neat 
package.  If  you  leave  in 
the  tubes,  as  required  for 
the  old  24-volt  filament 
string,  you  will  have  to 
mount  the  power  trans- 
former elsewhere.  I  might 
add,  at  this  point,  that  I 
tried  a  half-wave  rectifier 
and  filter  directly  from  the 
24*volt  filament  supply, 
but  I  had  to  supply  a  huge 
amount  of  filtering,  and  I 
had  to  drop  the  voltage  to 
IC3  (voltage  regulator)  be- 
cause it  exceeded  the 
chip's  ratings.  In  the  long 
run,  a  separate  transformer 
for  the  audio  amp  power 
supply  takes  up  less  space, 
reduces  construction  frus- 


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fig.  2.  Schematic  diagram. 


51 


Parts  List 

C1,  C5— 0.1-uF  dlscor  mylai^   caps 

C2,  C7— 4,7*  or  S-uF,  16-volt  electrolytic  caps 

C3— 680-pF  disc  cap 

C4— 0.22-uF  mylar  cap 

C6— 500-  Of  470-pF  disc  cap 

C8— 500-uF,  16-voll  electrolytic  cap 

C9— 2000-uF,  25'Volt  electrolytic  cap 

CIO,  Cn—O.OI-uF  disc  caps 

C12— 100-uF,  16-volt  electrolytic  cap 

D1,  D2— 1N4002  rectifier  diodes 

IC1— Motorola  HEPC6009  of  MFC-6040  attenuator  IC 

IC2— National  LM380N  power  annp  \G 

IC3— 7812  voltage  regulator;  12  volts  at  1  Amp 

T1— 24  volt  c-t.  400-mA  power  transformer 


tration,    and    possibly    is 

cheaper, 

I  started  construction  by 
removing  all  components 
from  the  audio  module, 
save  the  connector.  Inside, 
I  mounted  a  piece  of  cop* 
perclad  "ground  plane" 
perfboard,  which  serves  as 
shielding  and  a  heat  sink 
for  IC2.  You  don't  have  to 
duplicate  this  method  of 
construction  — copperc  I  ad 
perfboard  is  rather  expen- 
sive—but at  the  least  you 


must  solder  some  kind  of 
heat  sink  to  the  grounded 
leads  of  IC2.  Two  pieces  of 
shim  brass  cut  to  size  will 
do  fine. 

IC3  does  not  have  to  be 
heat-s inked,  as  its  power 
dissipation  is  very  low.  You 
can  see  this  IC  in  my  unit 
mounted  upside  down 
under  the  filter  capacitor. 

The  rest  of  the  construc- 
tion is  noncritical  and 
needs  little  comment.  You 


might  want  to  shield  the  In- 
put lead  around  CI  to  the 
connector  to  cut  hum  pick- 
up, though.  In  my  unit,  the 
120  volts  ac  for  T1  went  to 
pins  1  and  4  of  the  connec- 
tor. If  you  must  leave  the 
tubes  in,  you  will  have  a 
wire  connected  to  pin  4. 
This  wire  is  not  used  inside 
the  set,  so  cut  it  off  inside 
the  module  and  use  pins  1 
and  4  to  carry  the  12  volts 
from  the  added  power  sup- 
ply to  the  audio  circuitry. 
(Mount  n,  1C3,  etc.,  on  the 
receiver  chassis.) 

After  you  have  rewired 
the  module,  you  will  have 
to  make  a  few  additions  on 
the  main  chassis.  In  my 
case,  I  ran  120  volts  ac  to 
pins  1  and  4  of  the  audio 
module  chassis  socket.  If 
you  kept  the  tubes  in  as 
ballast  resistors,  you  will 
have  to  build  the  12-volt 
power  supply  externally, 
and  feed  in  the  regulated 
voltage  through  the  proper 
pins.  After  that  is  done,  you 
must    make    one    more 


change.  Resistor  R307  on 
the  front  panel  must  be  dis- 
connected or  the  attenua- 
tor IC  will  receive  B  + 
through  the  gain  controL 
This  should  be  very  easy. 
Unlatch  the  front  panel 
and  look  at  the  rear  section 
of  the  gain  control.  In  my 
receiver,  there  was  a 
yellow  wire  tied  to  the  CW 
or  far  left-hand  lug  on  the 
control.  I  cut  it  and  I  was 
home  free. 

After  these  modifica- 
tions were  complete,  the 
receiver  worked  fine,  and 
with  room-filling  volume!  1 
haven't  tried  this  modifica- 
tion on  other  surplus  sets, 
but  it  should  work  if  the 
proper  power-supply  volt- 
ages are  available.  And,  oh 
yes!  This  conversion  has 
other  benefits,  too.  Besides 
a  dramatic  increase  in 
volume,  and  less  heat,  the 
dc  volume  control  can  be 
switched  and  used  as  part 
of  a  squelch  or  noise 
blanker  scheme.  Or,  how 
about  a  Selcal  system?B 


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52 


t^  Reader  Servtcesee  page  2^9 


Demodulator 


NO  COMPROMISE  PERFORMANCE 


FSK-1 


•  Itlt 


iRL  has  built  the  FSK-1 000  to  combine  the 
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operate  when  you  receive  it. 


48  op  amps  with  all 
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Fights  QRM  with 
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Positive    indication 

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Decision  level  cor- 
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reduce  effects  of 
selective  fading 

Dual  meters  to  tune 
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Adjustable  20  to  60 
Ma  high  voltage  loop 


Continuously  tun- 
able shift  from  100 
to  1000  Hz 

RS-232  compatible 
or   TTL  in /outputs 

for  computer  use 

Mark  hold  with  an 
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hold to  set  copy 
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Functions  as  stand 
alone     demodulator 

directly  intoprinter 
or  will  feed  your 
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Scope  outputs  and 
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In  January,  1980,  iRL  will  offer  a  new,  low 
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Designed  for  inter- 
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Includes  bandpass 
preselector  to  fight 
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Fully  active  filters 
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Receives  170,  ^25, 
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3  shift  AFSK  keyer 

is  included 

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or  TTL  mark  high 
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switch  to  copy  re- 
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This  software  replaces  the  expensive  video 
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y^m 


53 


Aiexander  MacLenn 
WA2SUT/NNmZ  VB 
IS  Indian  Spring  Trail 
DenviUe  NJ  07834 


Working  with  FETs 

part  II:  experiments  with  gain  and  supply  voltage 


In  part  I  of  this  article,  I 
began  a  discussion  of 
audio  amplifiers  which  use 
the  FET,  the  transistor  that 
thinks  it's  a  tube  Let's  con- 
tinue by  examining  more  of 
the  functions  these  devices 
can  be  made  to  perform. 

The  triode  FET  small-sig- 
nal voltage  amplifiers 
are  probably  the  all-time 
easiest  circuits  for  a  tube 
person  to  work  with.  This  is 
one  place  where  your  tube- 
thinking  will  fit  right  in 
almost  without  change,  and 
yet  you  will  be  working 
with  solid  state. 

The  circuits  are  straight- 
forward, easy  to  duplicate, 
and  the  testing  is  nothing 
out  of  the  ordinary.  For 
basics,  as  with  some  of  the 
other  articles  in  this  solid- 
state  series,  a  microphone, 
audio    signal    generator, 


VOM,  and  scope  are  what 
you  need. 

it  will  help  if  you  have  a 
good  junk  box  of  small 
parts  or  a  resistance  sub 
box.  Part  of  the  fun  on  this 
one  15  watching  what  really 
happens  when  you  play 
around  with  the  values. 

Here  goes.  Fig.  1  shows  a 
basic  triode  tube  voltage- 
amplifier  stage.  Notice 
that  there  is  no  cathode 
resistor.  This  stage  would 
be  a  common  first  stage  for 
a  mike  amplifier  in  an  SSB 
rig.  There  are  other  uses  for 
such  a  stage,  too,  but  the 
important  thing  to  note  is 
the  absence  of  the  cathode 
resistor. 

In  theory,  it  looks  as 
though  the  stage  is  running 
without  any  grid  bias. 
There  is  a  tiny  smidgen, 
however;   it  is  caused  by 


I^HgPSOl 

1 O  '•^i— 


-•         • 


r 


H 

"i 

"l 

Cs 

Vfl 

Vim 

VttJT 

mm 

Dh 

A 

m 

HCME 

2.2M 

IfOill 

nvw: 

1  5P-P 

ev  p-p 

4 

tE 

• 

III 

2.2K 

I9K 

HCME 

I2VOC 

<15P-P 

&VP-P 

4  6 

11.2 

C 

m 

rtn 

19  N 

lO^r 

I2VDC 

Q.4IM» 

6VP-P 

15 

Z3l9 

D 

lU 

2,ZK 

IftK 

lO^F 

gOVM 

02P-P 

6VP-F 

lO 

S»9 

"contact  potential."  The 
stage  is  able  to  get  away 
with  it  because  the  input 
signal  is  assumed  to  be  so 
small  that  the  stage  is  still 
operating  on  a  linear  por- 
tion of  its  tube  curve.  The 
amplified  signal  is  sent  to 
the  next  stage,  which  is 
very  similar  but  usually  has 
the  cathode  resistor. 

Our  tube  stage  has  a  few 
other  points  about  it.  It  is 
high  impedance.  (A  tube  is 
voltage-operated,  that  is, 
high  impedance.)  Notice 
that  the  grid  resistor  is  1 
megohm.  The  load  resis- 
tance of  such  a  stage  is 
often  in  the  100k  to  220k 
range,  A  high  signal  output 
voltage  is  developed 
across  the  output  resis- 
tance, but  this  is  at  very 
low  power.  The  current 
may  be  on  the  order  of  a 
few  mils  or  so. 

Fig.  2  shows  the  same 
amplifier  with  an  FET  as  the 
triode.  This  test  circuit  uses 
the  Motorola  HEP80T  This 


DOS 


Em 


m i* 


VOUT 


lOO'22Q' 
K 


/n 


#* 


/ff 


Table  h  Circuit  performance  test  results. 


Fig,  T,  Triode  tube  voltage 
amplifier  stage 


is  an  "N"  channel  FET, 
That  means  it  is  roughly 
the  same  as  the  NPN  bi- 
polar transistor,  as  far  as 
bias  polarity  goes.  In  fact, 
you  hook  up  the  voltage 
the  same  as  for  the  tube; 
you  iust  use  less  of  it  and 
only  one  supply. 

The  specs  say  a  max- 
imum of  20  volts  between 
any  of  the  elements.  The 
maximum  drain  current  is 
15  mA.  That's  not  much  in 
the  way  of  power,  but  it's 
not  meant  for  power. 
While  it  can  go  to  20  volts 
at  the  drain,  this  series  is 
geared  to  12  volts,  so  we 
have  some  built-in  safety 
margin. 

There  is  one  other  me* 
chanical  oddity  with  the 
801  which  should  be  men- 
tioned. There  is  a  fourth 
pin  which  connects  to  the 
case.  This  is  for  shielding. 
For  test  use  you  can  ignore 
it  If  you  want  to  be  fancy, 
ground  it  or  connect  it  to 
the  source  pin.  You  will  do 
this  anyway  if  you  use  it  in 
an  IC  matrix  board  as  t  did. 

Here's  where  the  fun 
starts.  Usually  with  solid 
state  you  have  to  fuss 
about  the  parts'  values. 
This  is  the  gizmo  that 
thinks  it's  a  tube.  Let  it 
think  that  Use  the  same 
1-meg  resistor  at  the  gate, 
since  this  is  not  critical  at 
all.  As  with  a  tube  circuit. 


54 


250k  on  up  would  be  com- 
mon, and  the  circuit  will 
work  with  much  more  and 
much  less. 

The  next  thing  to  fuss 
with  is  the  drain  load 
resistor.  Use  your  substitu- 
tion box  and  click  your  way 
down.  With  the  mike  input, 
at  some  point  you  will 
begin  to  get  it  to  work. 
Then  watch  the  scope  and 
prune  for  best  results.  You 
might  put  your  VOM  in  the 
drain  circuit  to  watch  the 
current;  it's  educational 
The  circuit  should  only 
draw  a  few  mils.  By  the 
time  you  start  to  draw 
much  current,  you  can  see 
the  performance  fall  off  on 
the  scope. 

The  drain  resistance  is 
not  that  critical,  and  a  wide 
range  of  values  wiJI  work. 
This  is  a  wide-range  circuit. 
When  it  was  tested  above 
and  below  12  volts,  it 
worked  from  5-20  volts,  it 
might  work  at  even  less, 
although  my  supply  would 
go  down  only  to  5. 

If  you  work  at  it,  you 
may  be  able  to  get  clipping 
with  the  mike,  but  here  is  a 
nice  time  to  try  adding  an 
audio  signal  of  some  sort, 
and  it  would  be  nice  if  it 
was  adjustable  — or  you 
can  add  a  standard  tube- 
type  volume  control  as  in 
Fig,  3.  Just  keep  the  input 
signal  to  less  than  20  volts 
p-p, 

I  started  with  the  theory 
that  the  operation  would 
be  quite  similar  to  the  tube 
version,  but  there  was 
quite  a  surprise  when  I 
started  comparing  the 
data.  With  the  simple  cir- 
cuit, your  only  variable  is 
the  load  resistor.  This  gets 
adiusted  for  most  output 
voltage.  This  may  not  be 
clipped.  Once  you  get  the 
most  output,  adjust  the  in- 
put signal  until  the  output 
is  undistorted  That  will  be 
your  best  value  Check  a 
few  resistance  values  on 
either  side  to  make  sure, 
though. 

With    my    HEPSOI,    this 
worked  out  to  a  2.2k-Ohm 


'n 


■ — *■ 


€) 


MEP  eoj 


ii 


2,2k 


IH 


/tl 


4* 


Vs 


fig.  2.  FET  if  lode  circuit 

load  resistance  at  a12-volt 
source  voltage.  It  gave  a 
e^^volt  p-p  output.  Then  I 
added  the  source  resistor  I 
had  to  go  back  and  re- 
adjust the  drain  load.  The 
values  are  not  critical,  but  I 
settled  on  a  source  value 
of  2.2k  and  a  drain  value  of 
15k  (Fig,  4}. 

This  also  got  me  an  out- 
put of  about  6  volts  p-p.  I 
had  hoped  for  a  clearer 
parallel  to  tube  operation, 
but  I  don't  really  see  it  on 
the  scope.  With  the  tube,  a 
cathode  resistor  would 
allow  for  more  input  volt- 
age swing  before  distor- 
tion, but  I  really  saw  little 
difference  between  the 
two  FET  circuits.  The  scope 
values  were  about  the 
same.  The  input  distortion 
point  was  about  the  same, 
and  I  could  get  the  same 
general  output.  So  much 
for  theory. 

The  oddest  effect  was 
when  I  added  the  bypass 
capacitor  (Fig.  5).  With  a 
tube,  this  would  have  in- 
creased the  bias  and  the 
output.  It  did  increase  the 
output  to  about  10  volts 
p*p,  but  it  was  clipped.  All  I 
could  get  was  about  6  volts 
peak-to-peak  from  the  cir- 
cuit, but  the  resistor-capac' 
itor  circuit  had  more  gain. 
What  it  did  was  lower  the 
input  distortion  point  In 
other  words,  I  could  not 
have  as  high  an  input  signal. 


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Fig.  3.  FET  volume-contfof 
circuit 

but  the  circuit  would  give 
me  the  same  output  with 
Eess  input 

Rough  scope  measure- 
ments placed  it  at  over 
9  dB  gain  over  the  other 
two  circuits.  Thus,  tt  is  far 
more  sensitive,  but  easier 
to  overload,  I  used  a  10-uF 
capacitor,  but  a  higher 
value  would  be  better, 
something  from  20  to  100 
uF. 

The  statistics  of  these 
circuits  are  somewhat 
alarming.  They  don't 
behave  quite  the  way  I 
would  have  expected.  Ta- 
ble 1  shows  a  chart  of 
various  operating  con- 
ditions. The  first  three  have 
an  operating  voltage  of  12 
volts  at  the  source;  the  last 
is  20  volts  at  the  source. 
For  this  test,  the  input 
voltage  was  adjusted  for 
an  output  of  6  volts  peak- 
to-peak,  and  then  the  input 
voltage  was  measured  p-p. 

The  output  was  divided 
by  the  input  and  the  gain 
figured  and  converted  into 
dB.  In  each  case,  the  cir- 
cuit was  optimized  for  out- 
put in  each  configuration, 
with  the  circuit  values 
shown  being  chosen.  The 
no-resistor  circuit  would 
take  a  higher  input  but 
needed  a  high  input  to  get 
the  6  volts  out.  Its  gain  was 


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Fig,  4.  Source  resistor  added. 


Fig.    5.    Highest    sensitivity 
and  gain  circuit 


only  four. 

The  unbypassed  resistor 
circuit   was   only   slightly 
better.  The  bypassed  resis- 
tor circuit  not  only  had  the 
best  sensitivity  to  a  weak 
signal,  but  also  had  much 
better    gain.    When    the 
voltage  was  raised,  the  out- 
put  voltage    could    have 
been    more,    but    even 
holding    to    our    present 
value,   the  actual   gain  of 
the  circuit  increased  even 
at  the  lower  levels.  I  was 
surprised  at  the  difference 
in  gain  figures  between  the 
no-resistor  and   bypassed- 
resistor  circuits.  The  other 
tests,  such  as  for  total  out* 
put    and   distortion   from 
overload,  did  not  show  up 
such  a  wide  difference  in 
actual    circuit    perfor- 
mance. 

The  low-gain  high-input 
circuits  would  be  the 
choice  where  you  had  gain 
to  spare  and  needed  high 
input  capability.  For  most 
uses,  you  will  probably 
want  the  bypassed  circuit 
so  you  get  some  actual 
gain  in  signal  and  the 
ability  to  be  sensitive.  It 
was  also  unexpected  that 
the  gain  of  the  circuit 
would  increase  with  the  in- 
crease in  voltage  to  it.  It 
was  not  just  a  matter  of 
more  possible  output;  the 
circuit  worked  better  at  the 
higher  voltage  when  it  was 
optimized  for  it.  Still,  I 
would  have  to  recommend 
staying  at  the  12-volt  or  so 
level  so  as  not  to  throw 
away  your  safety  margin. 

In  actual  fact,  these  cir- 
cuits are  not  really  op- 
timum circuits  as  far  as 
gain  goes.  They  are  useful 
when  you  want  the  FET  ca- 
pabilities^ but  other  tran- 
sistors can  perform  the 
gain  function  better. 

These  rough  tests  may 
not  show  the  whole  story. 
After  all,  it  was  a  high-level 
input  signal  I  was  using, 
but  these  were  intended  to 
be  rough-and-ready  cir- 
cuits to  work  with.  There 
might  be  reason  to  use  the 
source  resistor  even  if  the 


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capacitor  was  not  re- 
quired. This  would  not  be 
the  highest  gain,  but  would 
be  the  most  stable.  Besides 
being  the  best  as  far  as  in- 
put overload,  you  also 
have  the  stabilizing  effect 
of  the  extra  resistor.  It  will 
prevent  any  problem  with 
the  drain  circuit  trying  to 
draw  too  much  current.  It's 
unlikely,  but  it  will  give 
protection.  It  also  may 
help  stabilize  the  stage  and 
even  out  operating  varia- 
tions as  a  tube  does  — but  it 
just  doesn't  show  on  the 
scope. 

I  chose  the  801  because 
it  is  commonly  available. 
There  are  plenty  of  other 
audio  FETs  which  should 
work  with  these  circuits, 
and  you  may  want  to,  or 
have  to,  prune  values  for 
best  results.  The  same 
techniques  will  work  with 
any  FET.  You  should  keep 
in  mind  that  there  is  a  built- 
in  brick  walL  After  a  cer- 
tain point,  you  cannot  have 
any  more  output  voltage. 


In  theory,  you  would  run 
out  of  supply  voltage  to 
provide  output,  but  you 
don't  even  get  the  full  sup- 
ply voltage  swing,  anyway. 
Past  a  certain  point  you  are 
going  to  clip  the  peaks  off 
because  there  is  no  ad- 
ditional voltage  available 
to  become  output  voltage 
swing. 

The  fact  is,  a  lot  of  what 
you  think  ought  to  be  avail- 
able voltage  just  isn't 
there.  Your  output  voltage 
swing  is  only  what  you 
have  at  the  drain  itself. 
These  circuits  are  centered 
on  12-volt  source  voltage. 
That's  at  the  power  input, 
not  what's  at  the  FET  drain. 
Even  though  the  current  is 
slight,  the  voltage  mea- 
sured at  the  drain  terminal 
was  just  about  5.5  volts  dc. 
That's  ail  you  are  going  to 
get  as  output  voltage 
swing;  even  though  the 
source  may  be  more,  it's 
what's  at  the  FET  that 
counts. 

This  brings  up  an  inter- 


esting question.  If  that's  all 
the  voltage  there  is  at  the 
FET  and  all  the  voltage 
available  for  output  swing, 
why  not  increase  the 
source  voltage? 

Good  question.  When  it 
was  done,  setting  it  to  20, 
the  circuit  worked  even 
better,  but  the  FET  drain 
voltage  was  still  only  about 
12  volts,  which  means  an 
output  voltage  swing  of 
even  less  than  that. 

What  about  increasing 
the  source  voltage  until  the 
drain  voltage  as  measured 
reaches  20  volts,  the  max- 
imum allowable? 

Here,  you  face  several 
design  decisions.  As  a  prac- 
tical matter,  if  you  wanted 
to  try  it,  you  would  start 
with  this  circuit  and  in- 
crease the  source  voltage 
while  measuring  the  drain 
voltage  and  current  When 
it  reached  the  desired 
value,  you  would  probably 
want  to  go  back  and  try 
some  different  values  at 
the  load  resistor.  You 
would  have  to  get  a  new 
best  value  for  the  higher 
voltage.  This  would  mean 
some  resetting  of  the  resis- 
tor and  the  voltage,  back 
and  forth.  You  would  arrive 
at  the  best  values  for  your 
20-volt  drain  voltage, 
though,  if  you  use  the 
method  described  here.  It 
is  likely  that  you  would  get 
increased  performance, 
too,  but  there  are  draw- 
backs. 

The  first  is  the  higher 
source  voltage.  You  would 
need  somewhere  around 
forty  volts.  This  series  was 
geared  to  12,  since  most 
equipment  these  days 
wants  to  use  batteries  if 
possible. 

It  also  might  be  men- 
tioned that  my  supply  goes 
up  only  to  20  volts.  This 
test  would  have  been  out- 
side of  the  given  specifica- 
tions for  the  articles.  There 
also  is  the  matter  of  safety. 
Since  the  20-volt  maximum 
would  be  met  by  the  higher 
source  voltage,  what  effect 
would  this  have  when  you 
really  started  pushing  out  a 


20*voEt  peak-to-peak  audio 

signal?  You  would  be  run- 
ning close  to  the  ratings, 
which  is  not  the  best  way  to 
design. 

Still,  if  the  test  setup  is 
available  and  you  are  will- 
ing to  risk  a  bargain  FET  or 
so,  go  ahead  and  try  it.  The 
basic  monitoring  proce- 
dure should  tell  you  what 
is  going  on,  and  the  test 
will  give  you  an  even  more 
complete  picture  of  the 
full  capability  of  the  FET. 
As  to  applying  it  in  a  cir- 
cuit, that  would  depend  on 
how  you  were  going  to 
power  the  final  circuit. 

Trouble  with  small- 
voltage  amplifiers  ac- 
counts for  a  great  deal  of 
the  distortion  problem  in 
equipment.  Input  overload 
Is  common.  Depending 
upon  the  type  of  amplifier, 
it  may  be  biased  to  accept 
a  certain  input  level  and 
start  to  clip  a  peak  because 
the  bias  is  wrong  for  a 
higher  level.  That's  why 
you  find  some  circuits  de- 
signed to  handle  a  high- 
level  input,  even  though  it 
is  intended  for  a  lower- 
level  use. 

Musical  instrument  amps 
often  have  that  feature.  A 
guitar  might  work  fine,  but 
one  with  a  built-in  preamp 
would  distort  if  the  ampli- 
fier input  circuit  couldn't 
handle  it.  After  that,  it's  a 
question  of  your  output 
voltage  swing.  You  may 
have  lots  of  gain,  but  how 
much  can  you  use  before 
you  get  up  to  all  the  output 
voltage  you  can  have  and 
start  clipping? 

If  you  are  looking  for 
distortion,  you  can  see 
these  effects  with  your 
scope  in  a  circuit.  If  you 
are  building,  you  can  build 
to  take  care  of  some  of 
them. 

Still,  without  even  trying, 
we  have  opened  the  door 
to  further  developments  of 
this  simple  circuit.  They 
are  easy  to  implement  and 
have  their  own  place  in 
practical  usage.  We'll 
discuss  them  in  part  III  of 
this  article.  ■ 


56 


v'  Reader  Service^see  page  259 


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57 


Gary  McChlian 
2500  M  Harbor  Blvd. 
Fuiterion  CA  926S4 


Build  this  $50  Mini-Counter 

—  three-IC  design  goes  to  135  MHz 


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Fig.  T,  faj  B/oc/c  diagram  of  the  model 304  counter.  It  features  a  6-digit  display,  a  T3S-MHz 
counting  range,  and  only  three  ICs.  Power  is  supplied  by  a  5-vo/f  nlcad  battery  pack. 
Switch  S2  selects  either  1-kHz  or  100~Hz  resolution  of  the  input  signal,  (b)  Inside  the 
lCM-7208  (7C2J  counter  array,  (c)  inside  the  ICM-7207A  timebase  controller.  An  input 
connected  to  the  divider  section  controls  the  gate  time,  and  thus  the  resolution  of  the 
signal  being  counted  by  IC2. 


Communications  Counter 
has  these  features  and 
much,  much  more:  a  low 
price  tag  of  about  150^ 
easy,  one-  or  two-evening 
construction,  and  a  superi- 
or sensitivity  from  4-mV 
rms  at  27  MHz  to  12-mV 
rms  at  135  MHz  with  input 
protection. 

The  304's  battery  drain  is 
low  enough  (130  mA)  that 
you  get  long  hours  of 
operation  on  a  set  of 
charged  nicads.  You  get  a 
frequency  range  of  below  1 
MHz  to  over  1 35  MHz,  cov- 
ering ham,  CB,  commer- 
cial, radio  control,  and  TV 
frequencies.  And,  best  of 
all,  you  can  measure  the 
frequency  to  within  TOO 
Hertz  of  what  the  trans- 
mitter is  putting  out.  If  you 
are  in  a  hurry,  you  can 
select  a  reading  to  within  1 
kHz,  and  get  five  readings 
per  second  versus  one 
reading  per  2  seconds  on 
the  100  Hz  range.  Accu' 
racy  can  be  up  to  ± 
0.002%  ±1  count  if  the 
counter  is  calibrated  on  a 
frequency  standard.  Now 
that  you  know  what  this 
counter  can  do,  go  out  and 
look  at  units  selling  from 
twice  to  three  times  as 
much  as  this  one.  One 
wonders  why  no  one  has 
thought  of  this  design 
before. 

Construction  of  this  proj- 
ect will  be  a  pleasant  sur- 
prise  because    it    is   very 


58 


Fig.  2.  Component  side  of  the  board  Be  sure  to  get  alt 
iumpers  installed  before  the  sockets  go  in. 


"304" HERE 

ON  REVERSE 


easy.  Thanks  to  a  clever  PC 
board  layout,  this  project 
uses  only  a  single-sided  PC 
board,  making  duplication 

from  the  pages  of  this  mag- 
azine a  snap.  There  are  on- 
ly six  wire  jumpers  in  the 
board— for  those  of  you 
who  hate  to  install  jump- 
ers. There  are  sockets  for 
all  ICs  and  a  minimum 
number  of  components. 
Since  there  are  only  three 
ICs  and  one  transistor,  your 
construction  time  for  the 
board  should  be  about  four 
hours  of  casual  work.  Add 
another  evening  for  the 
cabinet  work  and  you  are 
all  set. 

The  parts  in  this  counter 
should  be  easy  to  get.  The 
two  main  CMOS  chips 
have  been  on  the  market 
for  nearly  three  years,  and 
the  prescaier  chip  has  been 
used  for  well  over  one 
year.  The  rest  of  the  parts 
are  not  too  critical.  All 
parts  are  available  from 
the  surplus  houses.  To 
assist  you,  however,  I  am 
including  addresses  of 
typical  suppliers  of  the  key 
parts,  plus  the  addresses  of 
the  manufacturers  who 
make  the  ICs.  If  necessary, 
you  can  write  for  a  local 
dealer's  name  and  address. 

How  It  Works 

This  counter  project  is 
based  on  three  ICs:  One 
amplifies  and  divides  the 
signal  by  100,  another 
counts  it  up  and  displays  7 
digits  of  information,  and 
the  third  generates  precise 
timing  signals  to  control 
the  second  chip.  Check  Fig. 
1  for  details  as  you  read. 

Input  signals  applied  to 
J1  first  encounter  a  protec- 
tion network  composed  of 
CI  (which  blocks  dc),  Rl 
[which  limits  input  current] 
and  D1-D2  (which  limits  in- 
put signal).  The  purpose  of 
this  network  is  to  protect 
the  counter  from  "real 
world"  overloads  such  as 
an  accidental  dose  of  ex- 


cessive dc  voltage,  120 
volts  ac,  and  excessive  rf 
signal.  This  keeps  IC1,  the 
preamp/prescaler  chip, 
safe. 

Next,  the  protected  sig- 
nal goes  to  IC1.  Although 
this  IC  was  designed  by  Na- 
tional Semiconductor  for 
synthesized  FM  stereo 
radios,  it  works  great  in  a 
counter.  It  has  a  preamp 
stage  for  high  gain  which 
has  sensitivity  of  up  to  4 
mV  at  27  MHz,  then  a 
series  of  ECL  (Emitter 
Coupled  Logic)  and  low- 
power  Schottky  TTL  divid- 
ers. It  divides  the  input 
signal  by  100,  so  100  MHz 
in  equals  1  MHz  out.  This  is 
necessary  because  the 
counter-display  chip  to  be 
described  won't  count  a 
TTL  signal  much  beyond  2 
MHz, 

The  divided  signal  enters 
IC2,  a  CMOS/LSI  chip  that 
counts  it  and  displays  the 
results  on  an  LED  display. 
Fig.  1  shows  a  general  over- 
view of  this  chip.  The  sig- 
nal from  IC1  passes 
through  seven  decade 
counters.  They  count  up 
the  signaL  After  it  is 
counted,  the  data  is  passed 
on  to  the  display  via  the 
latches  (one  per  decade 
counter),  through  the 
multiplexing  circuitry,  and 
on  to  the  display.  Actually, 
the  multiplexing  circuitry 
consists  of  a  big  data  selec- 
tor at  the  output  of  the 
latches,  squeezing  7  digits 
(at  least  4  lines  each)  into  a 
single  set  of  7-segment 
lines.  The  latches  hold  the 
signal  while  the  decade 
countiers  are  reset  to  zero 
and  count  up  the  signal 
again.  The  latches  are  then 
opened  allowing  the  new 
reading  to  pass  through  to 
the  display.  This  prevents 
the  rapidly  changing 
decade-counter  outputs 
from  reaching  the  display 
and  causing  a  blur  of  num- 
bers. The  sequence  in 
which  the  count-latch-dis- 


C4 
C6 
C3 


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THRU  LINE"  WATTMETER 


Read  RF  Watts  Directly. 

0,45-2300  MHz,  1-10,000  watts  ±5%,  Low  Insertion 
VSWR-1.05. 

Unequalled  economy  and  flexibility:  Buy  only  the 
element(s)  covering  your  present  frequency  and 
power  needs,  add  extra  ranges  later  if  your  re- 
quirements expand. 

THRULINE  Model  43  RF  Directional  Wattmeter 

and  Elements  in  Stock. 


nn 


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1508  McKjnney 


Electronics    Supply,    Inc. 

Houston,  Texas  77002  •  {713}  £53(1265        |^M36 


t^  Header  Service— see  page  259 


59 


CI 


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INSULATED 
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INPUT 


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Fig.  3.  Foil  side  of  the  board.  Take  your  time  and  install  those  resistors  correctly! 


play-reset  cycles  occur  is 
determined  by  the  third  IC. 
The  third  IC  generates 
the  key  signals  necessary 
for  IC2  to  count  the  input 
signal  properly.  Fig.  1 
shows  a  block  diagram  of 
this  chip.  A  5.24-MHz  crys- 
tal connected  to  iC3  is  the 
source  of  the  proper  fre- 
quency. It  drives  a  Pierce- 
type  oscillator  inside  the 


chip,  which  has  the  advan- 
tage of  very  high  stability, 
(The  circuit  isn't  much  like 
the  old  6AG7  tube  Pierce 
oscillators  of  days  gone  by, 
but  it  accomplishes  the 
same  result.)  The  output 
drives  a  divider  chain  com- 
posed mostly  of  binary  de- 
vices, and  then  the  output 
drives  a  series  of  gates 
generating   the   precisely- 


timed  gate,  latch,  and  reset 
pulses  needed  by  I C 2.  Also, 
an  input  connected  to  the 
divider  chain  controls  its 
length  —  or  number  of  stages 
-and  selects  a  1-second 
gate  time  or  a  100-ms  gate 
time.  An  output  from  IC3's 
divider  chain  also  carries 
the  multiplex  signal  for 
IC2.  This  signal  determines 
when    a    digit    will    be 


scanned    by    lC2's    mu 
plexer,  and  is  just  as  impor- 
tant as  the  other  signals. 

Construction  Guide 

The  first  step  is  to  round 
up  the  parts.  If  you  are 
lucky,  you  can  probably 
scrounge  most  of  them 
from  your  junk  box,  but 
more  likely  you  will  have 
to  buy  at  least  the  ICs.  All 
of  them  have  been  avail- 
able to  the  industry  for 
nearly  three  years,  and 
they  are  starting  to  pop  up 
in  the  ads. 

The  LED  display  is  com- 
monly used  in  low-cost  cal- 
culators,  and  can  be 
almost  any  such  unit;  the 
pinouts  have  been  pretty 
much  standardized  by  var- 
ious manufacturers-  We 
have  used  National  NSB- 
T88,  Litronix  DL-94  dis* 
plays,  and  others  with  suc- 
cess. The  HP  unit  specified 
is  recommended  because 
of  its  superior  appearance, 
but  its  $12  price  tag  may 
drive  you  to  scrounging  a 
junk  calculator  instead. 
Order  any  parts  you  need, 
plus  the  crystal.  If  my  own 
experience  is  any  indicator, 
you  should  order  the  crys- 
tal first.  They  are  custom 
made,  and  take  time  to  get. 

The  next  step  is  to  obtain 
or  make  the  PC  board. 
Luckily,  this  one  is  a  single- 
sided  type,  and  can  be 
made  at  home  using  the 
C-C  "Lift  It"  kit,  or  the 
newer  printed  circuit  trans- 
fer films  such  as  PCP  type 
A,  which  is  carried  by  Tri- 
Tek,  Inc.  (See  distributor 
list  for  address.)  !t  might  be 
wise  to  silver-plate  the  fin- 
ished board  to  improve 
high  frequency  perfor- 
mance, but  that  is  up  to 
you,  While  the  improve- 
ment wilt  be  slight,  the  ap- 
pearance will  be  consid" 
erably  better.  Drill  all  holes 
with  a  number  64  drill,  and 
then  drill  out  the  four  cor- 
ner holes  with  a  1/6"  drill. 
Now  let's  start  the  wiring. 

You  should  install  the 
jumpers  and  IC  sockets 
before  doing  anything  else. 
Refer  to  Fig-  2,  which  shows 


60 


TOP 


Fig.  4.  Completed  component  side  of  the  circuit  board. 
Your  finished  board  will  took  like  this. 


the  component  side  of  the 
board.  Cut  up  three  1" 
pieces  of  no.  28  solid  wire 
or  resistor  leads.  Then  cut 
two  T'  pieces  of  wire.  In- 
stall one  2"  wire  between 
the  two  holes  near  the  right 
center  of  the  board,  as 
shown  in  Fig,  2-  Install  the 
other  2''  jumper  between 
the  two  holes  near  the  left 
center  of  the  board.  Install 
a  1"  jumper  near  the  bot- 
tom of  the  board  at  the  cut- 
out. Move  up  to  the  center 
of  the  board,  and  install 
the  remaining  two  V 
jumpers.  Be  sure  to  get  the 
jumper  nearest  the  left 
center  of  the  board  in  the 
proper  holes.  An  8-pin  IC 
installs  next  to  it.  When 
done,  check  to  be  sure  all 
connections  are  soldered. 
Also,  trim  away  the  PC 
board  at  the  bottom  to 
form  the  trapezoid-shaped 
cutout,  if  you  haven't 
already  done  so- 

Next,    install    the    8-pin 


low-profile  IC  socket  in  the 
top  left  corner,  next  to  that 
small  jumper.  Move  down 
from  it  and  install  a  14-pin 
low-profile  socket  near  the 
bottom  edge.  Finally,  in- 
stall the  28-pin  socket  next 
to  the  right  edge  of  the 
board.  I  recommend  the 
use  of  low  profile  sockets 
because  they  make  later  in- 
stallation in  the  cabinet 
easier.  Molex®  pins  will  suf- 
fice, however.  Check  for 
solder  bridges,  fix,  and  flip 
the  board  over.  Cut  a^V^"' 
piece  of  insulated  hookup 
wire,  strip,  and  solder  one 
end  to  pin  12  on  the  14-pin 
socket,  and  the  other  end 
to  pin  19  on  the  28'pin 
socket.  This  wire  shows  up 
on  Fig,  3.  (Note  that  there  is 
a  ''1"  to  identify  pin  1  on 
each  socket.) 

The  next  step  is  to  install 
the  eight  segment  resistors 
on  the  foil  side  of  the 
board.  About  Va''  of  each 
resistor    lead    appears    on 


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COMMUNICATIONS     COUNTER 


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Fig,  5.  Cabinet  drilling  template. 


the  other  side  of  the  board 
for  mounting  the  display, 
so  don't  trim  the  leads  off 
from  the  row  of  wires  in  the 
center  of  the  board.  Start 
with  the  A  segment  resis- 
tor, R2,  Lay  the  resistor 
against  the  board  between 
the  A  on  the  socket  (28-pin) 
and  the  A  pad  in  the  center 
of  the  board.  Pass  the  resis- 
tor end  through  the  A  pad, 


so  that  the  lead  comes 
through  the  hole  in  the 
center  of  the  board.  Re- 
member that  this  is  for  the 
display,  so  don't  trim  it. 
Solder  to  the  pad.  Bend  the 
resistor  body  so  that  the 
other  lead  won't  touch  any 
other  foil  but  the  A  pad  on 
the  28-pin  socket. 

This  process  is  identical 
for  the  other  resistors,  and 


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DIGITS 


F/g.  6.  Schematic  diagram  of  the  complete  model  304  counter.  Ail  parts  except  the  bat- 
teries and  jacks  and  switch  mount  directly  on  a  PC  board. 


is  shown  in  Fig.  3.  Repeat 
with  installation  of  the  D 
segnnent  resistor.  Position 
it  over  the  A  resistor  you 
just  installed,  and  bend  the 
leads  so  they  go  from  the  D 
in  the  center  of  the  board 
to  pin  2  on  the  big  IC  sock- 
et. Note  that  there  isn't  a  D 
next  to  pin  2  on  the  28-pin 
socket  (There  wasn't  room 
for  it.)  Continue  by  install- 
ing the  E  segment  resistor 
in  the  same  manner,  leav- 
ing at  least  M"  of  lead 
sticking  through  the  center 
of  the  board  to  mount  the 
display.  Continue  with  the 
F,  G,  B,  and  one  end  of  the 
C  resistors.  Attach  a  piece 
of  bare  wire  to  the  other 
end  of  the  C  resistor,  slip  a 
piece  of  insutating  tubing 
over  it,  and  solder  the  wire 
to  the  C  pad  on  the  big  IC 
socket  Pick  up  another 
470-Ohm  resistor  and  bend 


the  leads  so  that  one  end 
goes  to  the  pad  just  below 

''Input"  on  the  board,  and 
to  the  display.  Cut  the  end 
flush  with  the  board  where 
the  lead  comes  through 
near  ''Input/'  but  not  the 
one  coming  through  the 
center  of  the  board.  That 
concludes  the  resistor  in- 
stallation for  the  display. 

Continue  by  cutting  up 
seven  1"  wires  for  use  as 
jumpers.  These  jumpers  tie 
the  digit  leads  from  1C2  to 
the  cathodes  on  the  dis- 
play. Heavy  wire,  just  large 
enough  to  fit  the  display 
holes,  might  work  better 
here,  but  the  wire  size  you 
use  is  up  to  you.  Bend  one 
end  of  each  wire  into  a 
small  right  angle,  so  that 
the  wire  looks  like  the  let- 
ter L.  Pass  a  wire  through 
the  foil  side  of  the  board, 
and  place  the  short  arm 


against  the  foil  pad.  Solder 
carefully.  Put  a  wire  in 
each  pad  that  doesn't  have 
a  resistor.  Use  patience 
and  care  to  prevent  the 
wires  from  touching  the  ad- 
jacent resistored  pads.  This 
concludes  the  hardest  part 
of  the  project. 

Turn  the  board  over  to 
the  component  side  and 
very  carefully  clip  the  T5 
wires  down  to  about  Va*' 
above  the  board.  Place  the 
display  over  the  wires,  be- 
ing sure  to  leave  the  hole 
on  the  the  far  left  side  of 
the  display  open.  All  holes 
on  the  right  side  must  be 
used.  Do  not  leave  a  hole 
open  here  or  the  counter 
won't  read  right.  Press  the 
display  down  flush  against 
the  board,  and  solder 
quickly.  Use  a  minimum  of 
heat  to  avoid  loosening  the 
wires    soldered    to    the 


counter  PC  board.  Clip  off 
the  excess  wire. 

The  rest  of  the  wiring 
needs  no  comment;  refer 
to  Fig.  4  for  details.  Install 
resistors  R9  and  RIO  at  the 
top  of  the  board  and  R1 
along  the  left  side.  Move  to 
the  bottom  right  and  install 
R12.  Now  you  have  in- 
stalled all  resistors. 

The  semiconductors  go 
in  next.  Install  Q1  at  the 
top  center  of  the  board,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  4.  For  your 
convenience,  the  E,  B,  and 
C  were  marked  on  the  re- 
verse side  of  the  board. 
Move  over  to  the  top  left 
side  of  the  board  and  in- 
stall D1/D2  in  the  spaces 
near  R1,  Note  that  the 
bands  on  these  diodes 
point  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. Move  to  the  bottom 
right  corner  of  the  board, 
and  install  D3,  That  com- 
pletes the  semiconductor 
installation.  The  IC  in- 
stallation will  follow  later. 

Now  let's  install  the  ca- 
pacitors on  the  front  of  the 
board.  Refer  to  Fig.  4,  then 
turn  to  the  top  left  side  of 
the  board.  Install  C2-C3-C4- 
C6  as  close  as  possible  to 
the  board.  Jump  over  the 
B-pin  socket  and  install  C5 
as  close  as  possible  to  the 
board.  Bend  it  flush  with 
the  board  before  soldering. 
Move  down  the  left  side 
next  to  the  14-pin  socket 
and  install  C8  near  it.  Then 
jump  over  the  socket  and 
install  CIO  as  shown.  Bend 
it  flush  with  the  board 
before  soldering.  Skip  over 
to  the  bottom  right  side  of 
the  board  and  install  C9.  Be 
sure  the  negative  terminal 
faces  the  outside  edge  of 
the  board.  That  completes 
capacitor  installation  on 
the  front  of  the  board. 

While  you  are  working 
with  the  front,  dig  out  Y1 
and  install  it  next  to  C8. 
Also,  bend  the  crystal  over 
against  the  board  edge  be- 
fore soldering.  The  photo 
shows  it  standing  up,  but 
this  is  not  normal  practice. 

Flip  the  board  over  to 
the  foil  side  so  that  you  can 
install    the    remaining    ca- 


62 


pacitors.  Install  CI,  stand- 
ing on  end,  at  the  input 
pad.  Leave  the  other  end 
free.  Install  C7  in  the  spot 
near  the  center  of  the 
board.  Note  that  on  most 
trimmers  there  are  three 
leads.  The  two  closest  to- 
gether go  to  the  heavy 
ground  foil  on  this  counter, 
while  the  third  goes  to  the 
crystal  and  IC3.  That  com- 
pletes capacitor  installa- 
tion. 

Next,  the  switch  and 
mounting  hardware  are  in- 
stalled. Attach  six  3''  wires 
to  the  terminals  of  S2,  Then 
wire  up  this  switch  as 
shown  in  the  schematic 
and  Fig.  4,  cutting  the  wires 
to  size  as  you  go  along.  In- 
stall four  spacers  in  the 
corners  with  4-40  hardware 
and  lockwashers.  Note  that 
the  spacers  are  on  the  front 
side. 

That  just  about  wraps 
things  up  on  the  module. 
Finish  by  installing  the  ICs. 
Be  careful  about  pin  1  ori- 
entation. Remember,  pin  1 
is  identified  on  the  PC 
board  if  you  get  confused. 
Then  cut  two  V  pieces  of 
hookup  wire,  strip  both 
ends,  and  install  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  board  near  the 
cutout.  See  Fig.  3.  Also,  cut 
a  5"  piece  of  the  same  wire 
and  attach  near  the  end  in 
the  bottom  left  corner  of 
the  board.  That  completes 
the  module  assembly.  It 
can  be  tested  by  applying 
5- volts  dc  to  the  wire  off 
the  bottom  center  of  the 
board. 

Now  you  get  to  work  the 
case.  Fig.  5  shows  a  drilling 
template  for  the  front  of 
the  box.  Drill  out  the  box 
and  nibble  the  display 
hole.  Clean  up  the  box, 
label  it  with  press-on  trans- 
fers, and  spray  it  with  clear 
acrylic  spray  to  preserve 
the  finish. 

Complete  the  assembly 
by  installing  the  module  in 
the  box  and  wiring  it  up. 
First,  install  J1  and  J2  in  the 
top  of  the  box.  Then  slip 
the  module  into  the  box 
and  secure  it  to  the  front 
with  screws  and  lockwash- 


Ftg,  7.  Rear  view  of  PC  board  showing  switch  wiring. 


ers.  Mount  S2  on  the  top  of 
the  box,  too.  Snap  in  SI  and 
wire  it  up.  Install  the  bat- 
tery pack  and  wire  it  up  to 
the  other  side  of  S2  and 
ground.  Finish  up  the  job 
by  wiring  up  ]2  and  CI  to 


J1,  Don't  close  up  the  box 
until  you  finish  calibration. 

Charge    up    the    batteries 
and  you  are  all  set! 

Calibration  and  Operation 

There  are  several  ways 


to  calibrate  your  counter, 
with  the  simplest  being  to 
measure  a  known  frequen- 
cy. This  is  how  I  calibrated 
the  model  304  counter. 
Connect  a  signal  of  50  mV 
or  so  at  10  MHz  from  a  fr^ 


Item 

ICI-National  03^8629 


IC2-1C3  Intersil 
!CM-7208rPI  and 
iCM'7207AiPO. 
Note:  These  parts  come 
as  a  set 

Y1  ^5.24288  MHz 
crystal 


Supplier  List 

Factory 

National  Semiconductor 
2900  Semiconductor  Dr. 
Santa  Clara  CA  95051 

Intersil,  Inc. 

1 0900  Tantau  Ave. 

Santa  Clara  CA  95014 


DISI—H'P  display 


C7— 20  pF  trimmer  cap 


Case— LMBXR-531 


JAN  Crystals 
2400  Crystal  Dr. 
Ft.  Meyers  FL  33901 
{813)-936-2397 

Hewlett-Packard,  Inc. 
Optoelectronics  Div. 
1501  Page  Mill  Rd- 
Palo  Alto  CA  94304 

Sprague,  Erie,  etc. 

Heeger,  Inc- 

725  Ceres  St. 

Los  Angeles  CA  90021 


Distributor 

Trl-Tek,  Inc. 

7808  Norlh  27th  Ave. 

Ptioenix  AZ  85021 

(602)^9959352 

Poly  PaKs,  Inc. 

PO  Box  942 
S.  Lynnfield  MA  01940 
Stock  #92CU4079 
(61 7)-245-3S28 

JAN  Crystals 


Poly  Paks,  Inc. 


Trl-Tek,  Inc. 
Stock#  CAP9308 


Note  on  the  "Factory"  column:  These  people  should  be  contacted  onfy  for  a  tocial 
distributor;  only  JAN  Crystals  will  sell  small  quantities  of  parts  to  individual  users. 


63 


quency    standard    to    J1. 
Your   standard   should   be 

accurate  to  at  least  ± 
0.001  %;  ±0.0005%  or  bet- 
ter would  be  highly  desir- 
able. Press  the  check  but- 
ton and  set  the  resolution 
switch  to  100  Hz.  You  will 
get  a  reading  close  to  10 
MHz.  Adjust  trimmer  C7 
until  you  get  a  reading  of 
exactly  10.000  MHz.  That 
completes  calibration  with 
a  standard.  If  you  don't 
have  access  to  a  frequency 
standard,  a  transmitter  will 
do  as  well.  You  should 
have  a  hrgh-quality 
counter  to  measure  the 
transmitter.  A  CB  set  will 
do.  Attach  a  piece  of  coat- 
hanger  wire  about  1 T'  long 
to  ]1.  Then  key  the  trans- 
mitter after  you  set  the 
resolution  switch  to  the 
100- Hz  position.  Key  the 
transmitter  in  brief  steps 
and  do  not  modulate  it.  A 
walkie-talkie  is  ideal  for 
this  since  little  power  is 
necessary.  Adjust  C7  until 
the  counter  reads  the  exact 


transmitter  frequency 
when  the  counter  is  held 
near  the  antenna.  That 
completes  calibration  of 
the  counter.  Close  up  the 
counter  case  and  secure  it 
with  screws. 

Operation  is  a  snap  with 
this  counter.  Simply  con- 
nect low-level  signals  to  be 
measured  to  J1  and  press 
SI.  You  then  read  the  fre- 
quency off  the  display.  The 
resolution  switch,  S2,  is  de* 
signed  to  offer  you  two 
time  bases,  and,  thus,  two 
different  gate  times.  Use 
the  0.1"Second  position 
where  you  want  a  speedy 
display  of  frequency,  and 
use  the  1-second  position 
where  you  want  greater  ac- 
curacy. This  will  allow  you 
to  read  up  to  the  last  1  kHz 
position  on  the  display 
with  S2  set  to  0.1  second, 
and  read  to  the  last  TOO  Hz 
position  with  S2  set  to  1 
second.  As  you  can  see, 
each  has  advantages. 

A  few  tips  on  using  this 
counter:  You  might  want  to 


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POUCY  SUBJECT  TO  CHANGE  WITHOUT  NOTICE 
DO£S  NOT  COVBR  SPECIALS  OR  CLOSEOUTS. 


G3 

-r—        Electronics  Supply,  Inc. 

1508  McKinney,  Houston,  1X77002,713/658-0268 


fabricate  a  12"  whip  anten- 
na out  of  a  male  BNC  con- 
nector and  a  piece  of  coat- 
hanger  wire.  Epoxy  the 
wire  inside  the  plug.  With 
this  setup,  you  should  be 
able  to  measure  a  100-mW 
CB  walkie-talkie  at  leastlS 
feet  awav^  If  you  perfor- 
mance-select   IC1,    this 


counter  will  cover  the  2 
meter  ham  band.  Finally, 
whenever  you  measure  a 
transmitter  or  signal  gen- 
erator, be  sure  to  operate  it 
in  the  unmodulated  mode, 
or  SSB  units  in  the  CW 
mode.  This  will  give  you 
maximum  accuracy  in  your 
measurements.  ■ 


Model  304  Counter  Spedficatlons 

1.  Accuracy:  Adjustable  to  up  to  ±0.0002%  or  better,  short  term. 
Also  ±  1  count  error  on  all  measurements. 
2-  Frequency  Range:  From  below  1  MHz  to  over  135  MHz. 
3,  Gate  Times:  Switched  1  second  or  0.1  second.  Display  cor- 
respondingly updated  2  seconds  or  0,2  seconds  respectively, 
4  Input:  About  500  Ohms  at  low  signal  levels  (below  0.5  volt). 

5,  Power  requirements:  5V  deal  130  mA,  no  signal.  Power  supplied 
by  nicad  batteries. 

6.  Resolution:  100  Hz  and  1  kHz  of  the  measured  frequency. 

7-  Sensitivity:  Typical  rms  sine  wave  sensitivity  for  stable  count  is 
55  mV  at  1  MHz,  4  m V  at  27  MHz,  5  mV  at  50  MHz  and  12  mV  at  135 
MHz. 

8.  Special  Features:  Hand-held  portable  unit.  Diode-protected  in- 
put, easy  construction,  long  battery  life,  etc. 

9,  Display:  0.105"  LED  calculator-type  with  7  digits. 


PC  Boards 

The  PC  board  {stock  #STGM-279)  for  this  projecl  is  avail- 
able for  $5.60  (drilled)  or  $4.00  (undrilled)  from  O.  G.  Stafford 
Electronic  Development,  427  South  Benbow  Rd.,  Greens- 
boro NC  27401.  Add  $1.00  for  shipping. 


Paris  List 

B1—4  "AA"  Nicad  batteries  in  square  holder 

CI— 0.1-uF,  200-volt  Mylar  capacitor 

C2,  03,  04,  06— 0.01-uF,  50'VOlt  disc  capacitors 

05,  010— O.VuF,  25"Volt  disc  capacitors 

07  — 6-to-20-pF  trimmer 

C8  — 27-pF  mica  capacitor 

09— 100-uF,  6,3-volt  electrolytic 

D1,  D2—1N4148  diodes 

D3— 1 N4002  rectifier  diode 

101— National  DS'8629N  VHF  prescaier 

102— Intersil  ICM-7208IPI  counter  chip* 

IC3— Intersil  tCM'7207AIPD  timebase  controller  chip* 

J1— BNC  connector,  UG-1094,  Amphenol  31-221 

J2— ROAJack 

Q1— 2N3906  PNP  silicon  transistor 

Resistors:  All  resistors  y4-Watt  film  except  for  R12. 

R1— 47-Ohm  resistor 

R2  through  R8,  R11— 47Q-Ohm  resistors 

R9— 10k  resistor 

R10— 15k  resistor 

R12— lOO^Ohm,  V^^Watt  resistor 

51  -SPST  Push-bytton  switch 

52  — DPDT  miniature  toggle  switch 

DIS-1— Hevtflett-Packard  5082-7441  9-digit  LED  display,  "Industry 

Standard"  calculator  LED  display,  Poly  Paks  92CU2954,  or  simitar. 

Y1— 5.24288   MHz  crystal    in   HC-IS/U   holder  with  wire   leads. 

Loading  capacitance  is  12  pF,  accuracy  is   ±0,005%  at  room 

temperature. 

Misc.  —  9-volt  ac/dc  battery  charger  with  RCA  plug,  PC  board,  Bezel, 

3/8"  spacers  (4  each),  LMB  OR-531  case,  4-40  screws,  wire,  etc. 

^Available  from  Poly  PaHs  as  a  set.  Stock  #92CU4079. 


64 


1^  R^^def  Servfce^see  page  259 


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f^  Reader  S&n/fce—sem page  259 


P 


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Brings  you  the 
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65 


A  Versatile,  Variable  Active  Filter 

-de  switching  and  8-pole  response  make  this  one  a  winner 

on  RTTY  or  CW 


Brie  J,  Grabowski  WASHES 
30312  Arnold  Road 
Wiiiowick  OH  44094 

Recently,  my  interest  in 
RTTY  operation  was 
rekindled.  The  thought  of 
using  the  existing  tube-type 
terminal  unit,  however, 
was  not  a  pleasant  one.  A 
rework  of  the  terminal  unit 
seemed  appropriate. 

A  good  place  to  start 
was  replacing  the  bulky  LC 
filters  with  active  filters. 
Although  many  active  fil- 
ter circuits  have  been  de- 
scribed in  previous  articles. 


none  was  exactly  what  I 
needed.  Consequently,  the 
circuit  presented  here  was 
developed.    The   applica 

tion  TS  not  limited  to  RTTY; 
with  some  value  changes  it 
can  be  used  for  CW  recep- 
tion or  other  uses  where  it 
is  desired  to  pass  a  single 
frequency  while  rejecting 
all  others. 

Design  Goals 

After  some  initial 
brainstorming,  the  follow- 
ing list  of  objectives  was 
prepared: 

1.  Ultimate  selectivity 
should    be    less   than   100 


Hertz,  but  some  interme- 
diate choices  should  be 
available. 

2.  Minimize  power  con- 
sumption. Single  supply 
operation.  Operation  con- 
sistent over  a  wide  range  of 
supply  voltage. 


3.  Some  type  of  dc-switch- 
ing  technique  should  be 
used  for  selectivity  selec- 
tion to  simplify  wiring  and 
provide  for  future  control 
by  microprocessor. 

4,  Capability  to  bypass  the 
filter  altogether. 


MODE 


CMOS 
LOGIC 


e 


ti 


]? 


CMOS 

SWITCHES 


UHF^t^TEiCIJ  RESfDftfBf 


I-POLt:  frC 


INPUT 


i 


{> 


*-wOLi.  mts^&mt. 


fr 


l 


0  U  T  f*U  t 


•  ■POil   •fS»0«f 


{>-£^ 


Fig.  t.  Block  diagram  illustrating  the  concept  aide  switch- 
ing. Wires  to  the  remote  mounted  switch  carry  dc  levels 
only.  Stray  currents  mduced  into  these  wires  will  not 
degrade  the  filter  performance. 


Center 

R1— R4 

R5— R8 

R9- 

R12 

Comment 

Frequency 

2975  Hz 

220k 

430k 

r 

6.8k 

RTTY  Space 
(850  Hz  shift) 

2295  Hz 

270k 

560k 

9.1k 

RTTY  Space 
(170  Hz  shift) 

2125  Hz 

300k 

620k 

10k 

RTTY  Mark 

750  Hz 

820k 

1.8  Meg 

27k 

CW 

Active  filter. 


Tabfe  1,  Active  filter  resistor  values. 


66 


Filter  Circuit 

The  LM324  quad  opera- 
tional amplrfier  was  select- 
ed for  the  filter  circuit. 
Each  of  the  op  amps  is  con- 
figured as  a  two^pole  ac- 
tive filter  and  cascaded  in 
a  daisy  chain  fashion.  Each 
stage  has  a  Q  of  about  4, 
unity  ac  gain,  and  a  center 
frequency  determined  by 
the  R  and  C  values  chosen. 
The  outputs  of  all  op  amps 
except  the  third  are  ap* 
plied  to  the  switching  cir- 
cuitry. The  decision  not  to 
use  the  third  output  was  ar- 
rived at  experimentally, 
and  experience  has  proved 
this  to  be  a  wise  choice. 

Table  1  identifies  the 
values  of  resistors  used  for 
the  RTTY  mark  and  space 
frequencies.  Values  are 
also  shown  for  a  CW  filter 
centered  at  about  750 
HefU.  (CI  -08  =  0,001  uF) 

For  best  results,  the 
frequency-determining  ca- 
pacitors should  be  a  high- 
stability  type,  Cornell- 
Dubilier  series  WMF  is  a 
good  choice,  and  they  are 
readily  available. 

If  you  want  to  use  the 
filter  on  some  other  fre- 
quency, the  R  and  C  values 
will  have  to  be  calculated 
from  formulas.  Since  there 
are  more  standard  resistor 
values  than  capacitor 
values  to  choose  from,  it  is 
usually  more  convenient  to 
arbitrarily  setect  a  capaci- 
tor value  and  then  use  the 
nearest  standard  value  re- 
sistors. 

Oc  Switching  Circuit 

Two  complementary 
MOS  integrated  circuits 
comprise  the  dc  switching 
circuit.  A  CD4049  hex  in- 
verter is  used  to  drive  the 
control  inputs  of  the 
CD4016  quad  analog  switch. 

A  pull-up  resistor  nor- 
mally holds  each  hex  invert- 
er input  at  the  positive 
supply  voltage.  This  forces 
the  inverter  output  and  the 
associated  control  input  to 
ground  potential.  As  long 
as  the  control  input  is 
grounded,    the   switch    ap* 


rrif — -O*'"^^"^ 


iKf^uT 


ms& 


Fig.  2.  Schematic  of  the  active  bandpass  filter  using  dc  switcfiing  for  bandwidth  selection. 
See  table  for  values  of  frequency  determining  components. 


TO   rRONT 

PANEL  SWITCH 

r 


OUT 


Fig.  3.  Component  placement  drawing,  A  dot  is  placed  near  pin  1  of  all  integrated  circuits 
for  identification. 


pears  open,  A  four-position 
rotary  switch  is  used  to  se- 
lect which  switch  is  closed 
by  grounding  the  appropri- 
ate pull-up  resistor. 

Since  there  are  only  four 
switches  in  the  IC  package. 


and  the  unfiltered  input 
uses  one  of  them,  one  of 
the  filter  outputs  had  to  be 
sacrificed.  The  output  of 
the  third  filter  seemed  to 
be  the  least  useful;  conse- 
quently, it  was  deleted 


Construction 

The  circuit  was  built  on  a 
printed  cjrcuit  board  3-5/8 
by  2-1/2  irtches  from  the 
artwork  shown  For  those 
of  you  unable  to  roll  your 
own,    arrangements    ha^ve 


67 


Fig.  4.  Actual  size  artwork  of  the  foil  side  of  the  printed  circuit  board. 


been  made  with  Firstron 
Electronics,  P.O.  Box  151, 
Streetsboro  OH  44240  to 
supply  etched  and  drilled 
boards.  The  cost  is  $4.00. 

Assembly  should  pro- 
ceed quickly  by  following 
the  component  location 
drawing,  The  usual  precau- 
tions should  be  observed 
when  handling  the  CMOS 
integrated  circuits  to  pre- 
vent damage  by  static 
charges.  Capacitors  shown 
with  polarity  are  either 
dipped  tantalum  or  vertical 
electrolytic  types. 


-50 


200 


SOO  lOOO 

FREQUENCE   {Mil 


2000 


aaoa 


Fig  5.  Graph  oi  the  response  at  the  various  outputs  of  the 
active  filter.  This  filter  has  a  center  frequency  of  800  Hertz 

and  was  used  as  a  CW  filter. 


Loc 

Cod« 

Key 

Comments 

42 

STO 

0 

43 

RCL 

Find  R1 

06 

06 

R3 

04 

04 

91 

R/S 

Find  R2 

55 

■■ 

30 

53 

( 

53 

( 

43 

RCL 

02 

02 

05 

05 

5 

65 

X 

65 

X 

89 

It 

43 

RCL 

65 

X 

35 

06 

06 

43 

RCL 

54 

) 

01 

01 

55 

* 

10 

65 

X 

S3 

( 

43 

RCL 

04 

04 

02 

02 

40 

65 

X 

65 

X 

43 

RCL 

43 

RCL 

04 

04 

15 

03 

03 

33 

X* 

54 

} 

65 

X 

95 

45 

43 

RCL 

42 

STO 

05 

05 

05 

05 

R1 

75 



20 

91 

Rys 

Find  R3 

43 

RCL 

65 

X 

06 

06 

02 

02 

50 

54 

» 

65 

X 

95 

^ 

43 

RCL 

42 

STO 

25 

02 

02 

07 

07 

R2 

95 

= 

91 

R/S 

END 

When  the  assembly 
phase  is  over,  double- 
check  the  polarity  of  polar- 
ized capacitors  and  make 
sure  there  are  no  solder 
bridges  across  adjacent 
foils. 

Operation 

The  dc  power  supply 
voltage  is  not  critical.  Any 
voltage  between  3  and  15 
volts  will  suffice.  With 
power  applied,  check  the 
voltage  on  pin  3  of  the 
LM324.  It  should  be  very 
close  to  half  of  the  supply 
voltage.  If  it  is  not,  the  out- 
put waveform  will  be 
clipped,  causing  distortion. 

Both  the  input  and  out- 
put of  the  filter  are  ac- 
coupled,  so  there  is  no 
need  to  worry  about  dis- 
turbing the  bias  voltages  of 
the  preceeding  and  suc- 
ceeding stages  of  the 
equipment  the  filter  is  used 
with,  fn  order  to  maintain  a 
linear  response  though,  the 
level  of  the  input  signal 
must  be  less  than  the  dc 
supply  voltage.  For  exam- 
ple, if  a  12-volt  supply  is 
used,  the  peak-to-peak  in- 
put voltage  must  be  less 
than  12  volts. 

For  RTTY  operation,  two 
circuit  boards  are  required. 
One  for  the  mark  frequen- 
cy and  another  for  the 
space  frequency.  If  de- 
sired, a  ganged  rotary 
switch  can  be  used  to 
select  the  bandwidths  of 
both  channels  simulta- 
neously. 

Conclusion 

The  graph  illustrates  the 


Fig,  6.  T 1-58/59  program  coding  for  determining  the  frequency  dependent  components. 


Fig  7.  Program  description. 
Given  center  frequency  (f), 
gain  (Al  desired  Q  (Q),  and 
capacitance  (Cll  find  values 
for  Rt  then  R3,  then  R2. 
Equations:  CI  =  C2;  R1  — 
Q/2nfAa;  R3  =  2ARV  and 
R2  =  R1R3/4Q^R1-R3. 


88 


step 

Procedure 

Enter 

Press 

Display 

0 

Jnltialize 

1 

Load  prog  ram 

2 

Enter  center  freq  m  Hertz 

f 

STO01 

f 

3 

Enter  gain  io  units 

A 

STO  02 

A 

4 

Enter  capacitor  value  in  uF 

CI 

STO03 

C1 

5 

Enter  value  for  Q  in  units 

Q 

STO  04 

Q 

6 

Find  Rl;STO05 

RSTR/S 

R1  megohms 

7 

Find  R3;  STa06 

R/S 

R3  megohms 

8 

Find  R2i  STO-07 

R/S 

R2  megohms 

0 

Not  used 

1 

f 

2 

A 

3 

CI 

4 

Q 

5 

R1 

6 

R3 

7 

R2 

fig.  8.  User  instructions. 

bandwidths   obtained   and      about  80  Hertz,  which  satis-  well.  Current  draw  is  about 

the    selectivity    achieved,      fled  the  design  goal.  All  the  2   milliamperes.    Since   all 

Ultimate    bandwidth    is     other   goafs   were   met   as  audio    signals    are    con- 


fig.  9.  Data  registers. 

tamed  on  the  board,  long, 
unshielded  hookup  wire 
can  be  used  between  the 
board    and    the    switch 

without  degrading  the  per- 
form ance.B 


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Portland,  Maine  (MM 2 
Telephone:  (207)  775-7710 


f^  Reader  Service— see  page  ^9 


69 


H.  Pauf  Shuck  N6TX 
Mkrocomm 
14908  Sandy  Lane 
Sai7  Jose  CA  95124 


Variable  Tuning  for  WEFAX  Receivers 


why  be  rockbound? 


In  recent  years,  literal ly 
thousands  of  radio  ama- 
teyrs  have  discovered  the 
thrill  of  recovering  weather 
facsimile  (WEFAX)  images 
from  orbiting  satellites. 
Their  efforts  and  accom- 
plishments have  been  well- 
documented  in  numerous 
articles  — some  are  listed 
below  as  references  nos. 
1-9— and  in  at  least  one  ex- 
cellent book.  "^ 

Until  recently,  the  ma- 
jority  of  weather  satellites 
transmitted  VHF-FM  im- 
ages in  the  137-MHz  re- 
gion, and  enterprising 
hams  have  employed  their 
characteristic  ingenuity  to 
recover    these    signals    at 


minimum  expense.  Receiv- 
ers which  have  been  suc- 
cessfully   modified    for 

WEFAX  reception  include 
various  Motorola  and  CE 
high-band  commercial  re- 
ceiver strips,  police  scan- 
ners from  Bearcat,  Regen- 
cy, Realistic,  and  others, 
monitor  receivers  such  as 
those  sold  by  Vanguard, 
Heathkit,  Hamtronics,  VHF 
Engineering,  and  others, 
and  a  limitless  variety  of 
2  meter  FM  receivers. 

One  characteristic  which 
all  of  the  above  receivers 
share  is  the  lack  of  tuning 
flexibility.  These  are  fixed- 
tuned,  crystal-controlled 
(or  "channelized")  receiv- 


A  weather  satellite  image  received  witb  the  incoming 
signal  at  the  edge  of  the  feceiver's  passband (some  15  kHz 
off  the  frequencyl 


ers  which,  when  crystalled 
and  tweaked  for  WEFAX  re- 
ception, allow  no  fine- 
tuning  adjustments.  In  sat- 
ellite work,  however,  man- 
ual tuning  often  spells  the 
difference  between  mar- 
ginal and  exceptional  im- 
ages (see  the  accompanying 
photographs).  The  purpose 
of  this  article,  then,  is  to 
outline  a  method  of  adding 
frequency  tuning  to  VHF- 
FM  receivers  used  for 
weather  satellite  work. 

Why  a  Tunable  Receiver? 

Consider  an  NOAA  (Na- 
tional Oceanic  and  At- 
mospheric Administration) 
satellite  orbiting  the  Earth 
at  900  miles  and  transmit- 
ting weather  pictures  at 
137.5  MHz.  As  the  satellite 
appears  on  the  horizon, 
races  overhead,  and  then 
drops  off  beyond  the  op- 
posite horizon,  its  frequen- 
cy, as  received  on  the 
ground,  is  forever  chang- 
ing. This  characteristic 
Doppler  shift,  which  is  well 
known  to  anyone  who's 
ever  listened  to  the  2-meter 
downlink  signal  from 
OSCAR  VII  (Mode  B),  may 
amount  to  several  kHz  dur- 
ing an  overhead  pass. 

One  way  to  keep  the 
satellite's  signal  within  the 
receiver's  passband  is  to 
widen  the  receiver's  i-f 
bandwidth  by  the  amount 
of  anticipated  Doppler 
shift.    But    the   signal-to- 


norse  ratio  (SNR)  of  the 
recovered  signal  is  in  part  a 
function  of  the  i-f  band- 
width. That  is,  widening  the 
passband  response  of  the 
receiver  admits  additional 
noise,  which  degrades  sig- 
nal quality. 

A  costly,  though  effec- 
tive, alternative  is  to  keep 
the  receiver  narrow,  but 
add  an  automatic  frequen- 
cy control  (afc)  loop.  The 
receiver  wilt  then  lock  on 
to  the  incoming  signal  and 
track  it  across  the  spec- 
trum—that is,  assuming 
the  receiver  is  able  to  ac- 
quire the  signal  in  the  first 
place.  One  disadvantage 
to  afc  is  that  if  the  receiver 
loses  the  signal  momentari- 
ly due  to  fading,  interfer- 
ence, or  whatever,  it  may 
be  unable  to  reacquire  the 
signal  quickly  enough. 
While  searching  for  a  sig- 
nal to  lock  on,  the  system 
may  lose  a  substantial  por* 
tion  of  the  transmission. 

tf  an  operator  is  present 
during  reception,  manual 
tuning  overcomes  the 
above  problem.  An  opera- 
tor's se  a  rch-and- acquire 
time  is  minimal  (just  notice 
how  quickly  the  pileup 
materializes  when  a  rare 
DX  station  shows  up  on  fre- 
quency!), and  the  operator 
need  only  tune  to  keep  the 
discriminator  meter  cen- 
tered once  the  satellite  is 
acquired. 

Consider  now  the  case 
of  receiving  signals  from 


70 


the  new  generation  of  geo- 
stationary weather  satel- 
lites.^*'^' Here  the  satellites 
are  in  an  eastward  orbit 
above  the  equator,  com- 
pleting one  orbit  every  24 
hours.  Thus,  to  an  observer 
on  the  ground,  the  satellite 
appears  to  hover  motion- 
less in  space.  This  orbit  not 
only  minimizes  tracking 
difficulties,  but  also  elimi- 
nates relative  motion  be- 
tween the  satellite  and  the 
observer,  thus  eliminating 
the  Doppler  shift  prob- 
lem.^ ^ 

On-frequency  reception 
of  the  new  geostationary 
satellites  (the  United 
States'  GOES  E  and  GOES 
W,  Japan's  CMS,  and  the 
European  Space  Agency's 
METEOSAT)  presents  other 
difficulties,  however. 
These  satellites  transmit 
WEFAX  in  the  microwave 
spectrum,  at  1,691  MHz. 
Since  image  format  and 
modulation  characteristics 
are  similar  to  the  transmis- 
sions from  the  earlier, 
polar-orbiting  VHF  satel- 
lites, reception  of  these 
new  birds  is  generally  ac- 
complished by  placing  a 
heterodyne  downconverter 
in  front  of  an  existing  VHF 
satellite  receiver, ^^"^^  And  it 
is  in  the  downconversion 
process  that  frequency 
problems  crop  up. 

Converter  Calibration 

A  crystal-controlled  con- 
verter for  reception  of  the 
microwave  WEFAX  trans- 
missions might  employ  a 
local  oscillator  in  the 
1.5-GHz  region,  derived  by 
multiplying  up  a  stable 
crystal  oscillator  in  the 
130-MHz  region  (see  Fig 
1).'^  A  high  quality  overtone 
crystal  will  exhibit  a  room- 
temperature  tolerance  on 
the  order  of  ±0.001%, 
which  is  about  five  times 
better  than  the  average 
ham-rig  crystal.  This 
sounds  tike  high  precision, 
but  when  applied  to  the 
1.5-GHz  LO  injection  fre- 
quency, represents  a  cal- 
ibration ambiguity  of  15 
kHz!    Since    the    typical 


w 


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FILTER 


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fiECElVEH 


LOCAL   OSCttLATOR   CHAitt 


190MHz 

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Fig.  1.  Block  diagram  of  the  Microcomm  Model  RX-1691  integral  Wf  MX  downconverter. 

The  oscillator/multiplier  string  is  typical  of  ntodern  microwave  receivers.  For  more  infor- 
mation on  this  downconverter,  send  an  SASE  to  Microcomm,  14908  Sandy  Lane,  San  }ose 
CA  95124. 


bandwidth  of  a  VHF-FM  re- 
ceiver used  as  a  weather 
satellite  i-f  would  be  on  the 
order  of  30  kHz,  you  can 
see  that  even  a  relatively 
well-calibrated  crystal  can 
easily  result  in  the  received 
signal  being  on  the  very 
edge  of  the  receiver's  pass- 
band. 

Unless  the  converter's 
crystal  oscillator  is  in- 
stalled in  a  thermostatical- 
ly-controlled oven,  how- 
ever, the  problem  doesn't 
stop  there.  Over  the  tem- 
perature range  of  —10**  C 
to  +60*=*  C,  the  thermal  tol« 
erance  of  even  a  high- 
grade  crystal  will  be  on  the 
order  of  ±0.002%.  Ap-- 
plied  to  thel  .5-GHz  LO  fre- 
quency required  to  down- 
convert  microwave  WEFAX 
to  VHF,  the  frequency  drift 
over  temperature  may  be 
as  much  as  30  kHz,  placing 
the  received  signal  com- 
pletely out  of  the  receiv- 
er's passband. 

Obviously,  keeping  the 
receiver  "on  frequency" 
with  respect  to  the  satellite 
is  going  to  require  some 
kind  of  tuning,  either  to  the 
downconverter's  LO  or  the 
VHF  receiver.  I  maintain 
that  the  appropriate  place 
to  introduce  tuning  is  in  the 
VHF  receiver.  To  under- 
stand why,  it's  first  neces- 
sary to  know  a  little  about 
phase  noise. 

Phase  Noise 

An  unavoidable  charac- 
teristic   of    any    crystal 


oscillator,  no  matter  how 
well       engineered       or 

fabricated,   is  that   it  will 


always  exhibit  some  de- 
gree of  instability.  This  is 
evidenced    by    incidental 


Fig,  2.  A  spectrum  analyzer  photo  of  a  microwave  local 
oscillator  exhibiting  excessive  phase  noise  sidebands.  This 
incidental  FM  results  from  excessive  pulling  of  the 
cry  stats  frequency  of  oscillation,  as  discussed  in  the  text 


Fig,  3.  This  is  the  same  LO  chain  shown  in  Fig.  2,  after  hav- 
ing been  multiplied  in  an  active  doubler  stage.  Note  that 
both  sideband  amplitude  and  deviation  are  increased,  as 
discussed  in  the  text 


71 


A  weather  satellite  image  received  with  the  signal  centered 
in  the  receivers  passband.  All  other  conditions  were  iderh 

tical  to  those  prevailing  in  the  photo  where  the  signal  was 
some  15  kHz  off  frequency. 


FM  sidebands  visible 
above  and  below  the  pri- 
mary output  frequency, 
when  viewed  on  a  spec- 
trum analyzer  (see  Fig.  2), 
In  achieving  reception 
which  is  reasonably  free 
from  spurious  responses,  it 
Is  desirable  to  keep  these 
sidebands  [also  known  as 
phase  noise)  to  a  mini- 
mum. 

Unfortunately,  any  time 
an  oscillator^s  output  is 
multiplied  to  a  higher  fre- 
quency (such  as  occurs  in 
the  microwave  downcon- 
verter  of  Fig.  1),  both  the 
amplitude  and   the   band- 


width of  phase  noise  will 
tend  to  increase.  As  illus- 
trated by  Fig,  3,  phase 
noise  bandwidth  increases 
because,  as  a  signal  is 
multiplied  in  frequency, 
the  spacing  between  side- 
bands is  multiplied  by  the 
same  amount  The  increase 
in  phase  noise  amplitude 
with  multiplication  relates 
to  multipliers  being  non- 
linear (generally  class  C) 
devices.  Think  of  a 
multiplier  as  an  amplifier 
being  driven  into  satura* 
tion.  The  primary  signal 
will  be  gain-compressed  to 
a  greater  degree  than  its 


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sidebands  (which,  after  all, 
started  out  at  a  lower 
level).  Thus,  the  sidebands 
emerge  from  the  multiplier 
nearer  in  amplitude  to 
their  carrier  than  they  were 
going  in. 

Since  both  phase  noise 
and  its  increase  with 
multiplication  are  un- 
avoidable, it  is  apparent 
that  one  objective  of 
receiver  design  should  be 
to  minimize  incidental  FM 
on  local  oscillators  to  the 
greatest  possible  extent 

Which  Oscillator  fo  Tune? 

Any  crystal-controlled  os- 
cillator can  be  made  to  vary 
somewhat  in  frequency  by 
placing  a  small  reactance 
(either  capacitive  or  induc- 
tive) either  in  series  with  or 
in  parallel  with  the  crystal. 
The  circuit  configuration 
used,  amount  of  tuning 
achieved,  and  reactance 
values  chosen  are  a  func- 
tion of  several  variables 
which  are,  as  the  textbooks 
say,  beyond  the  scope  of 
this  course.  The  technique 
of  varying  or  "warping''  the 
crystal's  resonant  frequen- 
cy by  the  addition  of  an  ex- 
ternal reactance,  however, 
is  used  in  most  commercial 
variable  crystal  oscillators 
(vxo's)  and  CB  ''sliders/' 
The  only  problem  which 
this  technique  presents  is 
that  "rubbering"  a  crystal's 
operating  frequency  al- 
ways degrades  its  stability 


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Fig.  4,  A  simplified  block  diagram  of  the  microwave  receiving  system. 


somewhat,  and  this  insta- 
bility shows  up  as  inciden- 
tal FM,  or  phase  noise. 

Fig.  4,  is  a  simplified 
block  diagram  of  a  micro- 
wave downconverter  (such 
as  that  shown  in  Fig.  1), 
operating  into  a  typical 
VHF-FM  receiver.  It  il- 
lustrates the  frequency 
schemes  used  in  the  vari- 
ous conversions.  You  will 
notice  that  there  are  three 
separate  crystal-controUed 
oscillators  involved.  Vxo- 
ing  any  one  of  the  three 
will  result  in  varying  the 
frequency  response  of  the 
receiver,  but  which  oscilla- 
tor should  be  tuned? 

Since  tuning  any  oscilla- 
tor introduces  instability, 
and  since  instability  com- 
pounds when  frequency  is 
multiplied,  it  should  be  evi- 
dent that  we  can  rule  out 
vxoing  the  microwave  lo- 
cal oscillator  chain.  This  is 
unfortunate,  because  the 
high-order  multiplication 
scheme  used  would  have 
made  it  very  easy  to 
achieve  a  considerable 
amount  of  frequency  flex^ 
ibility,  were  phase  noise 
not  a  factor.  That  is,  the 
x12  multiplication  of  the 
130-MHz  crystal  oscillator 
would  have  made  it  possi- 
ble to  achieve  ±24  kHz  of 
tuning  range  just  by  pulling 
the  crystal  up  or  down  2 
kHz.  Lest  you  be  tempted 
to  pull  the  130-MHz  crys- 
tal, even  this  small 
amount  look  again  at  Fig. 
2,  which  is  a  spectrum- 
analyzer  photo  of  the  in- 
s  tab  titty  which  will  result. 

In  the  interest  of  mini- 
mizing phase  noise  side- 
bands, it  always  is  best  to 
let  oscillators  driving 
multiplier  chains  oscillate 
where  they  want  to,  and  do 
your  tuning  downstream. 
Since  the  output  of  the 
10-MHz  oscillator  is  not 
multiplied  at  all,  one  might 
be  tempted  to  make  it 
variable,  in  order  to  tune 
the  receiver  shown  in  Fig. 
4,  However,  notice  that  the 
last  conversion  stage  oc- 
curs after  the  lOJ-MHz 
bandpass  filter  which  sets 


72 


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Fig.  5.  Varying  the  operating  frequency  of  a  series-mode 
crystal. 


the  receiver's  overall  re- 
sponse. Since  it  does  little 
good  to  do  your  tuning 
downstream  from  the  ma- 
jor selectivity  portion  of 
the  receiver,  this  (eaves  on* 
fy  the  42-MHz  crystal  in  the 
second  conversion  as  a 
likely  candidate  for  achiev- 
ing frequency  agility. 

It  is  true  that  the  output 
of  the  42-MHz  crystal  is 
multiplied  to  126  MHz, 
and  true  that  that  multipli- 
cation will  tend  to  ag- 
gravate the  phase  noise 
problem,  but  a  times-three 
multiplication  is  less  hor- 
rendous than  a  times- 
twelve  jump,  as  far  as  in- 
stability is  concerned.  My 
experience  indicates  that 
it's  possible  to  pull  the  fre- 
quency of  oscilfation  of 
the  42-MHz  crystal  as 
much  as  ±10kHz  (yielding 
±30  kHz  of  overall  tuning 
range)  with  no  ilt  effects, 

Vxo  Circuit  Description 

I  said  before  that  reac- 
tances can  be  added  in 
series  or  in  parallel  with  a 
crystal,  and  that  they  can 
be  capacitive  or  inductive 
to  achieve  tuning.  In  the 
case  of  a  crystal  operating 
in  its  series-resonant  mode, 
the  addition  of  series- 
inductance  will  tend  to 
lower  the  operating  fre- 
quency, while  series- 
capacitance  will  tend  to 
raise  it  This  is  illustrated  in 
Fig.  5.  Series-inductance 
will  combine  with  the 
equivalent  inductance  of 
the  crystal  itself,  lowering 
the  resonant  frequency* 
On  the  other  hand,  a  ca- 
pacitor in  series  with  the 


crystal's  equivalent  capac- 
itance will  decrease  the 
overall  capacitance,  rais- 
ing the  resonant  frequency. 
Where  both  series  induc- 
tance and  capacitance  are 
used,  one  effect  or  the 
other  will  predominate, 
depending  on  which  reac- 
tance is  of  the  greater 
magnitude.  If  the  added  in- 
ductive and  capacitive 
reactances  are  equal,  they 
will  cancel  each  other 
(resonate),  and  the  crystal 
will  oscillate  on  its  original 
frequency. 

Fig.  6  is  a  schematic  dia- 
gram of  the  oscillator  sec- 
tion of  a  Vanguard  receiv- 
er, which  is  typical  of  many 
of  the  receivers  mentioned 
in  the  introduction.  The 
crystals  are  third-overtone 
units  in  the  vicinity  of  42 
MHz,  operating  in  their 
series  mode.  Notice  the 
5-tO-30-pF  trimmer  capac- 
itor, shunted  by  a  10-pF 
fixed  capacitor,  in  series 
with  each  crystal  These  ca- 
pacitors are  used  for  ''net- 
ting" or  zeroing  the  receive 
frequency,  and  provide  a 
total  tuning  range  of  about 
2  kHz,  upward.  To  make 
the  receiver  come  out  on 


This  is  a  weather  satetlite  image  taken  with  the  signal 
centered  in  the  receiver's  passband.  Notice  the  slight  blur 
at  the  top,  caused  by  tuning  the  receiver  during  reception. 


frequency,  the  manufac- 
turer specifies  crystals  cut 
for  1  kHz  lower  than  the  ex- 
pected frequency. 

Since  the  2-kHz  total 
tuning  range  (±1  kHz)  is 
hardly  sufficient  to  com- 
pensate for  Doppler  shift 
or  thermal  drift,  it  is 
necessary  to  significantly 
increase  the  tuning  range 
of  this  circuit.  In  my 
WE  FAX  receiver,  I  wanted 
to  be  able  to  tune  137.5 
MHz  ±30  kHz  (a  total  tun- 
ing range  of  60  kHz).  Since 
the  output  of  the  42''MHz 
oscillator  is  tripled  to  126 
MHz,  it  was  necessary  to 
make  the  oscillator  tune  a 
total  of  20  kHz.  I  found, 
however,  that  no  matter 
how  small  I  made  the  series 
capacitance,  the  circuit 
dropped  out  of  oscillation 
before  it  reached  20  kHz  of 


frequency  change.  Similar- 
ly, a  series  inductor  raised 
the  frequency  of  oscilla- 
tion, but  the  circuit  died 
before  a  20-kHz  change 
had  been  achieved. 

I  was  able,  however,  to 
make  the  oscillator  move 
either  up  or  down  about  10 
kHz  by  applying  about  300 
Ohms  of  inductive  or  ca- 
pacitive reactance  in  series 
with  the  crystal.  It  thus 
became  clear  that  my  vxo 
circuit  was  going  to  have  to 
incorporate  both  induc- 
tance and  capacitance  to 
achieve  the  desired  tuning 
range. 

The  values  which  I  ul- 
timately selected  are 
shown  in  Fig.  7.  This  circuit 
gave  me  the  desired  60  kHz 
of  total  receiver  tuning 
range,  but  for  reasons 
which  I  do  not  fully  under- 


/fT 


Fig,  6.  VHF  local  oscillator  section  of  the  Vanguard  FMR-250-n  and  FMR-150A  FM 
receivers. 


73 


The  bfur  at  the  top  of  this  picture  h  a  dramatic  indfcation 
of  the  effects  of  tuning.  At  the  start  of  the  transmissions, 
the  receiver  was  not  tuned  on  the  incoming  signal  The 
noise  disappears  abruptly  when  the  receiver  is  tuned.  This 
is  especially  evident  in  the  grey-to-white  transition  at  the 
upper  right 


stand,  the  tuning  range  of 
the  crystal  was  ''skewed" 
downward  somewhat.  [1 
suspect  this  may  have  been 
due  in  part  to  the  crystal's 
holder  capacitance,  which 
1  overlooked  In  my  simplis- 
tic analysis  in  Fig.  6J  By 
purchasing  a  crystal  cut  to 
receive  25  kHz  high  in  the 
band,  this  circuit  gave  me 
accurate  center-frequency 
calibration,  and  plus-and- 
minus  30-kHz  tuning. 

Since  this  vxo  circuit 
worked  for  a  Vanguard  re- 
ceiver, t  Eater  tried  it  in  a 
Drake  2  meter  transceiver. 
With  a  single  crystal  for 
146.55'MHz  reception.  I 
afn  now  able  to  tune  the 


three  popular  simplex  fre- 
quencies   of    146,49,    .52, 

and  -55, 

Modification  Procedures 

The  following  procedure 
applies  specifically  to  the 
Vanguard  Model  FMR-250- 
11  receiver.  Of  all  low-cost 
receivers,  this  is  perhaps 
the  one  most  widely  used 
for  weather  satellite  work. 
The  procedure  will  no 
doubt  be  similar  for  other 
receivers,  although  the 
layout  will  differ.  Those 
readers  modifying  Van- 
guard receivers  will  be  aid- 
ed by  the  accompanying 
photographs. 

[1)  Remove  crystal  selec- 


TOTAL   L't.2    pH 

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3.5»C 


Fig.  Z  Vxo  circuit  for  the  Vanguard  VHF-FM  receivers.  An 
added  component  V7  =  42.275-MHz  series-resonant, 
.003%  tolerance,  third-overtone  crystal,  with  HC-lS 
holder  [Sentry  scanner  crystal  cut  for  137,525  MHz  recep- 
tion]. CI  =  f.  F.  fohnson  1-60-130  air-variable  capacitor, 
3.1  to  31.9  pF.  Rfc|  —  h2-uH  miniature  inductor;  rfc2  — 
1.0-aH  miniature  inductor. 


tor  switch  SI.  (This  as- 
sumes that  single-channel 
plus-and-minus-tuning  per- 
formance will  be  accept- 
able,) 

(2)  Remove  all  twelve 
"netting"  capacitors  (5-to- 
30-pF  trimmers)  and  all 
twelve  10-pF  ceramic  disc 
capacitors  located  adja- 
cent to  the  crystal  sockets, 

(3)  Cut  away  the  front  of 
the  printed  circuit  board 
behind  SI  to  accommo- 
date the  tuning  capacitor. 
Note  that  two  power  traces 
at  the  very  front  of  the  cir- 
cuit board  are  eliminated 
in  the  process. 

(4)  Using  insulated 
stranded  wire,  reconnect 
the  power  by  jumpering 
around  the  traces  just  cut. 
Leave  the  wires  long  enough 
to  be  routed  around  the  tun- 
ing capacitor,  well  behind 
the  front  panel. 

(5)  Install  the  3-to-30-pF 
tuning  capacitor  in  the 
hole  formerly  occupied  by 
SI. 

(6)  Wire  from  the  base  of 
the  oscillator  transistor 
directly  to  one  of  the  re- 
maining crystal  sockets.  In- 
stall the  two  miniature  rf 
chokes  between  the  other 
pin  of  the  crystal  socket 
and  the  stator  of  the  tuning 
capacitor,  [See  Fig.  7J 

(7)  Order  a  42.275-MHz 
third-overtone  crystal  in  an 
HC-25  package,  specifying 
series  resonance  and 
±,003%  tolerance.  Plug  in 
the  crystal,  and  enjoy  1 37.5 
MHz{±30kHz)tuningl 

Acknowledgment 

Amateurs  helping  me  to 
evaluate  the  requirement 
for  tuning  flexibility  on 
weather  satellite  receivers 
included  Ralph  Taggart 
WB8DQT,  Dale  Hauck 
W6YFr,  John  Prigg  WA7]  lO, 
and  Bob  Schloeman 
WA7MOV.  Each  of  us  ap- 
proached the  problem  in  a 
different  way. 

Ralph  designed  his  own 
VHF-FM  receiver  from  the 
ground  up,  with  a  design 
which  included  frequency 
tuning.  Although  his  circuit 
employs  a  tuning  varactor 


diode,  it's  not  too  different 
from  mine.  He  is  currently 
producing  the  receiver 
commercially,  and  from  all 
indications,  it  should  signif- 
icantly benefit  weather 
satellite  enthusiasts,^* 

Dale  first  tried  tuning 
the  microwave  LO  chain, 
suffering  the  very  phase 
noise  problems  I  men- 
tioned earlier.  He  has  since 
ordered  one  of  Ralph's  tun- 
able receivers. 

John  ordered  a  synthe- 
sizer to  go  with  his  existing 
VHF  receiver.  The  syn- 
thesizer gives  him  fixed- 
tuned  coverage  in  5-kHz 
steps,  which  is  adequate 
for  keeping  the  received 
signal  rather  close  to  the 
center  of  the  receiver's 
passband. 

Bob  has  been  using  ice 
cubes,  blankets,  and  lots  of 
luck  to  try  to  keep  the 
temperature  constant  on 
his  microwave  downcon- 
verterl  Though  this  is  cer- 
tainly the  least  costly  solu- 
tion of  the  temperature  sta- 
bility problem,  he  admits 
that  it  does  have  its  weak* 
nesses.  By  the  time  this  ap- 
pears in  print,  the  chances 
are  that  he  will  have 
modified  his  Vanguard 
receiver  for  variable  tun- 
ingB 

References 

1.  Wendell  G.  Anderson 
K2RNF,  "Amateur  Reception  of 
Weather  Satellite  Picture 
Transmissions,"  QST^  Novem- 
ber, 1965,  p.  11. 

2.  Jack  Spillane  W7UGV, 
*'CathocJe-Ray  Tube  Display 
Unit  lor  Satellite  Weather  Pic- 
tures," QST,  June.  1969,  p.  18, 

3.  Aubrey  Burton  W4TNT,  "Re- 
ception of  Nimbus  111  Infrared 
Pictures;*  QST,  February.  1970. 
p.  51. 

4.  KatashI  Nose  KH6IJ,  "Using 
the  ATS-1  Weather  Satellite  for 
Communications,"  QST,  De- 
cember, 1971,  p.  48. 

5.  Charles  H.  McKnight 
W4MKM,  "Evolution  of  an  Ama- 
teur Weather-Satellite  Picture 
Station."  0S7,  April,  1968,  p.  28, 

6.  Lindsay  R.  Winkler  W6WM1, 
**Facsimile  Transceiver  for 
Weather-Satellite  Picture  Sta* 
tion."  QST,  May,  1974,  p.  59. 

7.  Ralph  Taggart  WB8DQT,  "A 


74 


These  two  pictures  show  the  component  side  of  the  modified  Vanguard  receiver.  Note  the  surgery  mercilessly  per- 
formed on  the  PC  board,  to  allow  for  the  mounting  of  the  tuning  capacitor.  The  rf  chokes  are  visible  behind  and  below 
the  air-variable  capacitor. 


Satellite  Fax  System  You  Can 
Build/'  73  Magazme,  Septem- 
ber and  October,  1976. 

8.  Eugene  F.  Ruperto  W3HK, 
"Weather  Satellite  Pix  Printer." 
73  Magazine,  January,  1978,  p. 
82. 

9.  Eugene  R.  Ruperto  W3HK,  "A 
Satellite  Recefver  in  the 
Home, "  Scientific  Amefican, 
January,  1974. 

10.  Ralph   Taggart   WB8DQT, 


Weather  SateJlite  Handbook, 
73,  lnc.»  Peterborough  NH, 
1976. 

ir  Ralph  P.  Corbell  et  at. 
GOES/SMS  Users  Guide,  US 
Department  of  Commerce,  Na- 
tional Oceanic  and  Atmo- 
spheric Administration,  Na- 
tional Environmental  Satellite 
Service,  1977, 

12.  Ralph  Taggart  WB8D0T. 
"Be  A  Weather  Genius^  73  Mag- 
azine, November,  1978,  p,  198, 


13.  H.  Paul  Shuch  N6TX,  "Cal- 
culating Antenna  Bearings  for 
Geostationary  Satellites/'  Hanf 
Radio.  May,  1978,  p,  67. 

14,  John  J.  Nagfe,  "A  Method  of 
Converting  the  SMS/GOES 
WE  FAX  Frequency  (1691  MHz) 
to  the  Existing  APT/WEFAX 
Frequency  (137  MHz),  "Techni- 
cal Memorandum  NESS  54,  Na> 
Honal  Oceanic  and  Atmo- 
spheric Ad  ministration,  April, 
1974. 


16.  H.  Paul  Shuch  NeiX,  "A 
Cost-Effective  Modular  Down* 
converter  for  S-Band  WEFAX 
Reception/*  IEEE  Transactions 
on  Microwave  Theory  and  Tech- 
nique, December,  1977,  p,  1127. 

16.  Model  GRI'IF;  available 
from  Metsat  Products,  Box  142, 
Mason  Ml  48854. 

17.  Model  RX^1691:  available 
from  Mtcrocomm,  14908  Sandy 
Lane,  San  Jose  CA  95124. 


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LA^     110l3-1l6th  RaceN^E  •  Kirkland,  Washington  98033      Telephone:  (206)822  1251  •  TELEX  No.  32-1042 

( 


Laura  Simank  WBSYVE 
Box  5514 
Ingieside  TX  78362 


Ham  Radio  Marriage  Manual 

—  a  YL  and  her  understanding  spouse 


MY  reason  for  writing 
this  article  is  the 
tone  of  surprise  or,  in  some 
cases,  absolute  amaze- 
ment in  the  voices  of  my 
contacts  when  they  learn 
that  I  am  married  to  a  non- 
ham. 

Not  only  is  the  OM  not  a 
ham,  he  doesn't  seem  to 
have  any  desire  to  be. 
Since  a  ham  ticket  has  to 
be  earned  at  the  expense  of 
the  individual  who  wants 
rt  I  can  not  and  will  not  try 
to  push  him.  He  returns  this 
respect  by  not  trying  to 
force  on  me  the  — to  me, 
questionable  — joys  of  fish- 
ing. The  result  is  that  we 
view  each  other's  hobbies 
with  a  kind  of  head-shaking 
fascination. 

Upon  learning  that 
Roger  is  not  a  ham,  my  con- 
tacts always  ask  the  ob- 
vious question:  "How  in 
the  world  did  you  ever  get 
interested  in  radioT'  The 
answer  usually  goes  some- 
thing like  this. 

There  has  been  a  streak 
of  ham  in  me  for  years- 
more  years,  in  fact,  than  I 
care  to  count.  It  tickles  me 
to  remember  back  to  my 
first  year  in  high  school, 
when  my  mother  and  the 
guidance  counselor  had  to 
threaten  me  to  get  me  to 


take  my  first  speech 
course*  I  have  silently 
thanked  both  of  them 
many,  many  times  since. 
That  first  involvement  with 
speech  led  to  what  devel- 
oped into  a  real  love  — 
communicating  with  peo- 
ple. By  the  time  I  finished 
high  school,  I  was  hooked, 
and  it  came  as  no  great  sur- 
prise to  my  parents  that  I 
chose  to  major  in  Radio 
and  Television  Communi- 
cation Arts.  It  was  my  in- 
tention, at  that  time,  to 
make  broadcasting  history 
and  revolutionize  the  com- 
munications industry. 

Before  1  finished  col- 
lege, however,  and  certain- 
ly before  I  had  time  to  gift 
the  broadcast  industry 
with  my  presence,  1  mar- 
ried my  high  school  sweet- 
heart. In  the  years  that 
followed,  we  traveled 
around  the  country  at  the 
request  of  Uncle  Sam. 
Roger  was  in  the  Army  at 
the  time,  and  when  Uncle 
Sam  invited,  it  was  not  an 
invitation  that  one  could 
refuse.  Of  course,  our 
beautiful  daughter,  who  is 
now  nine  years  old,  came 
along.  I  never  lost  my  love 
of  people  and  the  enjoy- 
ment of  exchanging  ideas 
and  thoughts. 

In    1971,    I    met    Marie 


WB50KV,  who  later  be- 
came my  ''Elmira/'  She 
was  not  a  ham,  but  her  OM, 
at  the  time,  was.  A  few 
years    after   we    became 

friends,  she  began  studying 
for  her  license.  By  this 
time,  we  were  close 
friends,  and  I  wanted  to 
help  her  if  I  could.  About 
the  only  way  I  could  help 
was  to  read  her  the  ques- 
tions from  the  license 
manual.  I  had  no  idea  what 
1  was  reading,  but  after  a 
while  managed  to  be  able 
to  gather  whether  or  not 
she  was  right.  Most  of  the 
time,  she  would  know  if 
she  was  right  or  not  when  I 
would  say,  'it  says  here 
..."  At  any  rate,  she  told 
me  it  was  a  help  to  her  — 
maybe  she  was  just  being 
nice. 

At  this  point,  I  still  had 
not  been  bitten  by  the  bug. 
Naturally,  after  getting  her 
ticket,  that^s  all  she  talked 
about.  She  suggested  that  1 
might  enjoy  ham  radio  and 
offered  to  help  me  study. 
At  first,  of  course,  I 
thought  Vd  never  be  able 
to  understand  all  that 
theory  and  the  code,  but 
after  a  few  months,  it  final- 
ly dawned  on  me  that  an 
amateur  radio  license  was 
my  passage  to  anywhere  I 
wanted  to  go.  With  the  cost 


of  living  index  going  up 
faster  than  my  weight  (a 
phenomenon  in  itself)  and 
no  end  to  inflation  in  sight, 
the  only  way  I  could  ever 
see  all  the  places  I  wanted 
was  through  the  eyes  of  the 
people  living  there, 

So  I  took  Marie  up  on 
her  offer  of  help,  borrowed 
her  study  material,  and  set 
out  upon  what  would  be- 
come a  long  journey. 

I  told  Roger  what  I 
wanted  to  do,  and  he  said 
he  thought  it  was  a  fine 
idea.  The  code  was  the 
worst  thing  I  had  ever  tried 
in  my  whole  life,  and 
theory  was  about  as  clear 
as  mud.  After  a  while  I  be- 
came very  discouraged, 
which  I  have  learned  since 
is  quite  natural  All  of  you 
who  have  ever  been  in  that 
position  will  remember. 
First,  you  think  to  yourself, 
it's  not  that  important, 
anyway.  After  all,  you've 
gotten  this  far  in  life 
without  it.  Right?  Then  we 
all  realize  that  we  do  want 
it,  and  the  deep-down 
want-to  takes  over  again 
and  we  decide  that  we  will 
get  it  no  matter  how  long  it 
raKeSi 

After  weeks  of  study, 
worry,  code  practice, 
sweat,  and  tears,  1  took  the 
Novice  test,   administered 


76 


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by  none  other  than  my 
Elmira,  of  course.  I  felt  that 
I  had  passed,  but  was  none- 
theless amazed  and  over- 
joyed  a  few  weeks  later 
when  the  license  came  in 
the  mail.  Marie  understood 
my  excitement,  and  Roger 
was  happy  that  I  was  hap- 

PV 

After  that,  I  studied  with 

a  new  dedication  for  that 
coveted  General  ticket. 
During  this  time,  Roger  was 
patient  and  tried  to  be 
cooperative,  but  he  simply 
didn't  understand  how  im- 
portant it  had  become  to 
me.  Marie  gave  me  great 
moral  support,  listened  to 
my  code,  and  went  over 
theory  points  with  me 
wheriever  I  asked  her  to. 

In  spite  of  where  my 
mind  was,  the  usual 
domestic  chores  had  to  be 
kept  up  with.  So,  in  order  to 
keep  pace  with  both,  I 
would  prop  the  license 
manual  in  the  window 
above  the  sink  while  doing 
dishes,  and  I  listened  to  a 
tape  recording  of  me  ask- 
ing theory  questions  while 
I  ironed.  There  was  a  list  of 
formulas  on  the  wall  above 
the  washing  machine,  and 
Roger's  patience  was  really 
put  to  the  test  the  first 
morning  he  looked  in  the 
bathroom  mirror  and 
found  himself  looking  at  a 
block  diagram  of  a  re- 
ceiver. 

Finally,  the  big  day  in 
February  of  1977  was  draw- 
ing near.  I  was  going  to  go 
to  San  Antonio  for  the  test 
since  the  FCC  did  not  come 
to  Laredo.  Plans  were 
made  for  Marie  to  help 
watch  my  daughter  while  I 
made  the  overnight  trip. 
Test  time  was  8  am,  and  1 
knew  better  than  to  think  I 
could  get  up  at  3  am.  drive 
150  miles,  and  still  have  an 
even  chance  of  passing.  So 
I  went  the  evening  before 
and  spent  a  restless^  almost 
sleepless,  night.  Every  time 
I  closed  my  eyes,  I  saw 
swr  rushing  at  me,  and 
when  I  tried  to  run,  I  kept 
falling  over  the  formula  for 
inductive   reactance.    Ul- 


timately, I  was  taken 
prisoner  by  an  army  of 
capacitors  in  series. 

The  next  morning, 
bleary-eyed  and  battte- 
weary.  I  went  to  the  test. 
The  next  couple  of  hours 
are  a  blur  in  my  memory, 
but  I  left  the  examination 
room  clutching  a  form, 
signed  by  the  examiner, 
saying  that  I  had  passed 
the  required  elements  for  a 
General  license.  Believe 
me,  the  tires  of  my  car  did 
not  touch  pavement  all  the 
way  back  to  Laredo! 

When  !  pulled  up  in 
Marie's  driveway,  she  was 
seated  in  front  of  her  radio. 
{Her  shack  was  in  the 
garage.)  Her  blank  stare  of 
questioning  anticipation 
was  transformed  into  a 
smile  that  went  from  ear  to 
ear  when  I  gave  the 
thumbs-up  signal.  I  still 
wonder  what  her  neighbors 
thought  as  we  yelled  at  the 
top  of  our  lungs  and 
jumped  around  like  kids  on 
Christmas  morning. 

Roger  was  pleased  for 
me  and  a  few  weeks  later 
made  me  a  gift  of  a  2  meter 
rig  for  my  car.  By  this  time, 
he  had  realized  that  I  was 
serious  and  was  not  sur- 
prised that  for  the  next 
many  weeks  my  every 
spare  moment  was  spent  in 
Marie's  shack  listening  to 
and,  at  her  gracious  in- 
vitation, talking  to,  her 
friends  on  the  air.  These 
people  became  my  friends, 
too,  and  helped  me  locate 
a  used  Swan  500C  that  was 
in  good  shape  at  a  reason- 
able price. 

Of  course,  even  a 
reasonable  price  presented 
a  problem  for  me.  Since 
the  household  budget  was 
strained  to  the  breaking 
point  the  $300  I  needed 
sounded  like  the  national 
debt  The  only  answer  was 
a  part-time  job.  That  was 
no  easy  task,  either,  since  I 
had  not  worked  in  years.  I 
was  able  to  find  one,  how- 
ever, and  being  aware  of 
my  dtJemma,  the  ham  from 
whom  1  bought  Charlie  (the 
name  I  gave  the  rig)  offered 


to  let  me  use  it  while  1  paid 
him  for  it.  Heaven  doesn't 
have  a  corner  on  the  angel 
marketl 

We  put  up  my  40/80 
meter  doublet  well  in 
advance  of  Charlie's  ar- 
rival, and  I  spent  the  rest  of 
the  waiting  period  fixing  up 
the  closet  of  the  guest 
room,  which  was  to  be  my 
ham  shack  I  had  decided 
that  the  garage  was  too  hot 
in  the  summer  and  too  cold 
in  the  winter  Besides  that, 
the  closet  location  would 
allow  me  to  close  the  door 
and  keep  the  rig  out  of 
sight  of  small  children  who 
might  come  to  visit. 

On  the  evening  of  Oc- 
tober 3,  1977,  Marie  and  I 
met  Charlie  at  the  bus 
station  and  rushed  home  to 
gel  him  on  the  air.  Ever 
since  then,  amateur  radio 
has  been  a  big  part  of  my 
life  and  has  brought  me 
many,  many  hours  of 
pleasure. 

Thanks  to  amateur  ra- 
dio, I  have  met  and  made 
friends  with  some  fantastic 
people.  I've  spent  hour 
upon  hour  listening  to 
other  people,  sometimes 
not  even  breaking  in.  One 
can  learn  a  lot  just  by 
listening  (and  about 
theory,  too).  Even  though  I 
may  not  have  anything  to 
contribute  to  that  par- 
ticular QSO,  I  still  find  it  in- 
teresting to  hear  others  ex- 
change ideas.  1  have  felt 
the  thrill  of  talking  to  peo- 
ple in  some  of  those  places 
I  may  never  see  and  have 
known  the  warmth  of  help- 
ing people  find  out  about 
loved  ones. 

Do  you  have  any  idea 
how  large  a  child's  eyes 
can  get  when  he  talks  to 
Santa  Claus  on  the  radio? 
(Thanks,  JR.)  Some  of  the 
people  I've  met  on  the  air  I 
have  had  the  pleasure  of 
eyeball ing  and  some  1  have 
not,  and  there  are  others 
whom  I  have  met  that  I  will 
never  see  again  because 
they  have  become  silent 
keys  1  will  always  cherish 
their  memory. 


To  me,  there  is  a  very 
real  sense  of  accomplish* 
ment  in  being  a  ham* 
Everyone  needs  to  feel  the 
satisfaction  that  comes 
from  achieving,  regardless 
of  age.  For  me,  amateur 
radio  has  offered  me  an 
avenue  of  accomplish- 
ment, achievement,  and 
pure  enjoyment  that  I  have 
not  found  anywhere  else.  I 
have  only  regret —  and  that 
is  that  I  did  not  find  it 
sooner. 

When  I  came  home  after 
finally  passing  my 
Advanced  test  [suffice  it  to 
say  that  I  did  not  pass  it  the 
first  time  I  took  it),  Roger 
asked  me  if  I  was  finished 
yet  He  isn't  usually  given 
to  such  foolish  questions! 


The  bottom  line  to  al 
this  is  that  if  you  want  a 
ham  ticket,  hang  in  there. 
For  some,  the  code  and 
theory  come  more  easily 
than  for  others.  But  there  is 
one  thing  true  of  every 
ham  in  the  world  — none  of 
them  was  born  with  a 
knowledge  of  electronic 
theory,  and  I  assure  you 
that  not  one  of  them  ever 
said  his  first  word  in  CW. 
We  all  had  to  learn  it. 
When  I  first  began  study- 
ing, I  thought  ac  was  the 
brand  name  for  a  spark 
plug,  dc  was  where  the 
President  lived,  and  CQ 
was  duty  that  the  OM  used 
to  pull  in  the  Army! 

Don't  be  dissuaded  if 
you're  living  in  a  home 
without  a  ham.  When  you 
do  get  your  ticket  you  will 
be  able  to  count  yourself 
special  because  you  had 
more  obstacles  than  most. 
In  any  case,  don't  be 
scared  off  by  thinking  ama- 
teur radio  is  no  place  for  a 
woman.  There  are  hun- 
dreds of  us  girls  on  the  air. 
Of  course,  there  are  a  few 
guys  around  who  still  think 
that  amateur  radio  is  a 
man's  world,  but  they  are 
few  and  far  between. 
Ninety-nine  point  nine  per- 
cent  of  the  time  you'll  be 
welcomed  with  open  arms, 
as  I  was.B 


7S 


L  m 


s.  e  s  9» 


»liT      - 


ee^ 


-  »*-W      NOR        S/S 


1 


EMPTY 


143  JOO  — 148.900  MHz  Mobile  IVMSccivcr 


or*  3 


VOLUME 


11  - 

'"^Cz^ 

^„ 

A 

"C-issA 

SaUELCH 

VFO/MEMQRr 


opf9 


>/  ' 


Power  to  the  mobfle  opcftttofsl  Thfe  one  is  brand  new,  and 
it  cdJTJes  a  powertiouse  punch  wherever  youYe  going, 
ICOM  unveils  a  flifl  25  watts  of  mobite  power  with  the 
introduction  of  the  new  IC-955A.  When  you  want  in- 
creased mobile  QSO  range,  tCOM  delivers;  and  nobody 
docs  It  better. 

The  microprocessor  controlled  IC-2S5A  is  a  deceivir^V 
compact  unit  which  packs  more  bia  muttifeature  Rexibifrty 
than  any  ottier  iCOM  mobile  to  date.  This  one  offers  a  5 
channel  memory^  complete  with  memory  scan,  adjustable 
scanning  speed,  arxJ  auto^top.  The  5  channels  can  easily 
be  wrttten  from  any  inband  frequencies;  and  tjie  scan 
hflidjon  can  be  proyammed  lo  scan  all  5  of  onfy  2,  stop- 
ping on  any  sf^iaL 

Like  the  other  new  fCOM  transcervers^  the  IC*255A  comes 
^th  2  VFO's  built-in  at  no  extra  cost  The  radto  ts  pro- 
j-ammed  to  come  up  to  power  operating  at  600Kh2  splits, 


but  It  can  be  reprosrartlPTWO  to  any  split  of  your  choice.  The 
dual  VFO's  and  single  tuning  knob  provide  you  v^th  smooth, 
easy  tuning  in  1 5KHz  or  5KHz  steps. 

The  use  of  new  low-r>olsej  dynamic  range  jurKtion  FETs  (for 
the  RF  amplifier  and  the  firet  mixer)  and  helical  cavity  fitters 
(for  the  antenna  and  RF  circuits)  provides  excellent  sensitiv- 
ity and  inteimodulation  distortion  characteristics.  A  pair  of 
high  quafity  monoJithic  crystal  filters  and  ceramk;  fiftere  facili- 
tates interference  free  reception  reliability. 

The  r>ew  K-!USA's  power  is  selectable  2SW  high  or  1 W  low, 
yet  it  cfraws  only  55  amps  wtien  transmitting  h  the  hi^ 
power  mode.  A  dfrectfy  anplrffed  VCO  oiftput,  without  the 
use  of  multipliers  or  mixers,  and  a  power  module  in  the  PA 
unit  produce  a  very  clean  transmitbed  s^gnal,  with  low 
^xjrfous  radiation.  When  you're  tn  an  RF  trap,  the  IC-25SA 
can  get  out  the  signal.  To  ?ve  your  mobile  FM  operations 
big  features  v^ttti  a  power  purKh,  gfve  yourself  the  K-&5SA* 


HF/VHf/UMF  AMATEUR  AND  MAfllNE  COMMUNICATION  EQUIPMENT 


CD 


2112  116th  Avenue  NE 
Bcllevue,  WA  98004 
Phone  (206)  454^81 55 


ICOM  INFORMATION  SOtVICE 

2112  11 6th  Ave.,  N.L 


ICOM  AMERICA,  INCORPORATED    I 

Sales  Service  Centers  located  at:  ! 


3331  Towerwood  Dr.,  Suite  307      I 
Dallas,  IX  75234  | 

Phone  (214)  620^2780  I 


Bellevue,  WA  98004 


Please  send  me:  D  IC-2554spedfTcatlQfis  sheet;  Q  ftjil 
color  ICOM  Product  Line  CAtakis;  U  Ustof  Authodzed 
JCOM  Dealers. 


NAME. 


CAU 


ADDRESS. 


CITY. 


STATE 


ZIP 


^^^T«^i  1  Kmi..im9ixt.t,juj^.*§jJMJt.,mtJt.A 


All  std!ed  specifications  src  suOjecr  to  c 


wfthout  notice  AJI  *COm  radios 


exceed  FCC  re^iul^lJons  limiting  spurious  emisstom 


Loweii  J.  Burnett  W7DJB/6 
8696  Jackie  Drive 
San  Diego  CA  92119 


The  Space-Saving  Square  Vee 

Antenna 

a  directional  radiator  for  cramped  quarters 


Photo  A.  The  10-meter  square  vee  supporting  a  nine-year- 
otd  helper. 

80 


Want  an  electronically 
rotatable  array,  but 
can't  affprd  the  vertical 
height  required  for  a  sloper 
system^  or  a  perverted  dou- 
ble vee?2  Don't  have  an  ex- 
tra acre  or  two  for  a  good 
radial  system  on  your 
phased  verticals?  Maybe 
the  D)B  Square  Vee  is  for 
you. 

Here's  an  antenna  only  a 
quarter-wavelength  high, 
supported  by  a  single  mast 
that  doesn't  depend  on  a 
good  ground  system  for  ef- 
ficient radiation.  It  is  elec- 
tronically rotatabie,  doesn't 
require  an  antenna  tuner, 
doesn't  require  retuning  as 
the  pattern  is  rotated,  and 
has  both  high-  and  low-an- 
gle lobes  useful  for  both  lo- 
cal and  DX  work.  This  is  an 
antenna  that  could  be 
tacked  to  the  side  of  an 
apartment  house  or,  on  the 
high  frequencies,  easily 
could  be  made  collapsible 
for  portable  or  field  day 


operation.  Interested?  Read 
on! 

Design 

The  heart  of  the  system 
is  the  3/8-wavelength  di- 
pole, 3  A  diagram  of  this  di- 
pole,  which  is  25%  shorter 
than  a  normal  half-wave 
antenna,  is  shown  in  Fig.  1, 

The  dipole  is  formed 
from  two  3 A/8  sections  of 
300-Ohm  twinlead.  The 
first  section  is  connected 
to  the  second  with  a  1.5- 
inch-long  piece  of  twin- 
lead,  twisted  as  shown.  The 
ends  of  the  dipole  are  at  a 
voltage  maximum  and 
must  be  separated  by  cut- 
ting the  Vj-inch  space 
shown  in  Fig.  1.  The  feed- 
line,  a  A/4  coaxial  matching 
section  discussed  later,  is 
attached  directly  to  the 
antenna  feedpoint. 

The  3A/8  dipole  has  not 
been  used  widely  in  the 
past  by  amateurs.  In  part, 


this  is  due  to  its  odd  radia- 
tion res  [stance  (about  200 
Ohms)  and  to  its  physical 
connplexity.  The  square  vee 

takes  advantage  of  both  of 
these  apparent  drawbacks. 

In  the  square  vee,  two 
31/8  dipoles,  each  bent  in 
the   shape   of    a   vee,    are 
mounted  vertrcaliv  with  the 
feedpoints     spaced     a 
quarter-wavelength    apart 
For   high   frequencies,    the 
antenna  can  be  mounted  on 
a  wooden  cross,  as  shown  in 
the  schematic  of  Fig.  2.  At 
lower  frequencies,  a  mast 
can   be   used   for  vertical 
support  with  guy  wires  pull- 
ing the  feedpoints  apart^ 

The  two  di poles  are  con* 
nected   in   parallel   at  the 
phasing  control  box,  which 
is  located  in  the  station  op- 
erating room.  This  device  is 
used  to  adjust  the  relative 
rf  phase  between  the  di- 
poles    by    changing    the 
length   of   their  feed  lines. 
The   pattern   control    box, 
therefore,  allows  the  pat- 
tern of  the  antenna  to  be 
rotated  in  the  same  manner 
as  an  array  of  phased  verti- 
cals,^*^ 

Construction 

An  example  of  a  ten-me- 
ter square  vee  supported 
by  a  wooden  cross  is  shown 
in  Photo  A.  Each  cross- 
piece  IS  cut  slightly  longer 


than  a  quarter  wavelength. 
The  two  pieces  are  joined 
at  the  center,  and  the  feed- 
points  of  the  two  dipoles 
are  connected  near  the 
ends  of  the  horizontal 
crosspiece,  as  shown  in  Fig. 

Of   course,    it   doesn't 
really  matter  whether  you 
use  a  cross-type  support  or 
a  simple   mast  with   guy 
wires.  Remember,  though, 
for  all  types  of  vertical  di- 
rectional arrays,  use  a  non- 
conducting support  such  as 
a  wooden   mast  A  metal 
mast  in  the  plane  of  the  ra- 
diating     elements     can 
strongly  influence  the  elec- 
trical behavior  of  the  an- 
tenna,  and   may  result  in 
disappointing  performance. 
The  square  vee  has  a  real 
advantage  over  the  sloper 
array  or  the  perverted  vee 
in  this  regard,  as  it  requires 
only  a  quarter-wavelength 
mast   rather   than   a   half 
wavelength  or  so.   On  40 
meters,  this  means  the  dif- 
ference between  a  34-foot 
mast,    required    for   the 
square  vee,  and  the  50-  or 
60-foot  masts  required  for 
the  other  systems. 

Using  300-Ohm  twin  lead 
makes  construction  of  the 
3A/8  dipole  simple.  Two  sec- 
tions of  300-Ohm  twin- 
lead  are  cut  to  3A/a  The 
wires,   but  not   the   rnsula- 


!*■ 


3k/« 


MOfHCiQHDuQim^   suPfiyrr 


OlPtlLE  NO  2 

{SEE  rmn 


(SIMPUFtED    SCNtlUTIC.SCE    FlG.1} 


FEEDUNES  »  1t&-S/U  OK 
WS-^BAJ    90  OHM  eOJUt 
iMMSTH$  OEPCMD  OH 

mTtEiM  eopmtQL 

CNOSEM, 


SNORT    LEN<jTN 
50  OHM   COAX 

OR  SEE  TEirr 


I.&"   PIECE  SOq 
TttlNL^AD   TWI5 


OHM  / 

jT€D    l&0'\ 


FIRST    SECTION   300  OHM    TWilHUEAD 


Ol^Ot£     Ff:EDP<QINT 


-■—CO**  «ATCHifi6  SEcncm 


Fig.  1,  Schematic  drawing  of  tfie  3/8-wavelength  dipole. 


tion,  are  cut  at  the  centers 
to  form  the  interconnec- 
tions, as  shown  in  Figl.  A 
1.5-inch  piece  of  twinJead 
is  used  to  connect  the  first 
section  to  the  second.  Be 
certain  to  separate  the 
wires  at  the  ends  of  the  di- 
pole, and  leave  about  half 
an  inch  of  space  between 
the  ends  of  the  wires  [see 
Fig.  1), 

For  each  dipole,  the  first 
section    of    twrntead    is 
mounted  on  one  side  of  the 
horizontal  crosspiece,  and 
the    second    section    is 
mounted  on  the  other  side. 
The  1,5-inch  connection  at 
the  center  {see  Fig.  1)  feeds 
through  the  horizontal  sup- 
port as  shown  in  Photo  B. 
This  method  of  mounting 
keeps  the  wires  of  the  di- 
pole properly  spaced.  The 
ends  of  the  twinlead  can 
then  be  attached  to  the  top 
and  bottom  of  the  vertical 
mast.    I    used    small    wire 


#*o* 


f  "90* 


brads  tacked  through  the 
center  of  the  twinlead  near 
the  end.  Before  the  ends 
are  permanently  attached, 
however,  it  is  best  to  se- 
cure them  temporarily  with 
tape  and  check  the  anten- 
na tuning. 

Tuning 

For    maximum    perfor- 
mance, ifs  very  important 
that    the    two   dipoles    be 
electrically    equivalent. 
Beg,  borrow,  steal,  or  per- 
haps  even    buy   a  grid-dip 
meter    or    similar    instru- 
ment and  trim  the  lengths 
of  the  dipoles  to  resonance 
at  the  desired  frequency   I 
found  that  the  length  had 
to  be  slightly  shorter  than 
three-fourths  of  the  length 
predicted  by  the  tradition- 
al   formula    LU/2)  =  468/f 
(MHzl  where  LW2)  is  the 
length  of  a  half  wave  in 
feet.  Two  factors  probably 
accounted   for  this.   First, 


♦  •4ft* 


^-  135' 


#1 


OIPO-E 
#2 


|*-*M— I 


Fig.  2.  The  square  vee  antenna  supported  by  a  mast  and 
crosspiece.  The  pattern  control  box  is  located  inside  the 
operating  room  near  the  station. 


^-(SO* 


Fig.  3.  Antenna  radiation  patterns  in  the  horizontal  plane 
for  two  vertical  dipoles  spaced  a  quarter  wavelength 
apart 


81 


k/4 


TO  OlPOLC  MO  t 


TQ   QlPQLg    »0   I 


TO    STl^TiON 
(see  T£KT) 


Fig.  4(a).  Circuit  of  the  pattern  control  box  for  phasing 
steps  of  T80^, 


TO  Od>OL£  *C1 


(3C£    TEXT) 


TO    CT&TiON  (SEE  TETTt 


Fig.  4ffaJ.  Circuit  of  the  pattern  control  box  for  phasing 
steps  of  90^. 


the  formuta  doesn't  include 
the  one-inch  interconnec- 
tion between  the  two  twin- 
lead  portions  of  the  dipole, 
Fig.  1^  and,  second,  the  for* 
my  la  is  good  for  a  linear  di- 
pole  and  not  a  dipole  in  the 
shape  of  a  vee.  You  prob- 
ably won't  go  too  far  wrong 
if  you  cut  the  dipole  length 
1  %  shorter  than  that  given 
by  the  standard  formula; 
that  is.  use  L{3A/8)=347.5/f 
(MHz). 

Antenna  Matching 

The  radiation  resistance 


of  a  linear  3/6A dipole,  mea- 
sured high  above  a  perfect 
ground,  is  about  225 
Ohms.3  In  the  configura- 
tion shown  here,  1  found 
the  radiation  resistance  to 
be  closer  to  175  Ohms.  The 
radiation  resistance  of  the 
antenna  was  lowered  both 
by  its  vee  shape  and  by  its 
proximity  to  surrounding 
objects.  It's  very  important 
that  the  swr  on  each  dipole 
feedline  be  as  close  to 
unity  as  possible.  If  it's  not, 
the  load  on  the  transmitter 
will  change  as  the  pattern 


is  rotated,  and  the  trans- 
mitter will  have  to  be  re- 
tuned  for  every  direction. 
What's  more,  a  mismatch 
here  will  probably  require 
a  matching  network  be- 
tween the  transmitter  and 
the  antenna  for  proper 
operation. 

A  quarter-wave  matching 
section  of  93-Ohm  coax, 
such  as  RG-62/U,  makes  a 
good  match  between  the 
175-Ohm  antenna  resis* 
tance  and  50-Ohm  coax 
feedline.  We  calculate  this 

from  the  formula  Zi=Zo^/ 
Z^  =  [93)2/1 75  =  49.4  Ohms> 

where  Zq  is  the  impedance 
of  the  quarter-wave  match- 
ing section,  Zp  is  the  radia- 
tion resistance  of  the  an- 
tenna, and  Z%  is  the  imped- 
ance at  the  feedpoint  of 
the  quarter-wave  matching 
line. 

Instead  of  the  quarter- 
wave  coaxial  matching  net- 
work shown  in  Fig.  2,  a  4:1 
balun  transformer  (Amidon 
Associates  kit)  could  also 
be  used/  The  balanced, 
high  impedance  side  of  the 
balun  would  be  connected 
to  the  antenna  feedpoint 
and  the  tow  impedance  side 
to  the  50-Ohm  coax 
feedline.  This  should  work 
especially  well  in  installa- 
tions where  the  radiation 
resistance  of  the  dipoles  ap- 
pears closer  to  200  Ohms 
than  to  175  Ohms. 

Phase  Control 

The  50-Ohm  feedlines, 
RG-8/U  or  RG-58/U,  run 
down  the  vertical  mast  into 
the  operating  room,  and 
connect  to  the  pattern  con- 
trol box.  The  pattern  con- 
trol box  selects  the  relative 

Switch      Phaw 
Position      Shift 

A  +90" 


Equal 
Length 
Feed  fines 

Feedline  #1 
90''  Longer 
Than 
Feedline  #2 


B 
A 

B 


180" 


Photo  B,  Closeup  of  the  dipole  feedpoint  near  the  end  of 
the  crosspiece.  The  coaxial  line  feeds  through  the  wooden 
crosspiece  to  connect  to  the  dipole. 


Table  1.  Phase  shift  be- 
tween dipotes  #1  and  i2  as 
a  function  of  switch  posi- 
tion for  the  pattern  control 
box  of  Fig.  4(a). 


rf  phasing  between  the  two 
dipoles  and  allows  the  di- 
rectivity of  the  antenna  to 
be  changed.  Fig.  3  shows 
the  horizontal  antenna  pat- 
terns that  can  be  expected 
from  two  dipoles  a  quarter 
wavelength  apart,  as  6,  the 
rf  phase  angle  between 
them,  is  changed.  Of 
course,  the  shape  of  these 
patterns  depends  upon  the 
incident  angle  of  the  in- 
coming radiation,  and  the 
expected  performance  is 
modified  further  by  the  vee 
shape  of  the  individual  di- 
poles. 

Fig,  4(a)  shows  an  ele- 
mentary switching  network 
that  can  be  used  to  select 
between  the  O*'  and  180*^ 
patterns,  or  between  the 
+  90^  and  -90°  patterns. 
[The  —90*^  pattern  is  the  re* 
verse  of  the  +90°  pattern.) 
For  the  0°  and  180*^  pat- 
terns, the  feedline  of  dipole 
#1  must  be  a  quarter  wave- 
length, or .90**,  longer  than 
that  of  dipole  #2.  For  the 
±90®  patterns,  the  feed- 
lines  must  be  equal  length. 
Table  1  shows  phase  shift 
versus  switch  position  for 
the  difficult  feedline 
lengths. 

In  calculating  the  elec- 
trical length  of  the  feed- 
lines,  be  sure  to  measure 
the  physical  length  very 
carefully,  and  include  the 
effect  of  the  velocity  fac- 
tor for  the  coax  you  use. 
The  velocity  factor  for  sol- 
id dielectric  50-Ohm  line  is 
0.66.  and  the  velocity  fac- 
tor for  foam  dielectric  line 
is  0.80. 

The  circuit  diagram  for  a 
more  versatile  switching 
network  is  shown  in  Fig, 
4{b).  This  network  allows 
the  antenna  phasing  to  be 
switched  in  90**  incre- 
ments, and  requires  that 
the  feedline  for  dipole  #1 
be  one  eighth  of  a  wave- 
length, or  45°,  longer  than 
the  feedline  of  dipole  #2. 
The  phase  shift  (as  a  func- 
tion of  switch  position)  for 
this  circuit  is  given  in  Table 
2. 

If  desired,  a  more  com- 
plex network  employing  an 


82 


eight-position  switch  could 
be  used  to  select  anten* 
na  patterns  at  45 '^  in- 
tervals. This  would  require 
that  the  feed  line  of  dipole 
#1  be  22.5^  longer  than 
that  of  dipole  #2,  and 
would  require  one  six- 
teenth of  a  wavelength  of 
coax  (22.S®)  between  each 
switch  position. 

Station  Matching 

If  the  dipoles  have  been 
carefully  matched   to  the 
line,    the   termination    im- 
pedance at  the  end  of  each 
feed  line  will  be  very  close 
to  50  Ohms  When  the  two 
dipoles   are  connected   in 
parallel  at  the  pattern  con- 
trol box,  the  feedpoint  im* 
pedance  at  that  point  will 
be  25  Ohms.  There  prob- 
ably are  a  number  of  ways 
to  match  this  25-Ohm  resis- 
tive load  to  your  transmit- 
ter. If  the  output  circuit  is 
capable    of    matching    a 
25-Ohm  resistive  load,  you 
can  couple  it  directly  to 
the    pattern    control    box 
through  a  short  (compared 
to   a  quarter  wavelength) 
piece  of  50-Ohm  coax.  Or, 
you  can  connect  the  pat- 
tern control   box  and  the 
transmitter   with    a    half- 
wavelength    of    50'Ohm 
coax-  The  latter  solution  is 
better  at  the  high  frequen- 
cies; even  though  the  swr 
on  the  line  is  about  two,  its 
short    length    prevents 
significant  losses. 

The  technique  I  used 
was  to  connect  a  quarter 
wavelength  of  730hm  RC- 
59/U  from  the  pattern  con- 
trol  box  to  the  transmitter 
through  a  bafun  step-down 
network.  The  quarter-wave- 
length of  730hm  line  trans- 
forms the  25-Ohm  feed- 
point  at  the  pattern  control 
box  into  a  213-Ohm  load- 
We  see  this  from  the  equa- 
tion used  prevfously,  Z^^ 

Zo^/Zr  =  (73)2/25  =  213 
Ohms.  At  the  transmitter 
end  of  the  quarter  wave- 
length, I  used  a  4:1  balun 
with  the  low  impedance 
side  connected  to  the  trans- 
mitter to  transform  this  in- 


to a  53-Ohm  resistive  load. 
This  is  a  little  bit  more  trou- 
ble, but  provides  an  excel- 
lent match  to  pi  networks 
designed  to  operate  on  50- 
to  75-Ohm  resistive  loads. 

Performance 

I  built  my  first  square 
vee  for  the  10-meter  band 
and  used  the  pattern 
switching  arrangement 
shown  in  Fig,  4(b),  i,e,,  phas- 
ing steps  of  90^.  I  mounted 
it  on  the  roof  approximate- 
ly 20  feet  off  the  ground, 
underneath  a  40-meter  in- 
verted vee.  The  antenna  re- 
quired only  minor  retuning 

of  the  transmitter  35  the 
pattern  was  rotated,  and  I 
found  that  with  about  100- 
Watts  output,  I  could  work 
almost  anyone  I  could  hear. 
A  large  number  of  Euro- 
pean, East  Asian,  and 
Oceanic  stations  were  con- 
tacted on  both  SS8  and 
CW  with  a  call-per-contact 
ratio  for  DX  of  about  80%. 
In  other  words,  it  works. 

The  big  advantage  of  the 
antenna,  however,  lies  in 
its  directional  performance, 
A  large  number  of  tests 
were  performed  on  both  re- 
ceiving and  transmitting, 
and  it  was  found  that  the 
front-to-side  ratio  between 
the  0*^  and  180*=*  phasing 
positions  was  about  four  S- 
units.  As  the  patterns  are 
not  symmetric,  the  front-to- 
side  ratio  between  the  180^ 
and  0*^  patterns  is  differ- 
ent—and this  was  found  to 
be  about  two  S-units.  The 
front-to-back  ratio  be- 
tween the  +90^  and 
—  90 ^phasing  positions 
also  was  found  to  be  about 
two  S-units. 

As  an  example  of  the  di- 
rectional performance,  let 


Switch 

Phase 

Position 

ShiR 

A 

tso* 

B 

90  *■ 

C 

0° 

0 

-90" 

me  describe  an  actual  con- 
tact with  this  antenna.  With 
the  0^  phasing  pattern,  I 
had  maximum  gain  to  the 
northeast  and  was  listening 
to  a  W8  station  at  S6.  In  be- 
tween pauses,  I  heard  a 
weak  station,  at  about  S3, 
calling  CQ.  Rotating  the 
pattern  to  180^  phasing 
knocked  the  W8  down  to 
S2  and  brought  in  the  other 
station  at  S5.  It  was  an  RA0, 
and  one  call  to  him  made 
the  contact  Play  with  this 
for  a  couple  of  hours  and 
you'll  never  go  back  to  an 
omnidirectional  antenna. 

Summary 

Here's  an  electronically 
rotatable  antenna  that's 
44%  smaller  in  area  than  a 
single  quad  loop,  stands 
only  a  quarter-wavelength 
high,  and  doesn't  require 
retuning  as  the  pattern  is 
rotated.  Of  course,  this  an- 
tenna won't  outperform  a 
full-sized  yagi/tower  com- 
bination on  the  high  fre- 
quencies,  or  an   array  of 


phased  verticals  with  an  ex- 
tensive ground  system  in 
an  open  field  on  the  low 
frequencies.  And,  like  all 
electronically  rotatable  ar- 
rays, the  shape  of  the  pat- 
tern changes  with  the  di- 
rection chosen.  But  at 
moderate  heights,  and  with 
no  special  ground  prepara- 
tion at  all,  it  appears  to  do 
a  first-class  job.H 


References 

1.  The  ARRL  Antenna  Book, 
1974,  p.  2CM). 

2.  Massa,  A.  J.,  The  Perverted 
Double  Vee  Antenna,"  73,  June» 
1978,  p,  66. 

3.  Kraus,  J,  D,,  Antennas, 
McGraw-Hill,  New  York,  1950,  p. 
417. 

4.  Desjardins,  B.,  **Phased  Ver- 
ticals for  Easy  DX,"  73,  June» 
1978.  p,  82, 

5.  Swank,  J.,  '^Novice  Guide  to 
Phased  Verticals -Part  1,"  73, 
June,  1978,  p.  136. 

6.  The  ARRL  Radto  Amateur's 
Handbook,  1976,  p.  576. 

7.  Amidon  Associates,  12033 
Otsego  Street.  North  Holly- 
wood CA  91607. 


Call  or  Write  for  Delivery  or  Quote 

RF  POWER  LABS 

V-350 


Table  2.  Phase  shift  be- 
tween dipoles  #7  and  #2  as 
a  function  of  switch  posi- 
tion for  the  pattern  control 
box  of  fig.  4{bl 


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33 


which  might  be  covered  on 
the  exam.  I  have  heard 
them  saying  they  arose  at  5 
am  to  practice  their  code. 
This  is  nonsense. 

The  best  asset  to  bring  to 
your  FCC  examination  is  a 
relaxed  mind.  The  best  way 
to  assure  this  is  to  go  to  bed 
early  the  night  before  and 
to  do  nothing  of  a  tech- 
nical nature  upon  av^aken- 
ing.  No  code  practice/  no 
last-minute  peek  into  a 
textbook,  no  checking  out 
of  cram  slips.  Instead,  have 
a  relaxing  shower,  a  good 
breakfast,  a  look  at  the 
morning  newspaper  — any- 
thing but  ham  radio.  In  this 
way,  you  arrive  at  the  ex- 
amination site  with  a  mind 
that  is  capable  of  leisurely 
comprehending  the  code 
that  will  be  sent  to  you. 

The  Written  Exam 

Let's  say  that  you've 
taken  the  code  examina- 
tion, youVe  been  told  that 
you  passed,  and  now  you 
can  take  your  written  ex- 
amination. This  is  all  there 
is  between  you  and  your 
higher  class  license.  What 
tips  can  I  offer  to  help  you 
pass  this  portion  of  the  ex- 
am? 

Here  are  a  number  of 
things  to  keep  in  mind  as 
you  prepare  for  — and 
take  — the  written  examina- 
tion. Follow  them  and  your 
success  is  virtually  guaran- 
teed. 

1.  Know  your  stuff.  Very 
few  people  get  through  the 
exam  if  they  don't  know 
the  material.  You  should 
get  the  necessary  text- 
books and  study  the  mate- 
rial. Become  as  expert  as 
you  can  with  the  technical 
side,  operating  procedures, 
and  regulations, 

2.  Get  as  much  practice 
as  possible  working  on 
multiple-choice  questions. 
Most  textbooks  offer  sam- 
ple questions  and  answers 
to  give  you  experience  in 
answering  FCC-type  ques- 
tions. Study  as  many  of 
these  questions  as  possible 
after  you've  studied  the 
material.    Don't    use    the 


questions  as  a  method  of 
studying;  use  them  to  help 
you  check  on  your  under- 
standing of  the  material 
studied. 

If  you've  done  steps  1 
and  2,  you're  ready  for  all 
those  that  follow. 

3,  You  now  arrive  at  the 
FCC  office.  If  you  follow 
the  advice  given  above  for 
passing  the  CW  portion  of 
the  exam,  you'll  be  re- 
freshed and  relaxed.  This 
condition  is  as  important 
for  passing  the  theory  por- 
tion as  it  is  for  the  CW  por- 
tion.  No  last-minute  cram- 
ming, no  peeking  into  the 
text  to  look  up  that  for- 
mula one  more  time,  no 
carrying  of  sheaves  of 
paper  to  refresh  your  mem- 
ory at  the  very  last  minute. 
Shut  off  the  studying  be- 
fore supper  the  night  be- 
fore. Let  your  mind  relax. 

4,  Bring  a  calculator. 
This  saves  mental  wear  and 
tear  and  helps  ensure  cor- 
rect answers  to  mathemati- 
cal problems, 

5,  When  you  are  entering 
the  examination  room,  you 
will  be  given  the  printed 
test,  the  answer  sheejt,  and 
a  blank  piece  of  paper  for 
calculations  and  scribbles. 
As  you  sit  down,  take  out 
the  two  pencils  you've 
brought  along,  and  for  the 
moment  put  aside  the  test 
booklet  and  answer  sheet. 
Now,  while  your  mind  is 
still  relaxed,  write  on  the 
piece  of  paper  every  for- 
mula you  feel  you  may 
have  to  use.  Write  down 
every  item  that  may  be  a 
little  shaky  in  your  mind. 
As  long  as  these  formulas 
and  items  come  from  your 
mind,  everything  is  perfect- 
ly proper  and  legal.  Why 
do  this?  Because  your  mind 
is  relaxed  and  it's  easier  to 
recall,  say,  what  the  for- 
mula is  for  capacitors  in 
parallel  than  it  is  to  recall 
the  formula  when  faced 
with  an  actual  question. 
That's  how  the  mind  works. 
Ohm's  Law  can  take  on 
some  interesting  variations 
in  the  mind  of  a  ham  who  is 
wading  feverishly  through 


an  exam. 

6.  Once  you've  put  on 
paper    all    your    necessary 
formulas,  open  up  the  test 
booklet  and  see  what  the 
number  of  the  first  ques- 
tion  is.  Why  do  this,  you 
ask?   Don't   all    tests   start 
with  number  1?  Not  at  the 
FCC,  they  don't!  This  test 
may  start  with!,  but  it  may 
start  with   51,    or  101.   As 
soon    as    you    see    which 
number  it  starts  with,  take 
the  answer  sheet  and  mark 
the  corresponding  number 
with   your    pencil.    This    is 
where  you  start  to  answer 
questions    on    the    sheet. 
Basic,   you    say?   Obvious, 
you    think?    Yes,    but    we 
don't  know  how  many  as- 
piring   hams    (who    knew 
their  theory  cold)  failed  the 
FCC    exam    because    they 
gave  beautiful  answers  to 
questions  51  through  100  in 
the  spaces  on  the  answer 
sheet  marked  1  through  50, 
In  short:  Answer  the  ques- 
tion asked  in  the  booklet  at 
the  exact  spot  on  the  an- 
swer sheet  where  the  an- 
swer will  be  graded, 

7.  You're  now  ready  to 
attack  the  first  question. 
Here's  the  technique  to  fol- 
low: Read  the  first  part  of 
the  question,  the  part 
before  the  multiple 
choices,  but  do  not  look  at 
the  five  answers  offered. 
See  if  you  can  mentally 
determine  what  the  correct 
answer  is  before  looking  at 
the  five  choices.  For  exam- 
ple, if  the  question  says, 
"The  'Q'  signal  for ' I  am  be- 
ing interfered  with'  is  .  .  . ," 
your  mind  should  pause 
and  mentally  seek  the  cor- 
rect answer  — QRM.  Once 
thought,  write  it  down  on 
the  sheet  of  scrap  paper.  If 
you  don't  do  this,  you  are 
now  faced  with  a  confusing 
array  of  Q  signals  from 
which  you  must  make  a 
choice:  QRS,  QSK.  QRQ. 
QRM,  and  QNX.  In  the 
pressure  of  an  examina- 
tion, you  might  make  the 
wrong  choice  when  faced 
with  this  selection.  So,  for 
each  question,  don't  look 
at  the  answers  first.  Men- 


tally determine  what  the 
correct  answer  should  be, 
write  it  down  on  your  scrap 
paper,  and  then  check  the 
answers  supplied  to  see  if 
your  answer  matches  one 
of  the  exam's  answers. 

8.  Having  picked  out  the 
right  answer,  indicate  it  on 
the  answer  sheet,  and  be 
sure  that  you  put  the  an- 
swer in  the  right  spot  (a,  b, 
c,  d,  or  e)  and  at  the  right 
answer  number.  Don't  put 
a  "b"  answer  in  the  "c" 
slot,  and  don't  answer 
number  73  in  the  space  for 
number  74.  Be  alert. 

9.  Continue  this  process 
with  each  question.  At 
some  point,  you'll  come 
across  a  question  which 
you  can't  answer  in  your 
mind.  Now  what  do  you 
do?  At  this  point,  look  at 
the  "a"  answer  only.  Does 
it  seem  to  be  the  right  one? 
If  so,  write  "a"  on  the  scrap 
sheet.  And  then  go  on  to  b, 
c,  d,  and  e,  seeing  if  a  ''bet- 
ter" answer  appears.  If  it 
doesn't,  write  ''a"  on  the 
answer  sheet  in  the  appro- 
priate spot.  If  another  an- 
swer appears  that  seems  to 
be  just  as  correct,  you  have 
to  make  a  judgment  as  to 
which  is  more  correct. 
Once  you've  done  this, 
write  the  answer  in  the  ap- 
propriate spot.  Continue 
on  through  the  exam. 

10.  Let's  say  you  come 
across  a  question  that  you 
can't  answer.  You  review 
the  five  answers  and  none 
seems  appropriate.  At  this 
point,  write  the  number  of 
the  question  on  your  scrap 
sheet  and  go  on  to  the  next 
question.  Don't  fret.  Don't 
worry.  The  FCC  gives  you 
quite  a  margin  for  error  in 
the  exam.  One  question 
doesn't  make  much  differ- 
ence. The  main  thing  is  to 
keep  your  mind  at  ease, 
relaxed,  and  happy.  Co  on 
to  the  next  question  and  let 
your  subconscious  mind 
take  over.  While  your  con- 
scious mind  is  scanning  the 
next  question,  your  sub- 
conscious mind  will  be  por- 
ing over  the  question  you 
just  passed.  At  some  mo- 


85 


ment,    the    answer    just 
might  pop  out, 

11,  Continue  with  this 
procedure.  Answer  the 
questions  you're  able  to 
answer.  Pass  the  questions 
you  want  to  do  something 
about  later,  after  noting 
their  numbers  on  the  scrap 
sheet.  If  your  mind  sudden- 
ly gives  you  the  answer  to  a 
skipped  question,  stop  in 
your  tracks  and  return  to 
the  question.  Immediately 
write  down  the  correct 
answer  in  the  appropriate 

spot 

12.  When  you  have  gone 
through  the  list  of  ques- 
tions the  first  time,  return 
to  the  ones  you  could  not 
answer  Read  each  ques- 
tion carefully  and  see  if 
you  see  something  which 
you  didn't  see  the  first 
time.  Many  times,  a  second 
reading  of  the  question 
gives  you  a  new  slant  on 
what  is  being  asked  or  on 
what  is  being  offered  as  an 
answer.  See  if  you  can  pick 


out  the  correct  answer  for 
each  skipped  question. 

13.  If  you  cannot  pick 
out  one  answer  of  the  five 
offered,  try  to  eliminate  the 
incorrect  answers  in  an  ef- 
fort to  reduce  your  choices 
to  two  or  three.  When  you 
have  done  this,  pick  the 
best-looking  answer  and 
write  this  on  the  answer 
sheet  Having  made  your 
decision,  go  on  to  the  next 
question. 

14.  When  all  else  fails, 
guess.  Leave  no  question 
unanswered.  You  get  no 
credit  for  an  unanswered 
question.  You  may  be 
lucky  and  guess  the  correct 
response. 

15.  After  you  have 
answered  every  question 
and  have  written  the  an- 
swers  on  the  sheet,  go  back 
and  check  each  answer  on 
the  sheet.  Be  sure  it  agrees 
with  the  answer  you  feel  is 
correct.  If  the  answer  to  63 
is  "b",  be  sure  "b"  is  in- 
dicated after  63  on  the  an- 


swer sheet.  In  the  pressure 
of  an  examination,  most 
people  will  incorrectly  list 
one  or  two  answers.  By  re* 
viewing  each  answer,  you 
can  just  about  guarantee 
yourself  one  or  two  "extra" 
points  which  may  be  criti- 
cal in  passing  the  exam. 

16.  To  reduce  the  ten- 
sion, consider  taking  the 
code  on  your  first  visit  to 
the  FCC  office  and  the  writ* 
ten  examination  on  your 
second  visit  In  this  way, 
you  can  concentrate  your 
mental  energy  on  the  task 
at  hand:  copying  the  code 
at  the  necessary  speed  or 
choosing  the  proper  num- 
ber of  correct  answers  to 
questions  on  theory  and 
regulations.  (This  splitting 
of  parts  of  the  test  is  more 
easily  accomplished  in 
cities  where  the  examina- 
tions are  held  weekly  or 
monthly.) 

There  are  only  three  rea- 
sons  why  anyone  will  fail 
an  FCC  examination: 


1,  Lack  of  preparation.  If 
you  haven't  studied  your 
material  and  if  you  can't 
copy  code  at  the  required 
speed  (or  a  little  higher), 
don't  waste  your  time  tak- 
ing the  exam,  Miracles  are 
not  commonplace  these 
days. 

2,  Poor  testmanship.  Un- 
fortunately, a  number  of 
people  who  do  know  their 
stuff  and  who  can  copy 
code  at  the  required  speed 
will  fail  an  FCC  examina- 
tion. This  article  is  de- 
signed for  this  group.  By 
following  the  principles 
outlined,  any  upgrading 
candidate  should  find  his 
or  her  chances  of  success 
improved  immeasurably. 

3,  Nerves.  If  you  prepare 
sufficiently  and  do  what 
this  article  suggests,  you 
may  be  pleasantly  sur- 
prised to  find  that  your 
"nerves"  have  disap- 
peared. 

Good  luck  on  your  next 
exam!H 


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e? 


Muffin  Fan  Mania! 

—  a  compendium  of  knowledge  about 
electromechanical  air  movers 


Rick  Ferranti  WA6NCX/I 
215  Herrick  Road 
Newton  Centre  MA  02159 


The  increasing  price  and 
rarity  of  vacuum  tubes 
and  other  components  in 
your  ham  rig  make  it  im- 
perative that  it  run  as  cool 
as  possible.  Have  you  ever 
wondered  when  those 
poor,  hot  components  in 
the  rig  will  finally  melt  into 
oblivion?  The  heat  gener- 
ated by  the  power-handling 
parts    of    the    transmitter 


should  be  directed  we 
away  from  the  rig,  prevent- 
ing a  possibly  expensive 
episode  in  radio  self- 
annihilation.  Fortunately, 
there'^  an  easy  way  to 
alleviate  the  woes  of  an 
overheated  goodie  in  your 
station. 

An  electromechanical  air 

mover,  commonly  called  a 
fan,  can  be  employed  to 
keep  things  cool  when  ther- 
mal overload  becomes  im- 
minent In  fact  the  elec- 
tronics industry  is  utilizing 
these  gems  in  a  variety  of 


configurations  more  and 
more  frequently  as  compo- 
nent densities  escalate  and 
enclosures  shrink.  One  es- 
timate puts  the  number  of 
miniature  air  movers  at  the 
all-time  high  of  80million 
dollars  worth  just  last 
yearj  With  all  this  expen- 
sive hot  air  blowing 
around,  there  must  be 
some  good  reasons  for  you 
to  consider  installing  an 
auxiliary  cooling  device  in 
your  station. 

There  are  indeed  several 


good  reasons  for  helping 
your  rig  stay  cool:  Com- 
ponents and  tubes  last 
much  longer,  frequency 
stability  is  improved  with 
less  thermal  expansion  of 
coils  and  coil  forms,  and 
smoked  capacitors  and  re- 
sistors due  to  simple 
overheating  just  don't  oc- 
cur. 

The  fans  I'll  be  discuss- 
ing in  this  article  are  the  so- 
called  tubeaxial  fans,  nor- 
mally known  as  MuffipT'^ 
fans  (EG  &  C  Rotron  trade- 
mark). These  things  usually 


Photo  A.  A  typical  cot  lection  of  fans  available  at  flea 
markets  for  under  $10.  Visible  are  Pamotors,  a  Feather, 
Centaur,  Caravel,  and  Boxer  fans. 


Photo  B.  A  couple  of  fine-running  Pamotor  fans  from  Ger- 
many. 


88 


have  square  or  circular 
housings  with  an  '1ns ide- 
ouf'  motor —  the  shaft  part 
of  the  motor  is  the  fan  hub 
with  the  moving  blades  at 
tached  They're  by  far  the 
most  popular  and  useful 
fans  available  to  the  radio 
amateur. 

Almost  all  ham  rigs 
today  have  a  well-designed 
natural  air  ventilation  sys- 
tem called  "convection 
cooling/'  This  simply 
means  that  the  warm  com- 
ponents in  the  rig  heat  up 
the  air  nearby,  causing  it  to 
rise  and  draw  cool  air  in 
from  the  bottom  of  the 
case.  This  works  great,  but 
the  idea  (and  cooling  ef- 
fect) is  tremendously  en- 
hanced by  placing  a  fan  in 
the  right  spot  on  or  by  the 
rig.  The  result  is  a  much 
cooler  running  operation. 

Choosing  a  Fan 

I've  compiled  a  list  of 
the  most  common  fans 
you'll  find  at  a  swapfest  or 
surplus  store  in  Table  1. 
These  are  the  Rotron  trade- 
mark names,  listing  the 
amount  of  air  moved  (in 
cubic  feet  per  minute,  or 
cfm),  and  some  very  dated 
1970  prices  so  that  you  can 
get  an  idea  of  their  original 
market  value-  Other  fine 
fans  are  made  by  Pamotor, 
of  West  Germany,  and  the 
Boxer  fan  from  IMC  Mag- 
netics. Be  sure  to  inspect 


Trademark  Name 

Cfm 

Comments 

Price 

Sentinel 

100 

Stainless  steel  ball  bearings 

$25.00 

Centauf  CT3A2 

100 

Sleeve  bearings,  15  Watts 

16.90 

Mark  IV  Muffin 

100 

Very  popular 

12.05 

Whisper 

65 

Super  quiet,  6  Watts 

12.05 

Sprite 

35 

3Vi"-square.  11  Watts 

14.95 

Spartan 

110 

Military,  stainless  steel  BB 

45.50 

Feather 

270 

SSB8 

36.85 

Saucer 

280 

SSBB 

70.40 

Caravel 

575 

BB 

29.70 

Tarzan 

350 

BB 

46.65 

tZOVAC 


Table  h  EG  &G  Rotron  fans,  with  1970  prices. 


your  purchase  for  dented 
or   bent   blades,   and   also 

spin  the  blades  a  bit  to 
make  sure  they  turn  very 
freely. 

Let  me  emphasize  at  the 
outset  that  you  don't  need 
much  in  the  way  of  cfm  to 
cool  an  already  well-de- 
signed rig.  The  important 
operating  factor  to  con- 
sider is  the  noise  generated 
by  the  mechanical  beast. 
The  key  to  quiet  success  is 
a  slow  motor  speed.  For  ex- 
ample, I  put  a  little  50-cfm 
Pa  motor  4800  A  (very  quiet) 
on  top  of  a  normally  frying- 
hot  17-tube  Polycomm  2- 
meter  rig,  and  the  trans- 
ceiver ran  ice-cool  there- 
after. 

So,  pick  a  fan  which 
doesn't  take  much  power 
(therefore,  it  will  be  run- 
ning slower)  and  which 
doesn't  have  more  than 
about  75  cfm  or  so  of  cool- 
ing power.  However,  flea 
markets  and  surplus  stores 
often    don't    have    fans 


which  meet  such  stringent 
requirements.  If  you  do  get 
a  fast,  noisy  fan,  there  are 
easy  ways  to  slow  it  down, 
as  ril  mention  later. 

By  the  way,  220-V  fans 
are  ideal  for  ham  applica- 
t ions  — they  run  beautifully 
on  120  V,  retaining  60%  of 
their  original  air-moving 
power  with  only  20%  of 
their  original  noise,  and 
they're  cheaper,  too.  Sur- 
plus companies  often  offer 
these  at  reduced  prices  be- 
cause they  were  not  origi- 
nally specified  for  the 
12(>V  line.  Best  buys  here 
are  the  220-V  Feather, 
Saucer,  and  Sentinel^  or 
equivalents. 

Mounting  a  Muffin 

The  easiest  way  to  deter- 
mine what  part  of  your  rig 
gets  hottest  is  simply  to 
turn  it  on,  let  it  warm  up, 
and  feel  the  top  of  the  case 
for  hot  spots.  Obviously, 
the  area  on  top  of  the  finals 
will    be   warmer   than    the 


C&Mctton 


Fig.  1.  Schematic  of  method 
to  slow  down  a  fan  with  a 
series  non-polarized  capac- 
itor, 7  to  70  of,  at  200  WV 
minimum. 

rest  of  the  radio,  so  that 
should  be  your  priority  tar- 
get. If  there  are  other  heat- 
producing  components  in 
the  rig,  you  can  place  the 
fan  so  it  pulls  the  most  air 
past  the  finals  and  gets  the 
rest  of  the  rig  with  some- 
what reduced  air-flow  A 
larger-diameter  fan,  prop- 
erly slowed  and  quieted,  is 
better  for  application  in 
all-tube  transmitters,  while 
smaller  fans  do  nicely  in 
''all  solid-state  except  the 
finals"  rigs- 

I  don't  recommend  put- 
ting fans  on  receivers.  They 
aren't  necessary  in  a 
decent  rig  because  there 
just  isn't  enough  heat  gen- 
erated by  its  low-power 
components  to  warrant  aux- 
iliary  cooling.  If  you  want 
to  cut  down  heat  in  an  old- 


Photo  C    This  Muffin   fan  sits  over  the   finals  and  is 
mechanical  I Y  damped  by  four  felt  feet 


Photo  D.  A  friend's  setup  with  the  fan  bouncing  merrily  on 
four  pads  of  foam  rubber. 


69 


Photo  £  The  unci  assy  method  of  slowing  down  a  fast 
noisy  fan,  with  power  resistors.  These  two  units  need  to  be 
mounted  in  a  well-insulated  box,  or  be  replaced  by  a  much 
more  elegant  capacitor. 


er  tube-receiver,  replace 
the  rectifier  tube  with  its 
solid-state  equivalent  (with 
suitable  dropping  resis- 
tors], and  put  in  an  LM-380 
audio  IC  instead  of  those 
push-pull  6V6s. 

When  you  mount  the  fan 
on  your  transmitter  or 
transceiver,  it's  always  best 


to  place  it  on  top  of  the  rig 
so  that  it  aids  the  natural 
tendency  of  hot  air  to 
move  up  and  out  Don't  try 
to  blow  air  through  the 
rig  — just  pull  the  hot  stuff 
up  and  away.  This  makes  it 
imperative  that  you  keep 
the  radio  elevated  on  its 
mounting  feet  (don't  take 


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thenn  off  to  save  space), 
and  that  the  area  beneath 
the  rig  is  kept  as  dust-free 
as  possible.  A  too-powerful 
fan  will  suck  dust  and 
debris  into  your  transmit- 
ter's innards,  and  a  mild 
airflow  is  really  all  you 
need  to  keep  the  radio  coo! 
and  clean. 

You  can  kill  potential 
mechanical  vibration  prob- 
lems  by  sticking  some 
foam  rubber  tape  or  thick 
felt  under  the  fan.  There's 
no  need  for  an  airtight  con- 
nection between  fan  and 
case;  just  put  something 
between  them  as  a  me- 
chanical damper.  The 
Pamotor  I  use  has  four  felt 
pads  glued  to  its  underside, 
one  in  each  corner,  which 
work  fine. 

Quieting  All  That  Coolness 

As  I  mentioned  above, 
the  number  one  require- 
ment for  your  fan  is  that  it 
run  quietly,  in  fact,  plenty 
of  air  will  circulate  at  the 
minimum  noise  level  when 
the  fan  is  running  just  a 
little  faster  than  the  rpms 
necessary  to  keep  it  going. 
How  do  you  accomplish 
this  with  an  ordinary  Muf- 
fin? 

There  are  two  ways. 
First,  you  can  put  a 
350'Ohm  power  resistor  in 
series  with  the  fan,  ex- 
perimenting with  the 
values  until  it  runs  the  way 
you  like.  This,  however, 
generates  heat— an  advan- 
tage only  if  you  have  a  cold 
basement  shack  and  need 
a  footwarmer!  You  should 
be  very  careful  to  thor- 
oughly insulate  the  resistor 
from  the  outside  world  lest 
a  shock  hazard  be  created. 
Put  it  in  a  bakelite  box  with 
vent  holes  — and  no,  you 
don't  need  another  fan  to 
cool  the  resistor. 

The  second  way  is  slight- 
ly more  elegant,  generating 
no  heat.  Simply  put  a  1- 
to*10-uF  (again,  experi- 
menting with  the  values) 
non-polarized  capacitor  in 
series  with  the  fan.  Those 
old  Pyranol  non-polarized 
metal -cased    capacitors 


clunking  around  in  your 
junk  box  will  work  fine; 
you  need  at  least  a  200-V 
rating  here.  Don't  use  elec- 
trolytics- they  aren't 
made  for  pure  ac  work.  If 
you  like  to  play  with 
numbers  and  simple  math, 
it's  an  easy  matter  to 
calculate  how  much  ca- 
pacitance you'll  want.  You 
need  to  know  Ohm's  law, 
the  formula  for  capacitive 
reactance,  how  much 
power  your  fan  draws,  and 
how  much  voltage  you 
want  it  to  run  on.  For  me, 
however,  it's  easier  to  slap 
in  a  few  microfarads  and 
see  how  fast  she  goes. 

Fig.  1  shows  a  simple 
schematic  of  the  fan  and 
capacitor;  Tve  added  a 
switch  across  the  capacitor 
so  that  you  can  zoom  to 
full  speed  when  you  want 
to  cool  yourself  off  after  a 
hot  day's  work  at  the  rig. 
Again,  be  sure  to  put  the 
capacitor  and  switches  in  a 
well-insulated  box  so  that 
there's  no  chance  of  a 
shock.  Be  careful  when 
you're  experimenting  with 
values  — there's  120  V 
floating  around  on  your 
connections. 

Of  course,  if  you  have  a 
220-V  fan,  chances  are  it'll 
run  stow  and  quiet  by  sim- 
ply plugging  it  into  120  V. 
Just  add  some  felt  or  foam 
padding  to  its  mount,  plop 
it  on  top  of  the  rig,  and  be 
amazed  how  coolly  the  sta- 
tion runs. 

The  accompanying  pho- 
tos show  evidence  of  a 
friend's  mania  for  collect- 
ing these  wonderful  fans. 
Oddly,  he  never  replaces 
tubes  or  other  components 
in  his  well-used  equipment. 
You'll  have  the  same  fan- 
tastic results  when  you 
simply  and  easily  cool  off 
the  overheated  parts  in 
your  own  rig,  H 

References 

1.  Ehctronic  Buyer's  News, 
February  27,  1978,  pp.  26lf. 
Other  articles  on  the  topic  of 
Muftin  fans  have  appeared  in 
Ham  Radio,  November,  1972, 
and  CO  Magazine,  May,  1966. 


90 


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5a6^00 

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799 .9B 

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(^C5a 


Communications  Center 


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In  Nebraska  Call  (402)466-8402 


P^  Header  Service— see  page  259 


91 


JefJ  Dunlemann  KB2JN 
301  SusQueh&nrta  Rd, 
Rocfmter  NY  I46IS 


Are  Repeaters  Ripping  Us  Off? 

some  thoughts  about  open  access  to 

scarce  frequencies 


Something  has  always 
bothered  me  about  re- 
peaters. It's  never  been  any- 
thing like  hatred  or  even  a 
serious  gripe.  Tve  only  felt  a 
vague  uneasiness  when 
reading  about  them,  think- 
ing about  them,  or,  lately, 
when  using  one.  It's  as 
though  something  were  not 
quite  right,  and  as  hard  as 
I've  tried,  I've  never  been 
able  to  put  my  finger  on  it. 

I  came  up  in  hamdom 
from  the  Novice  ranks  using 
junky  eighteenth-hand  gear, 
and  it  was  not  until  recently 
that  all  those  classy  multi- 
hundred-dollar  FM  portable 
transceivers  fell  within 
reach.  So  it  sttll  strikes  me 
as  odd  that  people  wilt 
earnestly  ask,  "QRZed  the 
frequency?"  when  no  living 
soul  is  calling  them  on  any 
frequency.  Each  new  coun- 
try has  its  own  language,  I 
guess,  and  1  decided  my  un- 
easiness  was  only  the 
acclimatization  lag  time  of 
a  stranger  in  a  strange  land, 

The  tales  of  repeater 
wars  and  users'-rights  con- 

92 


f  licb  in  LA  amused  me.  One 
night  while  we  slept,  I  sup- 
posed, the  Good  Lord 
tipped  America  on  its  side 
and  all  the  loose  nuts  fell  in- 
to southern  California.  No, 
Californians  aren't  any 
crankier  than  the  rest  of  us, 
just  noisier.  If  they're 
fighting  about  someting  in 
LA,  they're  probably  fight- 
ing about  it— more  quietly 
—  everywhere  else.  My  un- 
easiness remained,  getting 
stronger  every  time  I  heard 
a  new  repeater  take  to  the 
air. 

Last  fall  I  traveled  east 
with  my  brand-new  syn- 
thesized portable,  clicking 
my  way  across  the  band  on 
those  marvelous  magic 
thumbwheels.  Repeaters 
were  everywhere,  and  I 
talked  on  quite  a  few.  There 
were  many  more  which  just 
didn't  seem  to  hear  me,  re- 
gardless of  how  close  I  was. 
By  the  additional  magic  of 
PlT^,  they  had  shut  them- 
selves off  in  a  world  of  their 
own,  occupied  by  a  few 
dozen  calls  and  no  more. 


My  uneasiness  got  pretty  in- 
tense listening  to  those  un- 
reachable machines,  but  1 
figured  it  was  just  sour 
grapes.  My  affable,  rational 
side  told  me  it  takes  all 
kinds  to  make  a  world  and 
that  there  was  plenty  of 
room  for  everybody. 

On  a  beautiful  hill  in 
Virginia,  not  far  from  Wash- 
ington DQ  1  chose  a  quiet 
spot  on  the  band  and  tried 
to  see  if  I  could  latch  into 
an  apparent  tropospheric 
duct  and  make  some 
2-meter  distance.  No  one 
had  spoken  on  that  fre* 
quency  since  I  had  turned 
on  the  rig  (about  twenty 
minutes  before),  so  1  did  the 
unthinkable  and  called 
"CQ  2  meters/'  A  "good  ol' 
boy"  voice  came  back  im- 
mediately and  told  me  to 
kindly  get  off  his  private 
repeater  input. 

I'm  used  to  20  meters^ 
perhaps  a  little  more  than  1 
should  be.  When  somebody 
says,  "This  frequency  is  in 
use/'  I  apologize  and 
scram.  So,  standing  on  my 


beautiful  Virginia  hilltop,  I 
apologized  and  scrammed. 
It  didn't  hit  me  until  late 
that  night,  while  in  the 
shower  with  a  cold  spray  on 
my  face,  that  my  hilltop  fre- 
quency had  not  been  in  use 
for  at  least  twenty  minutes, 
''Cool  off,  Chief/'  I  told  my^ 
self.  "After  alt,  it  was  his  fre- 
quency." His  frequency? 

Like  hetl! 

Suddenly,  everything 
which  had  ever  bothered 
me  about  repeaters  be- 
came as  clear  as  cocktail 
ice,  I  laid  hands  on  a  license 
manual  and  thumbed  fran- 
tically until  I  found  the 
paragraph  in  the  rules 
which  had  eluded  my  think- 

ifig: 

97.63.  Selection  and 
Use  of  Frequencies, 
(a)  An  amateur  station 
may  transmit  on  any 
frequency  within  any 
authorized  amateur 
frequency  band. 

That  seems  pretty  plain 
to  me.  Every  ham  who 
sweats   his   way   into   pos- 


session  of  a  license  shares 
all  frequencies  permitted 
his  license  class.  Nobody 
can  stake  out  a  point  on  the 
radio  dial  and  defend  it 
against  ail  comers.  Tain't 
legal,  friends. 

One  outcome  of  Repeat- 
er Appreciation  Day  in  LA 
was  the  demonstration  of 
the  fact  that  a  repeater  is  an 
extension  of  the  repeater  li- 
censee's home  station.  The 
only  user  with  any  rights  is 
the  repeater  owner. 
Everybody  else  is  a  guest  in 
the  man's  shack,  and  the 
owner  may  set  any  rules  for 
guests  which  he  desires. 
This  seems  to  include  limit- 
ing guests  to  whichever 
group  the  owner  desires  to 
have  use  the  machine.  That 
seems  to  make  sense.  After 
all,  he  paid  for  the  repeater, 
and  he  keeps  it  running. 

So  much  for  the  machine 
itself.  But  what  about  the 
frequency^  A  great  many 
repeaters  in  urban  areas 
now  operate  twenty-four 
hours  a  day.  That  means 
that,  in  effect  one  man's 
ham  station  is  sitting  on  a 
pair  of  frequencies  for  what 
may  turn  out  to  be  years, 
with  breaks  for  main- 
tenance only,  ff  t  did  that 
on  20  meters,  they'd  lock 
me  up  and  throw  away  the 
key. 

Of  course,  a  repeater's 
carrier  is  not  on  at  all  times. 
But  every  ten  minutes,  like 
clockwork,  comes  the  little 
announcement  of  calisign, 
location,  local  time,  tem- 
perature, and  Cod  knows 
what  else.  In  the  wee  hours 
of  the  morning,  the  repeater 
may  not  be  keyed  up  for 
hours  on  end.  But  you  can 
bet  that,  should  a  friend 
and  I  attempt  to  work 
simplex  on  the  repeater's  in- 
put frequency  on  any 
regular  basis,  a  gang  of  DF- 
loaded  station  wagons 
would  descend  on  us,  loop 
antennas  twirling,  threaten- 
ing to  beat  the  both  of  us  to 
marshmallow  cream.  The 
ham  bands  belong  to  all 
hams— says  so  right  on  the 
label. 


This  problem  hasn't 
arisen  until  recently  be- 
cause, until  recently, 
repeaters  were  something 
of  a  novelty.  They  were  the 
new  kids  on  the  band,  one 
here,  one  there,  with  lots  of 
room  in  between  and  no  ob- 
jections from  any  of  them 
to  the  ham  who  just  wanted 
to  jump  in  and  say  hello. 
Then  the  baby-boom  babies 
grew  up,  bought  Icoms,  and 
started  planting  repeat- 
ers across  the  band  like  so 
many  Johnny  Appleseeds. 
We  now  have  wall-to-wall 
repeaters,  with  more  hams 
than  all  of  them  can  handle. 
Hams,  f've  found,  are  in- 
credibly courteous.  If  they 
find  they're  interfering  with 
someone,  they'll  gladly 
slide  up  or  down  the  band. 
But  these  days  you  can^t 
take  one  step  on  2  meters 
without  stubbing  your  toe 
on  somebody-or-other's  re- 
peater. Even  more  com- 
monly, those  repeaters  are 
closed  to  the  generaf  ham- 
ming public.  Do  we  have  a 
problem?  We  sure  do! 

I  now  see  the  LA 
users'-rights  crazies  in  an 
entirely  new  light.  Out  in 
the  State  of  Excess,  with 
more  of  everything  per 
square  inch  than  anywhere 
else,  free  space  on  the 
2-meter  band  is  probably 
pretty  scarce.  I  have  a 
hunch  that  the  screamers 
are  motivated  by  a  feeling, 
just  beneath  the  surface  of 
rational  expression,  that  the 
people  who  operate  repeat- 
ers owe  them  something  for 
the  airspace  that  the 
repeaters  take  up. 

In  this  new  world  of  scar- 
city, nobody  gets  anything 
for  nothing.  We  hams  oc- 
cupy our  little  sliver  of 
God's  good  frequency  spec- 
trum because  we  provide 
free  communication  in 
times  of  national  and  inter- 
national need.  Have  you 
forgotten  that  already?  You 
shouldn't,  because  it's  the 
only  card  we  hold  among 
the  high  rollers  at  WARC.  A 
repeater  cannot  slide 
around  the  bands  at  will, 


^^^^  CA^*-^'^^ 


the  way  that  a  man  with  a 
transceiver  can-  If  a  repeat- 
er effectively  monopolizes 
a  pair  of  frequencies, 
where's  the  justification? 

At  the  present  time,  there 
isn't  any,  A  repeater  is  an 
extension  of  a  ham's  private 
station,  to  do  with  as  he 
pleases.  My  reading  of  the 
rules  is  pretty  plain:  A  fre- 
quency pair  is  no  man's 
own.  If  repeaters  are  to  con- 
tinue to  sit  on  increasingly 
scarce  frequencies,  they 
must  do  what  all  the  rest  of 
us  do  for  our  country  and 
our  world  — provide  a  ser- 
vice. 

If  a  visiting  ham  slides  in- 
to town  and  gets  lost,  he 
can  key  up  a  repeater  and 
ask  directions,  right? 
Maybe,  maybe  not.  If  some 
drunk  plows  into  him,  he 
can  key  his  HT  and  summon 
an  ambulance  on  a  repeat- 
er, right?  Well,  maybe.  .  .if 
he  has  the  right  PL.  Other- 
wise, he'll  just  have  to  listen 
to  the  locals  jaw  about  how 
soon  they'll  reach  the  work 
QTH  while  the  drunk 
bleeds  to  death. 

Rendering  a  worthwhile 
service  may  be  no  more 
complicated  than  keeping  a 
repeater  open  to  all  in- 
coming carriers,  regardless 
of  whether  the  incoming 
station  is  a  club  member, 
financial  contributor,  or 
somebody  nobody  has  ever 
heard  of. 

I  can  already  hear  the 
gnashing  teeth  of  repeater 
operators    wondering    how 


they'll  support  their 
machines  if  people  aren't 
required  to  support  them. 
Well,  when  I  decided  I 
wanted  a  transceiver,  I 
saved  my  nickels  and  dimes 
until  I  got  one.  I  did  it 
because  I  wanted  to.  If  a 
repeater  club  can't  rake  in 
enough  voluntary  support 
to  keep  its  repeater  run- 
ning, maybe  that  repeater 
should  be  run  in  a  less 
expensive  location,  or  with 
reduced  power,  or  without 
autopatch.  Or  maybe  not  at 
all.  Does  anyone  else  get 
the  impression  that  there 
may  be  a  few  too  many  re- 
peaters floating  around? 

Certainly,  I  see  no  jus- 
tification at  all  for  closed 
repeaters.  They  provide  a 
service  to  only  those  few 
who  are  required  to  pay 
financial  support,  and  still 
deny  use  of  the  frequency 
to  licensed  hams  who  do 
not  want  to  use  the  repeat- 
er. This  is  a  double  violation 
of  the  rules  that  really 
ought  to  be  looked  at  a  lit- 
tle more  closely.  The  users 
of  repeaters  have  no  rights 
to  the  machine,  but  they  do 
have  a  right  to  an  equal 
crack  at  the  airspace.  Or, 
perhaps,  on  the  other  hand, 
if  the  repeater  keeps  all 
rights  to  the  frequency, 
then  all  hams  deserve  an 
equal  crack  at  the  machine. 
Does  anyone  agree?  It's 
something  we  should  talk 
about  before  we  all  be- 
come strangers  on  2  meters, 
shouting  vainly  at  repeaters 
which  choose  to  hear  only 
their  favored  few.B 


93 


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My  TRS-80  Is  Here 
. . .  Now  What? 

first  steps  in  programming  your  computer 


Allan  S.  Joffe  W3KBM 

1005  Twining  Road 
Dresher  PA  19025 

YOU  unpacked  the  large 
box,  examined  the  con- 
tents, and  carefully  plugged 
it  all  together ,  .  .  and  it 
works.  By  now,  you  have 
read  the  excellent  book 
that  comes  with  the  TRS-80 
or,  if  you  are  lucky  enough 
to  have  Level  1 1  BASIC,  then 
you  had  two  books  to  read 
. . .  and  digest. 

The  nicest  thing  for  any 
beginning  programmer  is 
no  different  from  the  nicest 
thing  for  the  beginning 
ham:  a  starting  point  to  get 
from  thesuperregenerative 
receiver  to  the  superhetero- 
dyne. Both  problems  relate 
in  this  fashion.  A  complex 
radio  is  really  nothing  more 
than  a  collection  of  prof)er- 
ly  associated  simple  cir- 
cuits which  make  up  the 
whole.  A  whipper-doo- 
dtngbust-golly-gee  com- 
puter program  is  more  of 


the  same  The  trick  is  to 
grab  a  firm  hold  of  the 
elements  from  a  simple 
starting  point 

For  purposes  of  illustra- 
tion, I  have  chosen  to  work 
over  a  nice  program  in  the 
TRS-80  level  I  BASIC  book 
which  sets  forth  a  24-hour 
clock  program. 

Taken  verbatim  from  the 
book: 

10  CLS 

20  PRINT  AT 407,  "  HMS" 
30  FOR  H  =  0  TO  23 
40  FOR  M  =  0  TO  59 

50  FOR  S  =  0  TO  S9 

60  PRINT  AT  470,  H; '':"  ;M;  ":"  ;S 

70  FOR  N=  1  TO  500:  NEXT  N 

ao  NEXT  S 

90  NEXT  M 

too  NEXT  H 

When  entering  this  pro- 
gram and  running  it  you 
see  the  hours,  minutes,  and 
seconds  start  to  count  from 
0:0:0, 

With  this  much  as  our 
starting  point,  we  can  oper- 
ate upon  the  basic  program 
a  bit  at  a  time,  so  we  do  not 
byte  off  so  much  that  we 
eschew  it 


Like  any  sensible  person, 
if  you  bought  a  timepiece 
at  the  local  emporium,  got 
it  home  and  found  you  had 
no  way  to  set  the  time,  you 
could  rightly  work  up  a  bit 
of  indignation.  Well,  this 
clock  so  far  is  in  that  fix,  but 
you  can  program  it  into 
practicality  with  the  fol- 
lowing few  steps.  Remem- 
ber, we  are  listing  new  or 
revised  lines  to  the  furh 
damental  program  as  we 
go 

52  X  =  X  -i-1 

54  IFX  =  1  THEN  110 

72  CLS 

105  GOTO  30 
110  INPUT  H,M,5 
120  GOTO  60 

Now  if  you  enter  the  pro- 
gram and  run  it,  a  header 
will  appear  as  before,  but 
this  time  there  will  be  a  "?" 
showing  along  with  the 
header.  The  computer  is 
saying,  tell  me  what  time 
you  want  me  to  start  count- 
ing from.  You  enter  the  re- 
quested information  by  typ- 
ing 3,0,0,  which  could  be 


three  am  or  three  pm,  de- 
pending on  your  life-style. 
Now  when  you  hit  ENTER, 
the  clock  starts  keeping 
time  from  the  entered  data. 
You  have  added  a  knob  to 
'^set  the  hands/' 

What  the  whole  process 
really  amounts  to  is  educa- 
tional self-help.  Working  a 
bit  at  a  time  to  alter  pro- 
grams means  you  will  mas- 
ter  the  skill  of  program- 
ming. After  all,  you  did  not 
buy  the  machine  to  use 
someone's  canned  pro- 
grams for  the  sheer  thrill  of 
getting  typing  practice. 

So  much  for  the  philos- 
ophy. How  about  another 
small  change?  This  time, 
let's  humanize  the  program 
by  changing  it  from  a  24- 
hour  clock  to  the  usual 
12'hour  variety,  This  takes 
one  more  change  to  the 
program.  Line  30  now  be- 
comes: 

30  FORM  =  1  T0 12 

You  probably  are  not  too 
happy  with  that  vertical 
string  of  zeroes  in  the  orig- 
inal program  or  any  stray 


M 


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zero  on  the  left  side  of  the 
screen.  We  can  de^zero  the 
display  by  changing  the 
contents  of  two  lines  in  the 
program,  namely  lines  20 
and  60.  They  now  become: 

20  PRINT  "H  MS" 

60  PRINT  H  I  **r  ;M;  **-!* ;  S 

Now  that  we  have  de- 
zeroed  the  display,  just  a 
word  about  clock  accuracy. 
The  book  suggests  the  num- 
ber 500  in  the  timing  loop  in 
line  70,  With  the  particular 
machine  I  had  before  me, 
300  seemed  to  give  a  coun- 
try-fair  minute. 

So  far,  we  have  a  rather 
conventional  clock  which, 
without  too  much  effort, 
can  be  turned  into  a  con- 
ventional down-counting 
timer  With  these  changes, 
you  have  a  timer  that  starts 
from  a  predetermined  start- 
ing time  of  your  choice, 
starts  counting  at  the  push 
of  a  button,  and  stops 
counting  when  it  reaches 
zero. 

These  are  the  program 


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changes  to  make  the  timer: 

30  FOR  H  ==  11  TO  0  STEP  -1 
40  FOR  M  =  59  TO  0  STEP  -1 
50FORS  =  59  TOO  STEP  -1 
105  END 

The  first  three  lines 
shown  here  reverse  the 
order  of  counting  from  up, 
as  needed  for  the  regular 
clock,  to  down  as  desired 
for  the  advertised  down- 
counter.  The  final  change 
(line  105)  makes  the  counter 
stop  when  the  count  has 
wound  down  to  zero. 

Small  programs  like  this 
may  not  have  the  oomph  of 
Lunar  Lander  or  Star  Trek 
but  they  lend  themselves  to 
piece-by-piece  manipula- 
tion on  a  somewhat  in- 
tuitive basis.  (Reading  the 
books  that  came  with  your 
computer  also  helps,)  This 
Is  one  way  to  achieve 
familiarity  with  the  pro- 
gramming language  that 
you  must  master  if  your 
computer  is  going  to  be 
more  than  a  large,  expen- 
sive paperweight,  ■ 


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k 


microcomputing 


articles  you  may  have  missed  during  1977 


January  1977 

D     h  the  ZBfj  the  Wave  of  the  Present 

□  liny  BASIC 

n     How  ^  Mttjnory  Works 

D     Software  Exchange 

D     Practical  Microcomputer  Prctgrdrnmirty  .  .    Parf  t: 

Logical  Jfns frtictJcnS 
G     We]  J.  Your  Mi  tiro's  BuJit  .      where  do  you  grow  hom 

hew 

□  Computer  Contrct  of  the  World?  . .  .  turning  3C  pow- 
ered devices  on  and  off  with  your  computer 

n  Wire  Wrappmg 

n  The  Hobbyist's  Operating  System        Parf  J.  introduc- 

tJon  and  Master  P/an 

n.  Solving  Some  of  the  Software  Interchange  Problems 

L)  Welcome  to  Assembly  Langudge  Programmrng 

n  Progr^mrningMt's  Simpfel 

G  Stmctured  Programmi:ng 

n  Computers  in  Coif        hdp  ior  the  handicapped 

Q  Computer  Widow 

D  Wbat'jj  that  DigildE  Croup  Really  Doing* 

Q  How  to  Use  the  Mew  PR-40  Prirtter 

D  Firel       tet  your  mizro  ta/^  fof  hdp 

D  A  Teletype  Alternative 

n  Nobody  Know^  the  Troubies  I've  Seen 

□  Structured  BASIC  . .  .  A  n^Ative  vjew  by  Pr.  Kerrieuy, 
the  Author  of  0A5/C 

□  Six  Games  on  a  Chip 

February  1977 

azAPi 

□Chasjnjs  Tho^?  N^uebtv  Bits 
QWhy  So  Many  CornpuTtr  Ltirigua^t^^J' 
DThi-  R^mtirkable  AppEe  Computer 
Q Beware  ihe  Wumpui 

□Will  tht  Z  ao  Cruvh  AEl  Competitor?'' 

□  Practical  Mic/ocomputef  Program ming    .    P^rj  J    Ojnef- 
3Hr}g  iystemi 

□  The  Trouble  with  Mass  Storagt'  Systems 
□A  Useful  Loiin  P*ivrnerl  Program 

□  Submarine!      .  a  gjme  fot  fhe  Sft-SJ 

□  The  Hobby j^rs  Operating  System        Part  ^    ifiterhong 
wtth  the  Men  if  Of 

□  Found  A  Use  fat  Your  CcimputeT^  ,      Ji  ci^o-ct  profit  aw  for 

□Sophisticating  a  Sijrplm!i  Kfi^yboartd 

□  At  the  Race^ 

□  RCA  Tnti  Anjin  .  .    with  rfw  fB07 

Deoeo  vs  MG 

□  Cut  bfiOO  Prograrnming  Time  with  thii  E^Kr^uTdindrv  Pt'o- 
gram 

U7  i  9  =  56 

Q Learning  Computereie 

DHow  to  W1M  th*  Surplus  Game 

QMaiiing  Money  Is-Nic* 

GThff  mmy  Va«  way  Have  Missed 

uThe  "Kjll  a  Byte"  Standard 

□  a  bflOO  5rrtgle  Stfjpper 

□  Compulertzed  St^jrni^nts 

March  1977 

□  Pratttqal  Mictocomputer  Prqgrammung      .  Part  J    Soft- 
wsre  Tm>iy 

Th#  Motcirolfl  Way!  .      rev^ert-  of  fhe  MlKhBOQOI 
DLets  Hear  ll  for  the  bflOhl 

□  The  Psper  Tape  Caper 

□  Computers  for  Freef 

□A  New  Apprpach  lo  the  h&lO       the  Aitr&l  iOfXJ 

□  Jflurrty  into  the  CPU 
GOniy  Five  Senses 
GFloppv  Oi^ky 

DThe  lopirer  II 

nH(>w  [o  Win  $25,000  of  Vouf  O^n  Money        f^-enc  ffaffl? 

DUsjng  fhe   "iSO"  Terminal 

□  Exiemal  Mas^  Storage      .  Part  2.  Dtgftsi  dftjsf  Audro  Cas- 
sette Syirpms 

□  Make  Vour  bSOb  Smarter    .  .  a  cheap  memory  ejtpancfer 

□  Slop  Bugs  Now  I 

nClot-lipd  Logrc        Psn  T    The  D  Tj^pe  ind  ^K  fhp^ihm 

□Th*^  Ctythf  DtftinK  of  Caitette  Storage 

□The  Fun  oi  Learning  BASiC 

D$upe-f-Tut»  .      t3jzif}g  up  the  Dtgitj!  Croup  JVT 

April  1977 

□  Interrupts    Exposed        us?ng    mpcroprocesjor    int^rrtipt 
capabiiifY  ef^ecr^ve/y 

□clocked  logic        F^iri:  2:  Some  Bahc  Apphcdttom 

□  Bui Id  an  tight  (ihannel  Multiplexer  for  Yqui"  $cop€ 

□  Sorting  RaiUme^ 

□  Number  Raudmij  Prrjuram, 

□  Me*t  the  Tarbell/KC  Fnlerface 
□Super- Tester        a  dig  i  (a  J  design  a  .id 

□  The  Hobbyisfv  Op*'raiing  System        Part   i    Command 
language  Processing 

DThi'  Slow  SteppFng  Of  bugger 

□  BASIC -The  Easy  Way 
iJN.Q¥».Yoy  Can. Cr5e  Sofliware  Timmg  loop;;! 


CKIM'1  M^e^niQfv  Eftjian^ion- 

□  Heavy  Duty  Pft'rt'er  Supply 
DPigitdl  Audici' 

□Hi'ib 

Dlnterfac4ni(  the  Analog  World 
DEvervlhing  about  Semitor»duc;tor  Mernory 

□  T  Ut^a-  St  *t  t  L  o  B  i  i        GiipfAoAt  ton  oi  ike  y  fHiic  fopr  oi;>$so  r 
ehmer}t 

□  Automate  Memory  Dumped        ufn/JEy  dump  program  /or 

□  Hansmaih'  a  new  puzzJe/game 
DNow-BASEC  Iot  ihv  BOOtt-bver.l 
□Mitfoprogriiinimjng       an  insight  imo  micropr&cesi-ot  de^ 

O^^titputerized  Bdbyiii^tter 

May  1977 

□Clocked  Logjc        Part  3    DaM  Convertefi  and  SpecFs/ 

Futtc.fioni. 
□Cure  Those  £nd-of-Monlh  BEues.  .    with  s  ia^ei  anaiyi^ii& 

□  Make  Your    Investment  Ccjunt  .      the  inijrfe  vi#w  o^  a 
Custom  MP^8 

□  speed  Up  Your  b&m 

DWho"'*  Afratrf  of  H.S-1M        data  communrcar^ons  expl^tf)^! 

□  is  U  Hii-h?— t>r  Low?        under sUniiing  hgn:  de-ft^n  con- 

VfintiOTM 

□Knnsw  Thv^elM      .  confessions  of  a  kil^uiider 

□  Protypirfg  System*  E  spoked i  ■      d  reveating  iook  at  th^  in- 
lercept  jr. 

□  interrupts  Exposed.      Pari  2:  imptementmg  an  tniefrupj- 

□  Digital  Audio  .  .  .  Pari  2.  Cenerating  th^t  Weird  Mukic 

□  Now  k's  Imsat  BASIC 

□  Brtdginji  the  Cap    .  .  vpi  Qn  lurtfiftK  sr^  app/Jcanon  rnio  a 
progra  m 

□  Addmg  "Plop"  to  Your  Syst^rn .      a  no^sema/ter  ^or  com- 
pulef  games 

□  Lun^r  lanri$r 

□Silence  Neisv  Tetttypt*  Motots      ,  Fart  l;  Qetiing ib&  Bali 

RolUng 
DA  Home  Computer  Pioneer        proh'fe  ot  Oon  TarbeU 

June  1977 

□  Bui id  Your  Own  Interface 
.□Comput^i' Ctub  Promolioridl   TieChniqyti; 

□Artillery  Practice 

□  Put  a  Mfcro  in  Vour  School 

DTorpftdo«s  Away' 

Q Build  a  Pube  Generator 

DATVT  For  Your  KiM 

□  Tht*  BYTFDFSTROVFR        review  of  an  tPR0^4  eraser 
OBA$lC  Timing  Comparisons 

□  Solving  Keyboard  Interface  Problems 

□  a  Clean  Cassette 

OTfy  a  Dfi^iijjrt  Cf;insole    ■  ■  ^or  practical  h^rdw^fe  proto- 
typmg 

□  Try  Solar  Energy 

□SimplifiHd    BiKing    SyiitfJ"^        '^    BASfC    ior    \he-    amaU 

by^fness 
□Kilobaud  K I  ass  room        No    2    Catei  and  fHp' ffopi  fx. 

nComptJ|«"i*d  Typesetting        an  fntrcxiuctiiyn  fo  word  pro- 
cessing 

□  inuodueingi!  Thft  World'i  Ch^apu^t  Contputer    . .  a  %tfQ 

QMy  Friend  i^  a  C.Qmputtir  (unkit^ 


July  1977 


□  irisJde  the  Sphere  Microcontroller 
QXhe  C-rftar  TV  to  CRT  Monitor  Con  vet  si  on 
□Computfrr  turns  Dfrecior..  .  gn  interview  with  tiirr^maiiQr 

fohn  ii^hi'fn-e^ 

□  The  RgniJom  Nurnbeir  Csme 

□Cassette  Interface  Firsi  Aid .      me  your  processor  to  ser 
r^mrng 

□  Understand  Your  Computer's  Language 

□Kilobaud  Klahsroom.      JVo  J.^K  fUp-Fiops  arid  Clock 

Logic 
DDigital  Audio       Paft  3:  Si^rjal  fxpansiion  and  Compressfon 
IE  Was  GreaC        review fng  The  f  ttH  West  C.t?ait  Comparer 

fa^re 
DPais  the  Buck.  .  .  conrpuier  daasfon-rriaker  program 
DInside  the  Amazing,  AiW.  33.      checking  out  the  most 

popuiBf  (eatrrifrf^t 
DTry  Computer  Composition 

August  1977 


V 


□Cassette  I/O  Format 

□  EJipand  VourSwTPt^SOO 

□  Trigger  Your  Oscilloscope 

G Sobriety  Tester  Program 

□  Random  Integer  Program 

□  Te5t  ICs  With  Your  Mrcro 

□  Heavy  Duty  Altair  Power  Sg^^ply 

□  is  the  KIM-1  l^or  Every-i' 


wilh  a  iTew  HK  board 


OEIectronic  Design  by  Computer 

□  Undtfrstand  Vour  Computer's  Language        Parf  2  i^nstruc- 
Iron  5eli 

DEnler  the  .Audible  Computer ' 

□Timp  ftombCame 

□Try  a  Oo-AU  Proyram! 

DSooo,  Vou  Want  lo  be  an  Author' 

DSWTP  4K  BASIC  Note*    .  ,  tmpiememiffg  jt  on  ifie  68Vb 

□  Hesdec        fiejfadecjmaif  ro  decimai  convsruon 

□  Start  a  One-Man  Computer  Club 

□  Trouble* hoot  Your  Software      ,-3  ttace  program  (or  the 
6502 

'OCure  thai  Hot  Power  Supply 

September  1977 

□  Build    Vour    Own    ASCII    Keyboard        wj(h    se^j'a^   and 
paialf&i  otJipor 

□  The  U I  Urn  ate  Personal  Computer 

□  T4ll^  Your  Computer'ii  t^ngu^^e! 

□a  Pt  T  For  Every  Home        a  rooJi:  ar  the  Commodore  PE  T 

□  Kilobaud  Klassroom        No  4:  PC  boardi  and  power  iup- 

□Seah  E  Eectiroiiiic^ 

□  Try  3n  flOflO  Simulator 

C  B u I  Id  J^  1^20  E  PR  QM  Progr  a  mm  v r        hr  the  %4ty2  4K  i^htp 
O Faster  Ml K BUG  Load  Ti''fhni<iuc-        use*  hinar^  tormat 
nt>ecoding  Device  Control  Codes        uses  a  UA/?  f.  nataraUy 
QTarbell  A  synchronous -Form  at 

□  Baseball  in  BASIC 

□  Us i n g  a n  Invisible  PftOM       hQw  to  reJoca (e  m on rf or  pf o- 
gtami 

□  Klingon  Capture  Came 

□  Starting  a  Business? 


October  1977 

DBA  SIC  Timing  Comparisons 

GLeirn  and  F.rrn        &ASK  and  busjness  programmfrrg 
DBargflin  Ti.me' 

DHeJIo'    Today's   Program   Is        trrrdersfandmg  computer 
speech  recogmttorr  , 

□  Beware  the  Alt  air  Bys 
DPut  Your  Imsai  on  the  Racki 

□  JP  Computei  Graphics 

□  Memory  Troubi^shciotir'ig  Technrqu^j 

□  Understand   Vour   Interrupl^^        rea!  i\me  dock   ^ppit- 
cstiom 

□  Kilobaud  Klas^rooni  .      No  5.'  hatdv^arf^  hgKai  ^unct^oJ7s 

□  Dngjlal  Groyp  MAXl-Basic 
□trtiliie  ASCII  Conirol  Codej! 

□  D#dic^[pd  Controllers 

□  Try  WOftDMAlHi 
□Time  toi  Fimrsharingn' 

□Build  i  Univ-etial  lifO  Board        for  yourAiTfafr 

November  1977 

□  tvervtbm^. about  Assembiers! .  .    s^re  beati  hand-ccfdi/}g 
□Your  I  mage  Counts' 

CJiifeliniF  Program 
□Consfdef  a  MITE  Ptntitr        ak^inathe  lo  th^  ASR^13 

□  Tired  oi  S.ubstituMng  Chips' 

DSt ru It h  Thoie  C hdiac re rv       rvtodi  tor  the  ,S W TP  Pfl ^fi 

□  Magnetic  Bubbie  Mi^mory 

□  Reliable  Conversion  TechncQues 
□Salesminship,  Hardware  ind  Colfee 

□  Hy per  about  Slow  Load  Times?:  ,  .  KifA  Hypertape  ri  an 
aflernatfve 

□  interested  m  Commercial  Pro^MmrmmB^ 

DKilohtiud  Klfli^ifoom        .No  *>' vp/f^RP.  rjjrrenf  and  power 

s;yppfjes 
□Expand  Your  KkM!        Vk^lh  A/,^arr  bus  devtca 

□  Enh since  Vour  Memory        wirh  home  information  feirtevaf 

□  Build  th«  iT-i  Modem        uses  the  MCH-^ri  and  a  UARJ 
□Another  Look  it  B^^nthm^irk  Progriim 

□Scm  cif  Submari^ne  Came 

C  Pay  roll  Program  for  ^maii  bustneiSfrien 

□SC.'MP  Co&s  Baudot       add  jn  mexflcnsjve TTY 

December  1977 

DtVT  Hardwfl*"?  OeMgn        P^rf  :   miirucfU^r^  decoder  ar^d 
Stan 

□  Expand  Your  K.IM'        Parr  2'  Kettin^  ro  the  nun  and  boJcs 

□  PayroN  Program  iCdntmued}        casseire  techr\t(fit(^s 
□The  Business  Market 

□  all  CAPS 

□The  "Learnng  Mathmi.         math  tutor  progran? 

□  Kilobaud  Klassroom        No   7  frjnswlors   diodei  and  op 
arjTpi 

□  Compiea!  Guide  to  Loftif  Diagrams 
□Tinv  BASIC 

□  Th*'  Twelve  Days  of  Chnsimas 

LJPaper  Tape   It'i  Here  to  Stay        a  look  at  the  OP-AUA 
DTempus  Fugiii: 
□who  Needs  a  Broker^ 

□  Here  ■  ^  H  U  f.  V I ,      s«per  ca  lcuS&  tot  for  rh^  6  ^2 
T^Crash  Landnrrg^        a  rea/-rrme  Lvnst  Lander  fi^me 

□  FiJe  Structiires  Slmpllf^ed 


\ 


k 


microcomputing 


articles  you  may  have  missed  during  '78  &  '79 


January  1978* 
February  197S 

L.  liorhytlinii  tirilh  ^mit  klH 

CVandenben  D^tJ  Pruduct^  ibK  SojiTff  ltevi«w«d 

i_  JmirniiJr* ,  4rfAifnrt  and  Reporli 

_Smjill  Btiiinei.1.  Softwife        Pifl  f  KCoanH  wcti^gbh 

—  Iht  Muilc  Man 

u  Hol-Rod  Modi  for  }lout  SWTf  Svtttm 

L_ Tickled  by  Fickl^pd        ^  c^rrm|^  i]n</  dwgt4mmtrt^  ^tti 

L.Rtad)r  EKi  lliF  firing  Linef 

CfiiMnrf  Vour  KIMf       Pah  J  6ui  c<Mir^  bouNirf^rKf maich 

[llmrrUcing  f1p« 

^TFAching  Pfesch&olrn  teftet  DiiCrirtiiiruiIiofl 

^  Wh>  Slrut:1ur«d  ProK^J^fTimtntl 

^  Sourer  Li»iin£  ihe  Hjird  W  j> 

C  How  €ood  It  TirbvU'i  f  loppY  Inlerijcef 

L  ManipulH^iing  ASCII  DaU 

L^lrjid  iirt>  GofKJ  Booki  I^telvf        »  m^ogram  to  teit  read- 

1^  George  Morrow'i  Vcfulde  FtonM^jincI  Bojrd 

C  Dei  ttc  1  i«4i !       d  V  id^  gime  ror  r/^  uru  «€!&  ^nd  ^tlc 

LHott  MuTh  Mctnorv  lor  j  KiMf 


March  1978 


Pjrt  2 


Pan  t.  hjrdvit6fe  tntf^rfac& 


compufpfj/ed  e*er 


_9uild  l^h«   'Sirnpir  Cnrnpulvf^r 
.-.Hatthmatf  Wiagtam  RrJocjilian. 

SUtF  CapilAt> 
-Cuiiamiini  MIKBUG 

TV  T^p«Hfit4-r  Upddt« 
„laolpfo«f  Cd$f«llr  Opcf  ilioii 
[_>Jumhef-Cfunthinjt  Tim* 

CSupe/  T*rniifijil1         rnrerf<jcfng  Ih*^  0uf'ou|!?^^  *ii*;fJ^i 
L-Consumcf  Computrr,  Inc. 
L Pf c»xr#mrnird  I nti ruction  Mddif  {#»>:  Tihy  PILOf,  Pari  1 

Piolect  Tour  Memory  AKjin%f  PnM«r  Fjtturr 
^  Backup  Techniquvi        <Sa^^  ijtl  hJttc  \i  yiyur  i^itefr\f 
L_Sfnjll  Buiiinesi  SallMrjre.  Ptirt  2 
LEip4Ftd  Your  KIM!        Part  4  a  TJY iub^tttule 
GFj^le-r  itAie  X\mf%        build  a  quKkt'^f  I  PROM  CfMa^r 
Dl/O  PruR,ramniin{{  for  tht  Alldir  Dtiki 
DTiie  At  jam  EK-BOO 

D  Tiger  T roubte I         1 1  progrj mm jfj /e^t j/c ula tot  yj  fj f  r 
D Tempera tiir«  S^n^^in^ 
CIA  Diller^nt  Apprudch  Id  HI-IO 

April  197a* 
May  1978" 
June  1978 

UTjminf!  tUe  VO  SpJectrir 
I  iHome-Brvw  l-Sii  Syittt-m 

uA    itrjtegy    lar    Hejllhy    itvkntt 

A  Tour  of  ihe  Fjir*,  Pari  1 
Tiny  BASIC  SKorrctiU 
Baudot  .  .  .  f r  . .  .  MurrjVn  M.rc^  ihr  MS 
Uma,  Z  ROfir  SOBS 
One  Kt'vb^A'd^  Hv^  and  ASCII 

b  tke  Malibu  Model  tbOlhf!>  Printer  Idf  Ymirfiutir^eM  Syt- 
teifil 

f  h^  C^^^t  Cr^mpyle'r  CnntpirjCy 
^  Prr&onAl  Camputer  Shot^t 
CrD4»^Cflun1rv  SaHfKm  Tfip 
Trjinif«f  Ve<tar»%»  AbMilwIe  Addt«iijns 
Lrror  Curreclin};  Cf^dc t 

ASCII  in  B^udoi        rr      .  Mutrav  Itbr  Hard  W^y) 
BDuling  i^corrs  far  Ooll^fi 

Mathin*    Uifuai^f    ioi    the    TKS-BQ        RadiO    Sh^cA;'i 
J-BUC 

Tmo  S^ilenif  Shhferin^  the  SariK^  Bui 
Computers  tn  Cia&&rcM3mv:  Teachirq;  I  he  Teachert 

luly  1978* 
Augysl  197& 

DOCurORM    A  Word-Pfoccffina  Sfllcni  ICK  ff^tf^owtl 

kilobaud  Klaikt^tjffm        \a   rr   Oafa  and  Adyress  Sirjief 

Softwaiv  Debugging  %ut  Beginncn 

Miti  ¥1  liewtb  Slar 

KanMv  CiK  siind^rd       ai  tiOObatid 

^wordi  and  SofceftI 

Two  Hobbiei:  Moi^l  Railroadlfi^t  and  Cofnpiilliig,  PatI  1 

Update:  Lunar  LarHter 

Iht  Oo-lf-lri*uf*eli  Sv*rem        Ht^th  %  HS  a  a  wrnnsr* 

kivi   -  Cbrtf   ^   Mictfjcbc^i 

Is  There  Intellige nl  Life  in  Your  Corffiputef  RoomT 

From  Ba»e  lo  Base        t^ith  your  HP  iS 

f  ISANC:  A  HnmeilSmall'ftij^fieH  Financiat  Package 

Contputer'Cieneraled  Sitnii 

Coptics  Cam|hilt»  C«L$«llrt 


USofliwtiiJiic  El  Ira  With  Radio  %ha€k\  BASIC 
DTfie  Amazing  IBOJ 
'   Who  S^sdi  a  UARTI 

Can*  hnd  ttJ        sn  mdet  for  Yout  5WJP  BASK  man<iaf 


Septembef  1978 

(CanHetf  EdKof 

AI  ta$i:  A  CEienI  Timekeeping  Sytlem 
—  Triiitblethooten^  Guide 

Meiric-Aiiferrcan  Cooversion  Program 

The  HealhJDEC  CanntfliiC^n         P^H  t   QvWVf^ 

Hoffte  S>it€ni  Oemo  Program 

Dcp-it-All  Eipamion  Btmtd  for  KIM 

Tallv  H<]!        ro>  d^nd /K>undi.  game 

Baudol  Interface  Cookb^Kik 

lrror-Coirre<lmK  Techniqu«t 

IhJM  OrKan 
L^Kiiobaud  KlassrocHn        No    Jl    ftOM  a/>d  RAM  mem- 

j^Molorola'i  Utesi:  rh«  MCM03 
OTKS«S  Update:  level  II  BASIC 

Super  Cheap  l^DB  Programmet 

SonifelhinK  E^lra  in  Mats  Storage        MUS^i'i  Atftht-f 

From  Big  BASiC  to  TiJiy  BASIC 

October  1978 

OBudget  S^item        KtM  kevboitd.  FV,  rvr-6i  iflrf  A*flM 
^The  Hea1h/D£C  Camvertimi        PAft  2:  H11  iv^Stempefip^ 

era's 
Q&epre<:tafion  CatculaliO'ns 
CloopinK  in  Tmv  BASIC 

kilobaud  kfasjroom        No.  IJ-  //Q  Crrcuit/y 
_.LeI  Your  Computet  Wear  a  Walch 
URandomrjes^  is  Wonderful 
'  'Dazzlerand  BASK 

The  Laie&t  in  Operating  Sy items  tor  the  kSOtk  FLEI( 

Action  on  the  Enterpriie 

Will  DEC  and  IBM  Be  the  Final  Winnen! 
-.Little  Bits 

yViei*  from  Ihe  Far  Ea&t 
LJUfe  That  Parity  Line! 
•    The  Software  Pjlchtord 
i    A  Useful  Addre$i5  List  Program 
L  Ready  lor  the  Nufhousef 

November  1978* 
December  1978 

UDura/llel  Selectric  fur  Low-Cost  Hard  Copy 

IJA  "Gih"  That  Keeps  on  CiviOK 

DThe  Art  of  Ceneraling  Eitpi^ns^  Ri.'porlt 

UDeep,  Dark  Secrets  of  the  TRSSO  {Level  I) 

UlnterfacinK  the  Ell  11 

DThe  Care  and  Feeding  of  Castelle  Tapei,  Pari  1 

IJHilubaud  Klas&ruoin    .  ,  Na  IS:  computer  I/O  iff 

IJRasfer  Scan  Graphics  for  ihe  bSCKK      .  Part  2:  th^  ioltwurfi 

IJSWIP  4K  RAM  Write  Protect  Option 

IJT5C  Teii  Editor 

US  pel  ling  Bee 

iJTwo  Interface  Boards  Irorn  Teletek 

iJAllenlion,  Chesi  Suffs! 

[  JTbe  Upa^  and  Dui^n^of  Business 

!  JBASIC  Control  of  Servo  mechanisms 

IJThere  Js  a  Better  MIKBUG! 

I    Hdw  Io  Write  Good  Appiieation  Programi. 

L. Sharing  Scheme  ior  RS~2J2  Chafineli 

January  1979 

D  An  tdilof  for  faflOO  BASIC  Prpgrami 

D  O'ParwJ  tor  KIM 

D  Hdltng  Dice 

n  P&eudo  Grsphftcs 

D  The  BC5  afld  tts  Prendent 

D  Addri^  List  Editor 

U  Pi5plJV  Vcuff  PIT! 

D  T  RSaJ  tape  Cpntrol ler 

n  SHHH  —  Peotile  Aie  SJeepmg 

O  Say  i^  Mndi  a  Banner 

O  Open  hlouse 

O  Ca^^w^tte  lEtterfacine 

O  PEF  TcfcfmiQiL^s  LKplamed 

D  A  Service  Bureau  tor  fiDbfa^id& 

O  LretleBils 

n  Ke<ppmg  Ma  Betl  Happv 


February  1979 

C  alock-Slfuditfed  Languaee  for  MKixxonpulM*! 

D  Kilobaud  F^lassioom,  No  16  lO  IV 

O  Compuiemed  Clcnafe  Conmil 

Q  Madam  Dupre's  House  oi  itie  Zodiac 

Q  Oidt  F^^wv^r' 

D  IweiiltiTv  Contzof  with  the  tRS^O 

D  Om* afti  wrth  the  COSMAC  El*? 

D  &jikfal50TVir 

D  P^Tccm's  LFTMOa  Flopfiy  Disk  Systeni 

a  DOTS 

n  Ti*  App4«  Spe^s— S^tiy 

^issues  not  available. 


D  Super  Mastermind 

U  TRS-H]  Level  II  Refereftce  Martual  Indi^ 

G  Care  and  ^eecbrts  of  Ciissett^  Td^>es  (Part  H 

D  Ten^/Documerit  Plr^iaFaiKin  MMle  Easy 

D  Sifnplef  inieiHl. 

O  Leam  BASIC— with  aASKI 

G  Use  floAi harts  to  Ccrnfnunicate 

G  Joystick  Interface  tor  Vour  AltHir 

G  Attack  on  the  Pack' 

March  1979 

O  Ctmm  Vdiv  Nit  Your  Headiiut  HB 

G  Ajialqi  and  DtgfUt  InierfaM^es 

D  file  "El  Cheapo"  tPRO^l  Progrsrwner 

Q  ts  Your  Vtdxeo  Mcinrli^r  Par^prcui^ 

Q  thoughts  on  the  SWTF  Compuler  System 

Q  PI  T  L>ier  Port  Cookbook 

O  Che»  Pawn 

Q  Horne  Computet  E  iterior  Ballistics 

U  Hearh  m  P*ge  Erase 

D  The  SKIP  n  Micpocompytef 

Q  Ulcra  Bonner 

O  Teletype  sKSR^J 

Q  The  One  Pefcenl  Foiecastd^  Method 

D  Too  Many  Vanalile^ 

G  Kiloba^  KUwoom  Ho  17  l,0  V 

O  the  Electro  P^md 

U  How  u>  Tjilk  to  Your  80SO 

G  F^TDi^Artinnifrig  the  1B0Z 

D  Kevboaid  Intemspt  for  the  TF!5k^ 

a  Thp  OSI  Model  500 

D  Sleep  Better  with  a  MioCH:i!]rtiputer 

O  Telpar  rhennal  Pnnter 


April  1979 


g     A  I  ook  at  TFES-flO  Pe+ipherals 

d     Ht?d;iti  Hd  Oi5k  System 

O     DOTSSPartZJ 

D     f  ruly  Random  Numbers 

Q     SWTP  CT4024  Mod 

Q     Who  SclK  Software^ 

Q     Haw  fmportjant  Is  F^oper  Tefminatron^ 

Q     How  to  Talk  lo  Vour  8080  (Part  2) 

G     PiWnllel  Port  to  RlS-232  — Iriexpf^n^ivRlv 

D     ffw?  Speech  Lessons  for  rine  TRS-flO 

D     LctH  Co  Flving 

□  Ktoppv  Disk  Svst^nrt  from  Tarbell 
D      Thf  W.ilt  Stiite  Expbined 
D     Deprec  Id tioTi  Analysis 
D      f  w  in  t  .J  WPttP-i  tor  You  r  T  RSnBO 
0      Bic-Crfifih  GBneralOf 
D     Let's  Have  Some  Order 
Q  Quirksorti 
Q     Pul  Sonielhinj^  Super  in  V.CHjr  Liife 

□  St^rship  Attack 
P  Terminate  Vaur  Troub lei 
G  T(!s[irijyi  l-^tl  5it*rirch  AlKonthmi 
D  Two  Dii^monds 
G  How  dbout  a  Pfinierf 
G  A  look  inside  the  TRS^BO 

May  1979 

Q  A  Text  Formatter  m  BASIC 

a  KI^CTR 

n  Migh-Sfieed  Cassette  Imertace 

O  How  ro  Talk  to  Your  wm  (Part  11 

P  Data  Base  Mrtn<i4^ment 

a  Analog  and  Digital  Inter! anes  i?ar\  2] 

O  COSMAC  PcK^bJe  Play 

D  COSMAC  Doubli^  Play  fconL) 

Q  from  Microcontputer  to  Mucf'O-Piano 

Q  A  Came  of  Darts 

G  Preltvpnnting  with  Mkio^xj/h  BMIC 

G  Kilobaud  IClaiwootn  No  ia 

Q  MDOS 

G  A  TRS^n  CftB^lndeii 

G  Crar^nie  with  ttie  TRS^ 

Q  An  All-iftOfie  Internate 

|lliie1979 

G  '  MoretoT 

O  TRSnaaSetectiic  Word  Processor 

Q  f  houf^s  on  ds  SWTP  CoiTqjuter  System  (2] 

O  ^i^w  Lrfe  f o»  Our  AJtatr 

D  IVBUC 

P  CiBalM«  Tabulation 

O  A  Flandle  on  PiuyariBUing 

O  Kecfibook 

Q  Vector  dapNnil  Tecfniqua 

Q  Pim^  the  IBQZ  on  the  S^IOO  But 

G  A  Pefwnil  Firwince  System  (Part  It 

D  Butlciirig  a  New  Homon 

D  MJciocompulefs  and  TVF 

O  Tramlalini  Betiwecfi  TTL  arid  RS-Z12  Levels 

G  Odta  F  iles  for  Pmcessv  Tedi  SK  BASIC 

Q  Liltk  Bits 

G  What  s  40  M^k!^  aftnut  the  SorceiCir^ 

(Sack  Issues  Catalog  continues  on  foUowiing 
page.) 


June  1979,  continued^ 

n  A  Telephone  Data  Coupler  lor  the  TRSnHO 

n  The  Cromemco  Z-2D 

O  Person  J I  Cpmpuitinjj,  Meet  Pbotography 

n  Peripheral  Interfacing 

Iu1v1979 

D  IC  Logic  Tester  snd  Parilllei  I/O  tHpiWder 

P  Whip  file  Wipt-outs  in  the  IRS-ftE) 

D  HUH  tJcctFomcs'  Model  8100  Motherboard 

D  Data  nJe  Creation  Profjram 

D  Computer  Careers  in  CarDtma 

D  Ferior>al  Finance  Sy&tem  [P^ri  2) 

D  Sdrgori  mk*u  ms-m 

□  Safe  I/O  Purti  with  a  BLdiFCCtiorr^iJ  Buffer 
O  Pro  lee  tins  Future  Prgf  its 

□  KandomrreSi  h  Mure  Than  Ir  Seemi 
a  OSI's  Superboard  II 

D  Teach  ar\  old  Pt  V  N<jw  1  rcck^ 

□  A  Circular  Handle  on  Graphics 
D  U02  PtlOi 

□  Red- Handed  Credit  Crabbt-r 

D  Trqgbleshootinjj  Tips  anJ  Techni!<iui?ji 

D  Super  Slanei!  Kit  from  Tcchrrico 

n  Thoughts  on  the  SWTPComputfiJ"  System 

P  CONORS   an  HB  Monitor 

til  Getting  the  Most  out  of  Your  TRS-6f» 

0  Reading  Computer  Jargon 

III  An  tiiErodLictioni  to  Microfilming 

U  1  hp  6^02  and  1ti  Liltle  Brotherb 

D  Another  Kexddetimchl  Kt^vb^'"''''^ 

August  1979 

U  Cover  Up:  Pt  I  Home-Decorating  Program 

n  Ti4t^prinNfr  Output  for  TRS-aO 

D  Muiphv's.  Law^  isnd  Othf.*r  Ob^!*rvations 

□  Thoughts  ort  the  SWIi'  Computer  System 
D  MUSKSD   Music  PrOfjram  tor  the  6B00 

LJ  t'K-t^^'n-d  Your  Micro  with  the  Mullen  Extender  Board 

n  The  GASrC  BASIC  Renumberer  for  H3 

U  !it>ava.^an  Mpdilation  Program 

D  Per:>ondl  Finance  System  {Part  3) 

n  Percom  Gt-ai2Mod 

D  Report  Financial  Reports  Proisram 

D  HiiikLi  Compo^pr  Poetry  on  th^^  TRS-flO 

D  The  Sort:ert*T  C  connect  ton:  Sorcerer  to  Teletype 

D  Apple  Ciphefi:  An  Apple  II  liilEtng  System 

U  ThePAIAe7tX} 

D  Drjn'l  Throw  Awdv  That  Monitor  — Yetf 


D  Nerves:  A  Fast  GasTne 

P  Taking  AIM  with  Rockwell  Intern^tionaTs  AIM  6S 

D  How  to  Silente  a  Noi^v  Computer 

D  PFT  Wrap-up 

L  Machine-Language  Monttors-  for  TRS-^O 

Hi  Vi$if  to  OSI  f 


September  1979 


Q  A  Look  ^(  Termirrak 

□  Inventory:  Nuie-operation  inventory  Program 
D  Metfjc,  Engh^h  Equrvalents  Program 

□  A  Look  at  Gore  Memory  in  Micros 
G  The  MM 571  m  N l.i m be r  Crg ncher 
P  Cas-Monttoring  Program 

C  Th-e  Fourth  Eaire 

D  Output  for  the  SWlP  bditor-Assemblpr 

n  Intertacmg  SOI  with  a  Vista  Disk 

H  The  FaHure  of  j  Micro  in  Bu5iness 

n  Thouisjht^  on  the  SWTP  ^y^jtem 

3  2/OfiEPROMfcirthffS-IOO 

H  Review  of  Lear  SiegEer's  ADM-3A 

H  .Oft'th^^Shelf  Word-ProcessiinK.  System 

3  Catching  Bugs  with  Lights 

D  Make  PET  Hard  Copy  Easy 

3  Apple  II  High-Resiolul ion  Graphics 

Zl  Ueat  the  Computer;  Black fsck  Strategy 

H  Put  Your  PET  on  the  Betsi  Bus 

Z3  Build  Your  Ovvn  TTL  Diagnostic  Aid 

.H:  Usiinji  and  E.$cpanding  the  Heath  ET'J400 

3  Another  KlM'1  Expansion 

i3  Adult  Caloric  Requirements 

i3  1  RS-fM)  Speed-up 


October  1979 

P  Thoughts  cm  the  5WTP  Computer  Svstetir> 

P  rAlAB7WKevisitGd 

P  inexpensive  TRS-fiO  Printer  Interface 

P  Eyes  for  the  AC- 30 

P  Expanded  TRS-flO  Disk  Operations 

U  Anatomy  of  a  Scam 

n  Bujiine^:^  Software  Made  Easy 

P  K I MCT  R  Me3i.u  re  s  C  iipac  i  ta  n  c  e 

P  More  TRS-fiO  Horsepower 

□  Probos  V   An  In^KpensJve  Logic  Probe 
P  PEF^  Keyboard  Grow^  IJp 

□  Hurncanel  Track  Hurricanes  wrth  This  Program 

□  Video  DMA  Inlertate  tor  SWTP  Syiten>s. 

□  Ultimate  Consumer  Computer 
D  The  T^xatron  Stringy  Floppy 

□  Calendar  program 

D  Four  More  Com nrtands  (or  SSB  DOS 


P     Arena:  Go  into  Battle  with  Your  Computer 

P     File  Directory  Analysis  for  North  St^r  DOS 

P      Report  on  the  Centronics  779  Print€"r 

C     Bt?efing  Up  PET 

D     AMI'S  LVK  Series 

P     Ulysses  in  Computed  and 

tl      The  Apple  II  Programmer's  Aid  ROM 

□  ,    Caps  Lock,  Not  5hift  Lock 

e     "Hardware  Random  Number  Generator 
Bit  Rale  Clocks  for  Your  S<;ria|  Interface 
E3<plonng  the  Inequalitv  of  Bus  Bufifers 
Spe^id  Up  Your  tif  s  Input-Output 

P     Load  Programs  the  SIMPL  Way 

n      Pig  Latin 

(ouch  This  Icebreaker  Could  be  a  lawbreaker 
Pros  ram  Debugging 
Build  an  Inexpensive  logic:  Analy/er 
Increasing  the  Qytesaver's  Usefulness 


P 

a: 


p 

D 

D 
D 


November  1979 

P  Lowt^rcase  for  Vouf  Apple  ll.iPart  If 

□  Whal's  New  in  Memory? 
P  Stringy  Floppy  tncore 
n  The  Electronic  Librarian 

G  Text  Editing  for  the  TRS-fiO 

D  The  Apple  Goea  to  Market 

□  Let's  Look  at  NEWnOS+  from  Apparat 
n  AMrs  EVK  Series 

P  Thoughts  on  the  SWTP  Computer  System 

P  Payroll  Program  for  Business  Systr^mis 

P  Thmker  Toys'  Discus  I  Disk  Syiteni 

P  Expanded  TKS-tlQ  Disk  Operations 

□  An  SSM/lad**  Video  Board  for  Le^s  Than  M20 
n  Wave  the  Fla^ 

P  Real  Property' Protrt  Guide 

P  The  TRS-aO  Dial-a-Phone 

P  Wari:  A  Challenging  Gante 

□  A-Majing  Ma /:frrhen prating  Algorithm 
P  Sourid  for  the  L!f  II 

P  Sherlock  Holmes  and  the  Computer 

P  ASClt-to-Selectrk  Software  Driver 

D  Introduction  to  Tl's  1MS-*J900 

Q  Have  a  E^all  with  Bally 

n  The  O  u  ipu  t  B  uf  f erj'  Driver 

G  Mlcropolis  Disk  Driven 

n  Weight-Watching  Special 

□  tlO  PLT-to-Centronirs  Interface 

□  A  BASIC  Dollar  Edit  Subroutine 
P  How  to  Butid  a  Word  Processor 
n  Wire-Wrap  Pin  Locating 


BACK    ISSUE  CATALOG:  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  MICROCOMPUTING 


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1977 

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1979 

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Kilobaud  Microcomputing  •  Back  Issue  Catalog  •  Peterborough  NH  03458 


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1^  Reader  Service— s&e  pagB  259 


Teaching  Your  Micro  to  Count 

two  methods  for  adding  counter  capability 

to  your  6502  machine 


Sam  Creason  K6EW 
294 Q  Arlington  Ave. 
FuUerton  CA  92635 


One  of  the  handier 
pieces  of  test  equip- 
ment for  digital  circuits  is 
a  counter.  If  it's  used  to 
troubleshoot  or  design  sys- 
tems which  involve  a 
microprocessor  (^P],  it  need 
not  be  expensive,  since  it 
need  not  count  at  a  rate 
faster  than  a  few  MHz. 
Then,  too,  if  it's  used  with 
an  already-existing  piP 
system,  it  is  simple  to  con- 
struct, since  the  ^P  system 
can  replace  some  of  the 
hard-wired  logic  that  is 
normally  required. 


CLOCK    [^  ' 
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In  the  context  of  a  juP 
system,  we  can  implement 
a  counter  in  more  than  one 
way.  The  first  is  straight- 
forward, involving  ICs 
which  do  the  counting.  The 
second  way  is  also  straight- 
forward, but  rather  uncon- 
ventional. The  implemen- 
tation consists  almost  en- 
tirely of  a  program,  and  we 
need  add  little  or  no  hard- 
ware at  all  to  our  system. 
By  comparing  the  two  im- 
plementations, we  can 
learn  a  little  about  replac- 
ing hardware  with  software 
and  see  what  trade-off  is  in- 
volved.  Our  primary  goal, 
though,  is  simply  to  add  a 
useful  piece  of  equipment 
to  our  system.  As  we'll  see 


Q4 
0 

Q3 
0 

Q  2 
0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

H 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

^ 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

■■ 

D 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

J ' 

1 

0 

0 

0 

-1 

0 

0 

1 

later,  the  conventional  im- 
plementation produces  a 
more  versatile  counter,  so 
we'll  consider  it  first. 

The  Counter  IC 

The  principal  compo- 
nent of  our  first  counter  is 
the  4518  dual  BCD  count- 
er. Its  pin  connections  are 
shown  in  Fig.  1 .  As  its  name 
implies,  there  are  two  in- 
dependent BCD  counters 
within  the  IC.  There  is  no 
particular  significance  to 
the  designations  "1"  and 
''2"  in  the  figure. 

Each  counter  has  a 
RESET  input.  Applying  a 
high  level  to  this  input 
forces  outputs  Q^,  Q2,  Q3. 
and  Q4  to  0.  Applying  a 
high  level  to  the  ENABLE 
input  and  a  low-to-high 
transition  to  the  CLOCK  in- 
put then  advances  the 
count  from  QjQjQiQi    — 


IMPUT   ^ 


^OUTPUT 


Fig.  1,   Pin  connections  of      Fig.  2.  Response  of  counter 

4518  dual  BCD  counter.  to  square  wave.  Fig,  3.  Conditioning  circuit 


0000  to  Q^QiQjQ  1=0001. 
As  long  as  we  hold  the 
ENABLE  input  high,  each 
successive  low- to- high 
transition  advances  the 
count  by  one  until  a  count 
of  nine  (1001)  is  reached. 
The  next  transition  returns 
the  count  to  0000.  Similar- 
ly, if  we  hold  the  CLOCK 
input  low  and  apply  a  high- 
to-low  transition  to  the 
ENABLE  input,  the  count 
will  advance. 

If  we  want  to  determine 
the  fundamental  frequen- 
cy of  a  square  wave,  and 
we  know  that  if's  between 
one  and  nine  Hz,  we  can 
make  at  least  an  approx- 
imate measurement  by  ap- 
plying the  square  wave  to 
the  ENABLE  input  and  car- 
rying out  the  following  se- 
quence of  operations: 
1,  Take  CLOCK  input  high. 
2;  Reset  counter. 

3,  Take  CLOCK  input  low 
for  one  second. 

4.  Take  CLOCK  input  high. 
At  the  end  of  this  se- 
quence, the  count  is 
numerically  equal  to  the 
frequency  of  the  square 
wave  in  Hz,  give  or  take  a 
Hz. 


M 


104 


Alternatively,  we  could 
accomplish  the  same  thing 
by  applying  the  square 
wave  to  the  CLOCK  input 
taking  the  ENABLE  input 
low,  resetting  the  counters, 
and  taking  the  ENABLE  in- 
put high  for  one  second. 


A  Multi^Digit  Counter 

To  make  useful  measure- 
ments, we  very  often  need  S 
counter  which  can  count 
beyond  nine.  For  this,  we 
can  use  the  output  of  one 
counter  to  drive  an  input  of 
a  second  counter,  and  so 
on.  Since  the  digital  display 
of  my  system  has  six  digits,  1 
used  a  total  of  six  counters 
(three  4518s]. 

Although  the  waveform 
which  we  want  to  measure 
can  be  applied  to  either 
the  CLOCK  or  the  ENABLE 
input  of  the  first  counter, 
we  have  to  be  careful 
about  the  way  in  which  we 
interconnect  the  remain- 
ing counters.  As  successive 
cycles  of  the  waveform 
toggle  the  first  counter, 
the  outputs  of  that  counter 
change  as  shown  in  Fig.  2. 
Each  time  the  count 
changes  from  9  to  0,  the 
next  counter  should  be 
toggled  once.  That  is,  as 
the  count  in  a  particular 
counter  goes  from  9  to  0, 
that  counter  should  gen- 
erate a  carry  for  the  next 
counter.  For  this  purpose, 
we  can  use  the  Q4  output 
of  the  counter,  As  the 
count  goes  from  9  to  0, 
that  output  makes  a  high- 
to-fow  transition,  Thus,  we 
need  only  tie  the  Q4  out- 
put of  the  first  counter  to 
the  ENABLE  input  of  the 
second  counter,  and  tie 
the  CLOCK  Input  of  the 
second  counter  per- 
manently low.  We  can  add 
as  many  more  counters  as 
we  like,  in  a  similar  way. 

Measuring  a  Frequency-- 
The  Timebase 

At  this  point  we  have  a 
multi-digit  counter,  but  we 
need  a  way  to  enable  or 


disable  counters  so  that 
we  know  how  much  time 
was  spent  accumulating  a 
particular  count.  That  is, 
we  need  a  timebase.  A 
V3-HZ  square  wave  is  a 
reasonable  choice,  since 
it's  high  for  one  second, 
low  for  one  second,  and  so 
on.  If  we  apply  such  a 
square  wave  to  the  CLOCK 
input  of  the  first  counter 
and  apply  the  waveform 
which  we  want  to  measure 
to  the  ENABLE  input  the 
first  counter  will  count  for 
one  second,  stop  counting 
for  one  second,  and  so  on. 
Since  the  first  counter 
won't  generate  carries 
when  it's  not  counting,  the 
five  remaining  counters 
will  count  and  stop  also. 
To  make  a  measurement, 
we  let  the  counters  count 
for  one  second  and  then 
process  and  display  the 
count  during  the  next  sec^ 
ond. 

If  we  use  a  Vi-Hz  square 
wave  as  a  timebase,  the 
count  which  is  ac- 
cumulated during  one 
counting  period  is 
numerically  equal  to  the 
frequency  in  Hz  of  the 
unknown  waveform.  Since 
our  counter  has  six  digits, 
999,999  Hz  is  the  highest 
frequency  which  it  can 
measure  under  these  con- 
ditions. We  can  extend 
that  range  by  a  factor  of 


ten  if  we  use  a  5-Hz  square 
wave  as  a  timebase,  since 
such  a  square  wave  is  low 
for  only  a  tenth  of  a  sec- 
ond at  a  time.  During  that 
time,  a  9.99999-MHz  wave- 
form will  produce  a  count 
of  999999,  which  our  dis- 
play can  accommodate.  In 
this  case,  the  count  is  nu- 
merically equal  to  the  fre- 
quency  in  Hz/10. 

Since  the  CMOS  count- 
ers which  we'll  use  can't 
be  toggled  faster  than 
about  2-3  MHz  (when  a 
5-volt  power  supply  is 
used),  we  have  no  im- 
mediate need  for  a 
timebase  which  is  higher  in 
frequency  than  5  Hz, 

At  this  point,  then,  we 
have  in  hand  the  necessary 
ingredients  to  make  mea- 
surements of  frequency. 
Before  we  turn  our  atten- 
tion to  the  hardware  itself, 
however,  let's  consider 
one  additional  topic. 

Measuring  a  Period 

We've  seen  that  measur- 
ing a  relatively  high-fre- 
quency waveform  isn't  all 
that  difficult,  but  what  if 


the  unknown  waveform 
has  a  frequency  of,  say,  10 
Hz?  If  we  use  a  V^-Hz 
square  wave  as  the  time- 
base,  then  10  counts  will 
be  accumulated  at  a  time, 
and  our  measurement  will 
be  accurate  to  only  one 
part  in  ten.  For  many  pur- 
poses, that's  adequate. 
However,  if  we  want  to 
count  long  enough  to  take 
full  advantage  of  our 
counter,  we'll  have  to  use 
a  1/20000- Hz  square  wave 
as  the  timebase.  Of  course, 
that  means  that  the  count- 
er will  count  for  about  five 
and  one-half  hours  at  a 
time! 

There  is  a  better  way, 
and  it  involves  using  the 
unknown  waveform  as  the 
timebase  while  the  count- 
er counts  cycles  of  a 
waveform  for  which  the 
frequency  is  known.  For 
example,  if  the  known  fre- 
quency is  1  MHz,  and  a 
count  of,  say,  97,350  ac- 
cumulates during  one  ''on 
period"  while  using  the 
unknown  waveform  as  the 
timebase,  then  the  "on 
period"    is    97,350    micro- 


IWPUT 


OUTPUT 


Fig.  4,  Effect  of  conditioning  circuit 


WAVEFORM 


-2 


RESET 


TIME   BASE 

SEUCT 


1 


OUTPUT 


INPUTS 


I  OF   8    SELECTOR 


0*TA    tNl^OTS 


r 


500  K  Kz 
CRYSTAL 

oso 


BOOKhii 


-\0 


5OKH1 


-10 


5KHj! 


-  to 


SOOHi 


■4^(0 


5QHi 


-m-: 


^Hi 


-to 


0,5  Mi 


Fig,  5.  Block  diagram  of  counter. 


t05 


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I/a 


1/2 


1/2 


i/Z 


i/a 


uz 


4&ia 

EMAStE 


Q4 


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CLOCK 


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04 


ClOCr 


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ENABLIi 


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CLOCK 

II   inn    II 


45ia 
ENABLE 


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4516 
ENABLt 

■J* 

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9 

H 


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DATA   INPUTS 
T4CI5) 

El<Afl-LE 


OUTPUT 


B  4 

Z        1       0 


4013 
tLOCK 


i5 


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.TO 

'counter 


X 


10 


FROM  OUTPUT   POftT 

Bits  A5  INDICATED 


f /g.  6.  T/mefaase  for  counter.  Note:  Ground  reset  terminals  of  4518s  (pins  7  and  15). 


Ql  Q?    Q3  Q* 


FROM  » 

TIME   eASE 


TO  INPUT  PORTS 

tSFTS  AS   IfimCAT-^^     ^ 


10 


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4StB 
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01   Q£  Q^  04 


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4    S     6     7 


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ENABLE 


,01   QE  &3  Q4 


10: 


5 


15 


1/2 

4Sie 

EMABlE 


01  03  Q^  04 


d      d     A      4 
0      1^3 


LI 


12 


O    ' 


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4    3     6     7 


1/2 

45  IB 

ti^^ABLf 

Qf  q^  03  04 

i 

A 

5 

6 

1 .    ^    ^ 

0      12      3 

(0 


ll 


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Ql    qz   [ji  q^ 

T 


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4     5     ft     7 


EDI 


CONTttOL 


LOW-OfiOER  COUNTS 


»UhrKNCfWW  %AVE 

FORM 


MID -ORDER  COUNTS 


Hl-QPTDEft  COUNTS 


/ 


FROM   RESET  PULSE 


Fig.  7.  The  counters.  Note:  Unless  otherwise  specified,  ground  clock  terminals  of  4518s 
(pins  1  and  9). 


seconds.  (The  duration  of 
one  cycle  of  a  1-MHz 
waveform  is  one  microsec- 
ond,) Since  97^50  micro- 
seconds is  0,097350  sec- 
onds, the  unknown  wave- 
form must  have  been  high 
for  0.097350  seconds. 
Assuming  that  it's  low  for 
the  same  amount  of  time 
that  it's  high,  then  the 
period  of  one  cycle  of  the 
waveform  is  two  times 
0.097350,  or  0.19470  sec- 
onds. Thus,  its  frequency  is 
1/0.1947,  or  5.1361  Hz.  By 
using  the  modified  tech- 
nique, we've  made  a  mea- 
surement which  is  quite 
accurate,  and  done  so  in 
less  than  a  second. 

Two  problems  remain, 
however.  First,  this  tech- 
nique measures  the  time 
during  which  the  unknown 
waveform  is  high.  How- 
ever, not  all  waveforms  are 
high  for  the  same  amount 
of  time  that  they're  low. 
That  is,  not  all  waveforms 


have  a  50%  duty  cycle. 
The  problem  is  that  unless 
we  know  the  percent  duty 
cycle  of  such  a  waveform, 
we  can't  make  an  accurate 
measurement  of  its  period. 
A  solution  to  the  problem 
is  to  apply  the  unknown 
waveform  to  the  circuit 
which  is  shown  in  Fig.  3. 

The  unknown  waveform 
is  applied  to  the  CLOCK  in- 
put of  a  type  D  flip-flop. 
Thus,  each  time  the  wave- 
form undergoes  a  low-to- 
high  transition,  it  triggers 
the  flip^lop.  This  transfers 
to  the  Q  output  whatever 
level  is  present  at  the  D  in- 
put when  the  transition  oc* 
curs.  Thus,  since  the  Q  out- 
put is  applied  to  the  D  in- 
put, the  Q  output  will 
change  state  in  response  to 
each  transition.  This 
behavior  is  summarized  in 
Fig.  4. 

What's  important  for 
our  purpose  is  that  we 
have  a  waveform  which  is 


high  for  one  period  of  the 
unknown  waveform,  low 
for  the  same  amount  of 
time,  and  so  on.  That  is, 
the  derived  wavefornn  has 
a  50%  duty  cycle  and  we 
can  measure  its  period 
easily. 

The  second  problem 
which  remains  is  one  that 
we  won't  consider  further 
at  this  time.  It's  simply  that 
once  we've  measured  the 
period  of  a  waveform,  we 
must  compute  the  re- 
ciprocal of  that  number  in 
order  to  determine  the  fre- 
quency of  the  waveform. 
Those  with  a  floating-point 
package  in  the  software  of 
their  system  will  have  no 
problem  doing  this. 

Finally,  we  should  note 
that  the  circuit  in  Fig.  3 
produces  only  one  high-to- 
low  transition  at  its  output 
for  every  two  low-to-high 
transitions  at  its  input.  In 
effect,  it  divides  the  un- 
known frequency  by  two. 


M 


Thus,  if  we  make  the  cir- 
cuit a  permanent  part  of 
our  counter,  we  must  take 
this  into  account.  An  easy 
way  to  do  this  is  to  halve 
the  frequency  of  the  con- 
ventional tjmebase  so  that 
the  timebase  is  high  for 
two  {or  0.2)  seconds  and 
low  for  the  same  amount 
of  time. 

A  Block  Diagram 

At  this  point  we  can 
rough  out  a  block  diagram 
of  at  least  part  of  our 
counter,  as  shown  in  Fig.  5. 

The  unknown  waveform 
is  applied  to  a  divide-by- 
two  circuit  which,  in  turn, 
drives  the  first  of  six  BCD 
counters  (each  is  half  of  a 
4018).  A  500'kHz  crystal  os- 
cillator  generates  the 
timebase.  It  drives  the  first 
of  six  BCD  counters  (each 
is  half  of  a  4018).  Since 
each  counter  counts  to 
nine  and  generates  a  carry, 
we  can  view  each  as  a 
divide-by-ten  circuit  as 
well  as  a  counter, 

The  lowest  available  fre- 
quency which  is  available 
from  the  timebase  is  0.5 
Hz.  A  little  arithmetic  will 
show  that,  in  this  case,  that 
valui  will  produce  a  count 
which  is  numerically  equal 
to  half  the  frequency  in  Hz 
of  the  waveform  — but 
we'll  soon  remedy  that.  A 
o  n  e  -  o  f  -  e  i  g  h  t  selector 
passes  the  selected  time- 
base  on  to  the  input  of  a 
divide-by-two  circuit.  In 
turn,  that  circuit  drives  the 
CLOCK  input  of  the  first 
counter,  and  our  problem 
is  remedied. 

We  could  use  a  250-kHz 
crystal  and  dispense  with 
the  divide-by-two  circuit, 
but  500-kHz  crystals  are 
less  expensive,  and  the  flip- 
flop  IC  which  we'll  use 
(4013)  contains  two  flip- 
flops. 

The  Interface 

To  interface  the  counter 
to  a  mP  system,  we  need  four 
input  ports  and  an  output 
port.  In  addition,  we  need  H"' 
pulse  which  is  similar  to  a 


106 


WRfTE  pulse,  to  reset  the 
counters.  Such  a  pulse  can 
be  generated  by  using  one 
line  of  a  second  output 
port.  Writing  0-1-0  onto  the 
line  produces  a  positive- 
going  pulse. 

Three  of  the  input  ports 
are  used  to  read  the  con- 
tents of  the  counters.  The 
fourth  is  used  to  monitor 
the  states  of  the  CLOCK 
and  ENABLE  inputs  of  the 
first  counter.  Depending 
on  which  counting  tech- 
nique is  used  (frequency  or 
period},  the  state  of  one  or 
the  other  of  the  inputs  in- 
dicates whether  or  not  the 
counters  are  counting. 

The  output  port  is  used 
to  apply  a  number  to  the 
address  inputs  of  the  one- 
of-eight  selector,  to  choose 
the  timebase. 

The  Timebase 

The  circuit  of  the 
timebase  is  shown  in  Fig,  6. 

Two  gates  from  a  4001 
quad  two-input  NOR  IC,  a 
500-kHz  crystal,  and  a  few 
passive  components  make 
up  the  timebase  generator 
The  output  of  the  oscilla- 
tor drives  a  chain  of  three 
4518  dual  BCD  counter 
ICs.  The  outputs  of  the  six 
counters  are  appMedtothe 
DATA  inputs  of  a  74C151 
one-of-eight  selector. 
Depending  on  the  number 
which  is  applied  to  the  AD- 
DRESS  inputs  of  the 
74C151,  a  partrcular  time- 
base  is  passed  on  to  the 
counters  via  a  divide-by- 
two  circuit. 

The  Counter 

The  circuit  of  the 
counters  is  shown  in  Fig.  7. 
The  unknown  waveform  is 
applied  to  the  input  of  a 
4001  NOR  gate  which  acts 
as  a  buffer.  (Good  practice 
dictates  that  lines  which 
originate  off  the  board 
should  not  be  connected 
directly  to  the  CLOCK  in- 
put of  a  flip-flop,  in  the  in- 
terest of  immunity  to 
noise.)    The    NOR    gate 

"dnves  half  of  a  401 3  type-D 
flip-flop   !C  which  is  con- 

'v figured  as  a  drvide-by-two 


circuit.  The  output  of  that 
circuit  drives  the  ENABLE 
input  of  the  first  of  a  chain 
of  three  4518  dual  BCD 
counters. 

Using  the  Counter  With  the 
BMPS 

The    counter   was    orig- 
inally designed  for  use  with 
a    beginner's    micropro- 
cessor   system    based    on 
the  6502  (aP,  That  system  is 
described    in    detail    else- 
whereJ    Those   who    have 
built  such   a  system   may 
use  the  counter  by  adding 
the    interface    which    is 
shown  in  Fig.  8.  [Of  course, 
the  interface  is  not  needed 
if  the  builder  has  expanded 
the  basic  BMPS  to  provide 
additional  I/O  parts.)  Those 
who  will   use  the  counter 
with  other  than  the  basic 
BMPS    should    ignore    the 
next  two  paragraphs. 

A  circuit  which  provides 
the  necessary  control  sig- 
nals is  shown  in  Fig.  8(a),  It 
consists  of  a  4514  decoder, 
a  4011  quad  two-input 
NAND  gate,  and  a  4081 
quad  two-input  AND  gate. 
Address  lines  Ao,  A|,  A;, 
A|4,  and  Ai5  are  applied  to 
the  inputs  of  the  4514.  Four 
READ  signals  are  genera- 
ted by  AN  Ding  the  R/W 
line  with  outputs  of  the 
4514.  Two  pulses  are  gen er- 
ated  by  NANDing  the  (3a 
line  with  other  outputs  of 
the  4514.  One  of  these  ts  a 
WRITE  pulse  of  the  sort 
which  we've  used  before. 


The  remaining  pulse  is 
complemented  and  used  to 
reset  the  counters.  When 
we  want  to  reset  the  count- 
ers, we  use  a  STA,  STX,  or 
STY  instruction  in  the  pro- 
gram. No  port  exists  which 
will  accept  the  operand  of 
the  instruction,  but  the 
pulse  is  generated.  The  ad- 
dress of  each  READ  and 
WRITE  signal  is  as  shown  in 
Fig.  8(a). 

A  circuit  which  provides 
the  I/O  ports  is  shown  fn 
Fig.  8(b).  A  latch  (4042)  and 
solid-state  switches  (4016) 
are  used  as  described  in 
Reference  1. 

Construction 

The  foil  side  of  the  PC 
board  and  the  component 
layout  are  shown  in  Figs.  9 
and  10,  respectively.  Those 
who  will  not  use  the  count- 
er with  the  basic  BMPS 
may  prefer  a  more  com- 
pact layout  which  does  not 
include  the  unnecessary 
portion  of  the  I/O  circuit. 


The  timebase  should  be 
checked    out  first.    If   the 
oscillator    does    not    start 
reliably  when  power  is  ap- 
plied, the  values  of  one  or 
more  passive  components 
should  be  varied  slightly. 
With  the  oscillator  work- 
ing,   we    then    check    the 
74C151  selector.  Writing  a 
number  from  000  through 
111    to   its  address   inputs 
should  tie  the  output  of  the 
selector  to  the  designated 
one  of  its  seven  inputs-  We 
then  add  the  4518s  to  com- 
plete the  timebase.  When 
that's  done,  writing  a  000 
to    the    address    inputs 
should  produce  a  0.25-Hz 
square  wave  at  the  output 
of  the  4013.  That  frequen- 
cy   is    low   enough   to    be 
observed    with     a     logic 
probe. 

When  the  trmebase  is 
working  properly,  we  can 
use  it  to  check  the  counter 
ICs.  To  do  this,  we  tem- 
porarily remove  the  4013 
from   its  socket.  We  then 


n/w^ 


T^^^^^^^^ 


A 1 4  *■ 


22 


ftJO- 


21 


Ai*- 


■^ 


4  514 


^  )  ilShPilT$ 


AQt^ 


X 


AIS 


2^: 

— • 


INHIBIT; 


OUTPUTS  ( 


ID 

I  4 

12 

I.T, 
ij 

14 


PCi 


14 


1/4 


40SI 


ADDRESS 
-fr      4002 


1/4 


-"      4003 


_1E^ 


■*     4  0  04 


\Z 


13 


13 


40  B I 


1/4 
II 


-0       4005 


15 


^2*. 


401  I 


!/4 
5 


4007 


1/4 

10 


a 


401  I 


-o      4006 


1/4 


^^^^^^H^^^^^ 


Fig.  8(a).  Partial  schematic  of  interface  to  BMPS. 


FROM   4007 


4042 
CLOCK 

Dl      K    D3,D4 


Ql 


TTT 


O 


■*  t   iTO  TIME  BASE   A&DflESS    INPUT.    0(TS    AS    INDICATED 
^2} 


0      i      2 


FROM   DATA    BUS,  BITS 
A3   INDICATED 


CONTROL 


LOW-ORDER  COymS 


MtD-OROER  COUNTS 


HI-ORDEfi   COUNTS 


FROM    COUI^TERS 
BITS   AS  f  WD  I C  ate' 


TO    DATA   OUS.      __^    |      J 
ins  AS   tNOJCATEO     6     7 


TO   CONTROL  OSRCUIT,  _ 
ADDRESS  AS    IJyOICATED 


10 


-*     4 


O    J    7  S 


3^54 


4016 


3  ^ 


5^t.l£.t3 


r 


IC 


0  i    7  fi 


llll 

\t    |4  |6  |l1 


40  16 


0    I    7  ft 

O     #     O  '« 

Jl       4     8  ll 


3   2   5   4 

Ll 


4016 
It4ABLE 


10 


3   Z  5  4 


a,6,is,n 


EP 


a    a    «   e 
0    17  6 


^   &   •J 

m 


0     I    T  6 


40  lb 

ENABLE 


3  ^ 


1^'  |e  |<J 


3^54 
0     6    *    a 


RESET 
PULSE 


40ie 


11; 


AAA 

3    2  5   4 


3,6.12.13 
""-* i 


3  \\Q 


4   «    i 

I    7    6 


B    JL 


4015 
EJ44BLE 


n 


10 


3  £  5  4 


4005 


400? 


4Q03 


4004 


6 
40  0& 


Fig.  8(bl  Partial  schematic  of  interface  to  BMPS. 


107 


^ 


connect  the  output  of  the      input  of  the  first  counter     put  of  that  same  counter,     timebase  toggles  the  chain 
timebase   to  the  ENABLE      and  ground  the  CLOCK  in-     The  net  result  is  that  the     of  six  counters.  Those  using 


fig.  9,  Foil  side  of  printed  circuit  board  for  counter.  Install  crystal  socket  on  this  side,  install  a  0.1  f/f  disc  ceramic 
capacitor  across  power  pins  of  each  45789  and  4013. 

\m   1Q8 


the  basic  BMPS  should 
load  the  program  which  is 
shown  in  Fig.  11  and  moni- 


tor output  port  8200  In  this 
way.  the  outputs  of  any 
one  of  the  pairs  of  counters 


can   be   observed.   Others 
can  check  the  outputs  of 

the  counters  with  a  logic 


probe  Finally,  we  restore 
the  401 3  and  disconnect  all 
temporary  connections. 


Fig.  W.  Component  side  of  printed  circuit  board. 


109 


M 


Location 

Instruction      ^^ 

Contents 

FFEO 

LDA  TBASE 

AD 

t 

FF 

2 

FF 

3 

STA  4007 

BD 

4 

07 

5 

40 

6 

LOOP  LDA  400X 

AD 

7 

OX 

8 

40 

9 

STA  6200 

6D 

A 

00 

B 

82 

C 

JMP  LOOP 

4C 

D 

E6 

E 

FF 

F 

- 

FO 

- 

1 

— 

c 

D 
E 

F 


FO 
FF 

F8 


fig,  11.  Program  to  test  hardware,  using  the  BMP5,  Note:  In 
FFEbr  X  =  Q,  h  Of  2,  depending  on  which  register  is  to  be 
examined. 


CEEl) 


time  liisi 


NO 


TI8 


'rttAu  cgyut, 

(Tout  tH   RAM 


UliPl,tk 


KM 


■t.FfiE,scirrmtiaii 


] 


fig,  tZ  Method  to  capture, 
process,  and  display 
counts. 


A  Counter  Program 

At  this  point,  the  hard- 
ware is  complete  and 
checked  out.  We  can  se- 
lect the  frequency  of  the 
timebase,  read  the  outputs 
of  the  counters,  and  reset 
the  counters.  We'll  now  ex- 
amine a  program  which 
will  perform  these  func- 
tions in  the  proper  se- 
quence to  produce  a  useful 
counter.  A  block  diagram 
is  shown  in  Fig,  12. 

The  first  step  is  selection 
of  a  timebase.  Nothing  of 
significance  happens  then 
until  the  output  of  the 
timebase  is  first  low 
[counters  counting)  and 
then  high  (counters  not 
counting).  We  then  read 
and  reset  the  counters. 
Once  this  happens,  we 
have  in  memory  three 
eight-bit  numbers  which 
represent  the  counts  that 
were  accumulated  by  the 
six  counters.  Each  eight-bit 
number  consists  of  a  pair 
of  BCD  numbers  "side  by 
side/'  Accordingly,  the 
next  order  of  business  is  to 
"unpack"  the  numbers  so 
that  each  BCD  number  is  in 


the  four  lower-order  bits  of 
its  own  individual  location 
in  memory  We  then  reset 
to  0  the  four  higher-order 
bits  (unused)  of  each  word, 
translate  the  BCD  numbers 
into  the  correct  representa- 
tions for  the  digital  display, 
and  display  the  results.  The 
entire  process  is  then 
repeated. 

A  program  which  will  do 
what  we've  been  talking 
about  is  shown  in  Fig,  13. 
It's  written  for  the  BMPS, 
but  since  I/O  address 
assignments  are  given, 
modifying  it  for  any  6502 
system  should  be  no  prob- 
lem. 

The  operator  must  load 
into  location  FFFF  the 
number  which  represents 
the  desired  timebase  (Only 
the  three  lower*order  bits 
are  used.)  The  instructions 
which  lie  between  FF80 
and  FF8F  read  the  number 
in  location  FFFF,  store  it  in 
the  4042  latch  [thus  select- 
ing the  timebase)  and  delay 
further  execution  of  the 
program  until  the  timebase 
has  gone  low  and  then 
high. 

When  the  timebase  has 
gone  high,  a  count  has 
been  accumulated  and  the 
counters  have  stopped 
counting.  Accordingly,  the 
instructions  which  lie  be- 
tween FF90  and  FF9C  read 
the  counters,  store  the 
results  in  locations  0002, 
0001  and  0000.  and  reset 
the  counters  in  antic ipa- 
tion  of  the  next  count.  At 
this  point,  the  counts  are 
stored  as  shown  in  Fig. 
14(a),  and  they  must  be 
transformed  for  display  as 
shown  in  Fig,  14(b). 

The  first  step  in  the  pro- 
cess is  to  unpack  the  BCD 
digits.  The  instructions 
which  lie  between  FFAO 
and  FFB5  accomplish  this. 
The  XR  and  YR  are  each  set 
to  0.  A  0000-based,  YR- 
indexed  LDA  and  a 
0003-based,  XR-indexed 
STA  are  then  performed. 
The  contents  of  the  ACR 
are  shifted  right  four 
places,  theXR  is  increment- 


ed, and  a  0003-based,  XR- 
indexed  STA  is  performed. 
At  this  point,  the  least- 
significant  count  (in  the 
form  of  a  BCD  number  be- 
tween 0  and  9)  occupies 
the  four  less-significant 
bits  of  location  0003.  The 
next  more-significant 
count  occupies  a  similar 
position  in  location  0004. 
Of  course,  the  next  more* 
significant  count  also  oc- 
cupies the  four  more 
higher  bits  of  location  0003 
as  well,  but  this  is  of  no 
consequence.  After  three 
traverses  of  the  loop,  the 
counts  occupy  the  loca- 
tions which  are  shown  in 
Fig.  14(c). 

The  instructions  which 
lie  between  FFB9  and  FFCE 
accomplish  what  remains: 
to  display  the  counts.  The 
XR  is  set  to  5  in  order  to 
process  six  counts.  An 
0003-based,  XR-indexed 
LDA  is  accomplished,  and 
OF  is  ANDed  with  the  con- 
tents of  the  ACR.  This  sets 
the  four  more-significant 
bits  of  the  number  to  0,  so 
that  only  the  desired  count 
remains.  The  next  instruc- 
tion, TAY,  transfers  the 
count  to  the  YR.  An  FFDO- 
based,  YR-indexed  LDA  is 
performed.  Since  the 
seven-segment  representa- 
tions of  the  numbers  from 
0-9  are  stored  starting  at 
location  FFDO,  this  places 
the  representation  of  the 
count  in  the  ACR, 

The  final  step  is  to  store 
the  representation  in  the 
appropriate  display  ele- 
ment. Since  the  addresses 
of  the  display  elements 
don't  fall  in  the  same  order 
as  the  addresses  of  the 
source  locations,  we  use  a 
somewhat  roundabout 
method  to  accomplish  this. 
An  FFDA-based,  XR- 
indexed  LDY  is  performed. 
This  places  in  the  YR  the 
least-significant  hex- 
adecimal digit  of  the  ad- 
dress of  the  appropriate 
display  element  Perform- 
ing an  8000-based,  YR- 
indexed  STA  then  accom- 
plishes   what   we    desire. 


M 


110 


Fig.  13.  Program  to  implement  counter.  Note:  In  FFFO,  X  = 
3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  or  8,  depending  on  which  register  is  to  be  ex- 
amined, in  FFFF,  X  =  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  or  7,  depending  on 
which  timebase  is  to  be  used. 


Location 
FF80 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
90 
1 
2 
3 
4 

5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
AO 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
A 

a 
c 

D 

E 
F 

BO 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 

CO 


tnstffiielion 
LDA  FFFF 


STA  4007 


L00K1  LDA  4005 


BMI  LO0K1 


L00K2  LDA  4005 


BPL  L00K2 


LDX#2 


FETCH  LDA  4002,X 


STA  OOOO.X 

OEX 

BPL  FETCH 

STA  4006 


NOP 

NOP 

NOP 

LDY#0 

LDX#0 

LOO  PI  LDA  0000,  Y 


STA  0003,X 

1NX 
LSR 
LSR 
LSR 

LSR 
STA  0003,  X 

INX 

INY 

CPY  #3 

BNELOOP1 

NOP 
NOP 
NOP 

LDX#5 

L00P2  LDA  0003,X 

AND  #F 

TAY 
LDA  REPS.Y 


Contents 
AO 
FF 

FF 

ao 

07 
40 
AD 

40 
30 
FB 
AD 

m 

40 
10 

FB 
A2 
02 


02 
40 
95 
00 
CA 
10 
F8 
8D 
06 
40 
EA 
EA 
EA 
AO 
00 
A2 
00 
B9 
00 
00 
95 
03 
E8 
4A 
4A 
4A 
4A 
95 
03 
E8 
C8 
CO 
03 
DO 
EE 
EA 
EA 
EA 
A2 
05 
B5 
03 
29 
OF 
A8 
B9 


1 
2 
3 
4 

5 
6 

r 

8 


LDY  DISPS.X 


A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
DO 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
8 
7 
8 
9 
A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
FFFO 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
8 
7 
8 
9 
A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 


STAeOOO.Y 


DEX 
BPL  L00P2 

SEC 
BCS  L00K1 


REPS 


DISPS 


LDA  OOOX 


STA  8200 


JMP  FF86 


Location 

T»p« 

0000 

memory 

OOOI 

memory 

0002 

memory 

0003 

memory 

0004 

memory 

0005 

memory 

0006 

memory 

0007 

memory 

0006 

memory 

4002 

input  port 

4003 

input  port 

4004 

input  port 

4005 

input  port 

4006 

output  port 

4007 

output  port 

8001 

output  port  (disptay) 

8002 

output  port  (display) 

8003 

output  port  (display) 

8004 

output  port  (display) 

8005 

output  port  (display) 

8006 

output  port  (display) 

DO 
FF 
BC 
DA 

FF 
99 
00 
80 

CA 
10 

EF 
38 
BO 
B7 

24 
77 
1C 
15 
47 
85 
84 

37 
04 

07 

06 

05 

01 

02 

03 

04 

AD 

OX 

00 

80 

00 

82 

4C 

86 

FF 


80 
FF 

FX 


Contents 

counts  1^2 

counts  3.4 

counts  5,6 

count  1 

count  2 

count  3 

count  4 

count  5 

count  6 

counts  1,2 

counts  3,4 

counts  5,6 

control  bits 

reset 

tlmebase 

count  3 

count  4 

count  5 

count  6 

count  1 

count  2 


111 


M 


Location 


0002 
0001 
0000 


L 


Most-Significant  Count 


1 


xxxx 
xxxx 

xxxx 


xxxx  J^^-r    Contents 

xxxx 


Least^Significant  Count  ^ — ' 


fig,  14{al  Location  of  counts  in  mennory. 


Location 

Cvmteols 

8004 

Most-Significant  Count 

8003 

* 

8002 

^ 

B001 

*■ 

8006 

* 

8005 

Least  Sianificant  Count 

fig.  T4(bl  Destination  of  counts. 


Traversing  the  loop  six 
times  stores  all  six  counts. 
The  remaining  instruc- 
tions (CLC,  BCC)  cause  the 
program  to  branch  to  loca- 
tion FF86,  and  the  process 
starts  again.  To  change  the 
timebase  requires  a  reset. 

The  NOP  instructions 
which  are  located  in  FF9D- 
FF9F  and  FFB6  FF88  serve 
no  useful  purpose  and  may 
be  omitted.  (Change  the 
operand  of  the  BRANCH 
instruction  at  FFCD,  if 
done.)  However,  if  either 
set  is  replaced  with  JMP 
FFFO,  the  short  program 
which  starts  at  Fl  I IJ  will 
store  a  selected  pair  of 
counts  into  the  output  port 
which  is  located  at  6200. 
This  is  convenient  when 
checking  out  tlie  program. 

Finally,  if  measurements 
of  period  rather  than  fre- 
quency are  to  be  made, 
ASL  instructions  should  be 
inserted  between  LOOK1 
LDA  4005  and  BMI 
LOOK1,  and  between 
LOOK2  LDA  4O05  and  BPL 
LOOK 2,  so  that  the  proper 
bit  is  examined.  Then,  too, 
BMI  LOOK1  should  be 
changed  to  BPL  LOOKl, 
changed  to  BMI  LOOK2,  to 
take  into  account  the  dif- 
ference in  the  way  the  bits 
must  be  interpreted. 


Doing  It  the  Easy  Way 

The  counter  which  we've 
just  discussed  is  a  useful 
and  versatile  addition  to 
almost  any  system.  How- 
ever, if  we  can  tolerate  a 

*~  112 


Location 

0008 
0007 
0006 
0005 
0004 
0003 


Counts 


6 


5 
4 
3 
2 
1 


ffg.     14(c).    Location    of 
counts  after  unpacking^ 


MODE 


AND  caHHy 


tTAPT    nwEfi 


AJL   0 


1 


EHSPLAT 


J 


fig.  75.  Software  implemen- 
tation of  counter  function. 


limitation  in  speed,  then 
we  can  have  a  counter  just 
by  using  the  system  itself, 
provided  it  has  a  timer  and 
a  digital  display.  We  can 
write  a  program  to 
simulate  the  action  of  a 
counter.  The  basic  princi- 
ple involves  using  the  timer 
as  a  timebase  and  counting 


Location 
FF80 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
90 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
3 
9 
A 
B 
C 
0 
E 
F 
AO 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
FFBO 
1 
2 
3 
4 
S 
6 
7 
8 
9 


instruction 

SED 

START  CLC 

LDX  #2 

LDA  #0 

L0OP1  STA  OOOO.X 

OEX 
BPL  L00P1 

STA  8100 


L00P2  LDA  9000 


BMI  LOOP2 

LDA  m 
ADC  0000 

STA  0000 
LDA#0 
ADC  0001 
STA  0001 
LDA#0 
ADC  0002 
STA  0002 
LDA  AOOO 


BPL  AHEAD 


LOOPS  LDA  9000 


BPL  L00P3 
JMP  L00P2 


AHEAD  LDA  OOOX 
STA  8200 


JMP  START 


Contents 
F8 
18 

02 

A9 

00 

95 

00 

CA 

10 

FB 

80 

00 

81 

AD 

00 

90 

30 

F8 

A9 

01 

65 

00 

85 

00 

A9 

00 

65 

01 

85 

01 

A9 

00 

65 

02 

85 

02 

AD 

00 

AO 

10 

08 

AD 

00 

90 

10 

FB 

40 

8E 

FF 

02 
8D 
00 
82 
4C 
01 
FF 


fig.  76.  Program  to  implement  a  counter  in  software.  Note: 
In  FFB2,  X  —  0,1,  or  2,  depending  on  wtiich  register  is  to  be 
exami 


technique  with  other  sys- 
tems should  be  straight- 
forward. 

The  first  step  is  to  set  the 
6502  ptP  to  the  decimal 
mode.  This  means  that  in 
any    operation    which    in- 


the  number  of  high-to-low 
(or  low-to-high)  transitions 
which  the  unknown  wave- 
form makes  while  the  timer 
is  "on/'  Whaf  s  involved  in 
the  context  of  the  BMPS  is 
shown  in  Fig.  15,  Using  the 


vofves  an  ADC  or  SBC  in- 
struction, the  ^P  treats  the 
eight-bit  nunnbers  which 
are  involved  as  pairs  of 
BCD  digits.  The  next  step  is 
to  clear  the  carry  bit  and 
three  locations  (registers) 
in  the  RAM,  We  designate 
the  locations  as  LO,  MID, 
and  HI  to  indicate  which 
pair  of  counts  each  hofds. 

We  begin  counting  by 
starting  the  tinner.  We  then 
check  to  see  if  the  un- 
known waveform  is  low.  If 
so,  we  add  1  to  LO,  0  to 
MID,  and  0  to  HL  (Adding  0 
to  a  number  adds  the  carry, 
if  any,  from  the  next  less- 
significant  count)  If  the 
output  of  the  timer  is  still 
high  by  this  time,  we  wait 
until  the  unknown  wave- 
form goes  high  and  then 
low,  and  again  modify  the 
registers  as  appropriate. 
The  process  is  repeated 
again  and  again  until  the 
output  of  the  timer  goes 
low.  At  that  time,  we  pro- 
cess the  counts  in  exactly 


the  same  way  as  if  they  had 
come  from  the  counter 
board. 

Only  a  few  connections 
to  the  BMPS  are  necessary 
in  order  to  implement  the 
counter.  The  WRITE  pulse 
for  the  output  port  at  loca- 
tion 8100  is  used  to  start 
the  timer,  while  the  most- 
significant  bit  of  the  input 
port  at  location  AOOO  is 
used  to  monitor  the  output 
of  the  timer.  The  unknown 
waveform  is  tied  to  the 
most-significant  bit  of  the 
input  port  at  location  9000. 

A  program  which  will 
provide  the  function  of  a 
counter  is  shown  in  Fig.  16, 
Little  comment  is  nec- 
essary, since  it  closely 
follows  the  flowchart. 

The  instructions  which 
lie  between  FF80  and  FFB1 
in  this  program  perform 
essentially  the  same  func- 
tion as  the  instructions 
which  lie  between  FF86 
and  FF9C  in  the  previous 
program.  In  each  case,  the 


counts  are  stored  in  loca- 
tions 0000,  0001,  and  0002. 
Thus,  the  portion  of  the 
previous  program  which 
processes  and  displays  the 
counts  clearly  should  be 
usable  with  this  program, 
although  I've  not  tried  it. 
The  instructions  which  lie 
between  FFB2  and  FFB9  in 
the  present  program  pro- 
vide a  simple  way  to  ex- 
amine the  contents  of  any 
of  the  registers.  All  that's 
necessary  is  to  monitor  the 
output  port  at  location 
8200. 

Once  we've  implement- 
ed the  counter  in  this  way, 
all  we  need  do  further  is  to 
adjust  the  period  of  the 
timer  until  it's  some  con- 
venient value,  such  as  1 
second. 

The  price  we  pay  for  do- 
ing it  the  easy  way  — 
substituting  software  for 
hardware  — is  a  loss  of 
speed.  In  this  case,  the 
time  between  low-to-high 
transitions  of  the  unknown 


waveform  must  be  longer 
than  the  time  which  is  re- 
quired for  the  fiP  to  traverse 
the  inner  loop  of  the  pro- 
gram. This  means  that  the 
frequency  of  the  unknown 
waveform  must  be  less 
than  a  few  kilohertz. 

A  Preamplifier 

Either  counter  is  directly 
usable  as  is  on  CMOS- 
compatible  signals.  Those 
who  will  use  the  counter  on 
other  types  of  signals 
should  add  a  signal- 
conditioning  preamplifier 
of  the  sort  shown  in 
Reference  2  (substitute  a 
4049  CMOS  hex  inverter 
for  the  7404,  for  example). 
There  is  room  at  the  upper 
left  corner  of  the  PC  board 
to  do  this.B 

References 

1,Creason,    How   to   Buiid   a 
Microcomputer,  73,  inc.,  1979. 
2.  Moraller,   "Latest   K20AW 
Counter  Update*  73  Magazine, 
May,  1975. 


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language  programs  or  routines. 
•C FETCH  -After  you  have  renumbered  your 
programs  using  RENUM  0ee  Utility  IK  you 
can  use  the  OF  ETCH  program  to  merge  your 
consecutively  numbered  BASIC  programs. 
CFETCH  al  so  al  lows  you  to  search  a  program 
for  its  tile  name  without  merging  it  with  the 
resident  BASIC  program. 
■CWRITE-This  powerful  program  allows 
you  to  merge  one  or  more  machine-language 
programs  with  other  machine-language  pro- 
grams or  with  a  BASIC  program.  Merged  pro- 
grams can  then  be  loaded  with  a  single  com- 
mand. CWRITE  al  so  makes  It  possi  ble  for  you 
to  obtain  a  general  checksum  (impossible  to 
do  when  CLQADing  a  BASIC  program)  and 
allows  you  to  load  programs  in  non^onsecu- 
llve  locations  within  the  memory. 
Order  No.  00T6R  $7.95, 


Doodles  and  Displays  II 

*Dood1e  Pad  — The  keyboard  of  your  TRS^ 
becomes  a  palette  that  lets  you  create  your 
own  masterpieces  on  the  screen  and  store 
them  on  cassette  for  future  unveilmg, 

•  Math  Curves  — Your  computer  will  put  more 
life  into  your  child*s  geometry  lessons  as  it 
plots  and  displays  curves  produced  by  six 
commonly  used  geometric  formulas. 
•Random  Pattern  Display-  Here's  a  program 
thai  lets  yourTRS-BOdo  the  drawing  all  on  its 
own.  Those  with  itchy  fingers  can  tamper 
wi!h  the  program  to  produce  a  variety  of 
vjsuat  effects, 

•Symmetries  — Remember  the  kaleidoscope 
you  played  with  as  a  child?  Symmetries 
brings  those  same  hypnotic  patterns  to  the 
screen  of  your  TRS  80. 
•Drawing -With  almost  40  user  commands 
that  give  you  virtually  limitless  control  over 
the  display,  Drawing  is  about  the  finest  pro^ 
gram  for  computer  art  available  today.  The 
program  also  provides  for  storing  up  to  five 
drawings  in  memory  or  on  cassette  for  future 
revision  or  use, 

•  Rug  Patterns -Whether  you're  a  craftsper- 
son  lookmg  for  some  unusual  patterns  for 
rugs,  afghans,  tablecloths,  or  blankets -or 
jusi  the  sort  who  likes  to  sit  back  and  be 
entertained  —  this  never-ending  stream  ot  un- 
usual patterns  is  sure  to  spark  your  imagina- 
tion   Order  No.  0Q42R     $fJ6. 


tHSlMiTWFTmSE 


<•«* 


Mtxicl  locket  AiuJyier 
*dA  Prv-FllgM  Oiecli 


Model  Rocket  Analyzer  and 
Pre-Flight  Check 

Man  does  not  live  by  computing  alone. 
Maybe  that's  why  adventuresome  people 
everywhere  are  making  model  rocketry  one  of 
America's  fastest-growing  hobbies.  It  you're 
into  model  rocketry,  check  out  this  list  of 
features,  and  see  how  instant  Software  and 
your  computer  can  put  a  little  more  zip  into 
your  other  hobby. 

•Model  Rocket  Flight  Hlvtory  Predfctlon- 
Thls  handy  program  will  compute  the  flight 
characteristics  and  perfomiance  for  virtually 
any  model  rocket.  Preprogrammed  engine 
and  body  tut>e  data  covers  Estes,  Centuri. 
Ffighl  Systems,  A.V.I.,  Astfopoft,  C.M.R,,  and 
Kopter  products.  If  you  prefer  to  build  and  fly 
rockets  of  your  own  design,  the  program  will 
also  utilize  information  supplied  by  you  to 
estimate  Ihe  performance  of  your  individual 
creation. 

•Weather  Forecaster -Before  you  launch 
your  rocket,  you'll  need  an  accurate,  up-to- 
the-minute  forecast  of  weather  conditions  In 
your  area.  With  Weather  Forecaster,  just 
enter  your  present  location,  your  region's 
average  temperatures  for  the  months  of  July 
and  January,  and  the  current  barometric  pres- 
sure. Your  TRS-80  will  then  compute  the 
weather  conditions  for  your  area. 
Order  No.  (»24R  S7J5, 


Ask  for  Instant  Software  at  a  computer  store  near  you 


Alibima 

3tSii  Uniwriity  Or^  HuntsvUla 
Thft  Comp^tflf  StvaLCk 

OcunputAfiAnd  of  Hunisvlile 
30KS  Ufi^v«rti1y  Dr..  Hurtt3Vill« 

3763  AirpoM  Blvd.,  Mobile 

Anion* 

Millets  TV  &  RadtO 

621  East  Qmadway,  Meaa 

R«sat«m  Electronics 

16610  Meadow  Parl^  Or,  Sun  City 

CilllorFiia 

Amco  El#cl.  Supply 

635  E.  Arrow  Hwy,,  Acus^ 

AfTMtrJcan  MercantMeCo.  inc. 

24IA  1ftt  A^  S  .  Seattle 

Byte  SHop  of  Fairftekl 

fl7  MarmA  Center  St..  Sulsufi  City 

iyts  StK>p  of  Ml  Vie« 

14 15  W9St  El  CaTnino  Rev3.  Mt  View 

Byte  Sti€p  of  Sacfam^nio 

6CN1  Greanbacli  Ln..  Citrus  Heignti 

C«pil»l  Cofnpuler  Systems 
33tS  El  CWTttno  Aw.,  SacraJT>«nlo 

Comptitvr  Cornponents  Of  Souiti  Bay 
15A1&  Hiwthorrv  Blvd..  La«ndaie 

Computer  Wortd 

670 1  Westitiin^lm  Ave..  Wastmlnattf 

Oonnput«rlar>d 

I67SOS  Hawlhorne,  Lawndale 

Comput^rland  oT  San  Franct^co 
t17  FreriiOni  St..  San  Francisco 

Computer  I  a  r^d  of  W.  LA 

€840  Ls  Cienegd  Blvd.,  EnglewOOd 

Hobby  World 

10511  Buivness  Ctr.  Dr.,  Unh  6 

BcKlhridQe 

ICE  Hcn^M  Inc. 

3S0  liotlh  E.  St.,  San  Bernardino 

M^rosun  ComjMJtet  Center 

£Se9  North  Ma^n  St ,  W^nut  Crwtt 

Qp«fli[^ecfinii:al  Books 

1033  N  SycAmore  Ave..  Los  Angles 

Railio  StiAch  {>ealef 

S250  Mira  Mesa  Btvd_  Son  Dieoo 

Safita  floM  Computer  Centef 
604  7th  Sr,  Sartta  Rosa 

^tm  Spur  Elect  Ck>fnm. 
1355?  Central  Ave  ,  Ctiino 

The  Computer  Store 

620  Broadway,  Santa  Monica 

Colorado 

Byte  Shop 

3464  S  Aooma  St.,  EnglewoCK^ 

The  Compulif  Store 
£300  Wei  ton  St,.  Denv&r 

ContimcUcul 

Amer^cari  Business  Computefs 
1289  GoJd  Stif  Highway,  Groton 

BfHlgepon  Computefs  Inc 
3€76  Mam  St..  fifi^eport 

CofTtputeifati 

130  J«ff*r9iMi.  Mew  London 

Cy»tomized  Compu1«4^  Systems 
120  Sh^fman-  Ave  .  New  Haven 


Ttw  Computer  Store 

43  South  Mam  St,  WmtJior  Locks 

D.C. 

T»>e  Profltain  Store 

4300  Wisconsm  A*e^  HW 

Wa^ingloFi.  D.C 

Florkta 

AMF  ElectTonk^s 

11146  N  30th  SI..  Ivnpm 

Compyter  Corner 

§578  Central  Ave..  Si,  ^elefsburQ 

Compulerlanct  of  Fl   LatJderdale 
3963  N,  Federal  Hwy„  Ft.  Lauderdale 

CufLls  Waters  Enterprl^s 

236  Talbot  Ave.,  Melbourne 

Heslh  Kit  Eleclronic 

470&  W.  1Gth  Ave  Center,  Hiaieah 

ScHjnd  Ideas 

2^t'C  N.W.  lath,  Gaii>a»ville 

UKatan  Computer  Store 
Airport  Rd.,  0«S1IA 

Gftorgra 

Atlanta  Computei  W&ri 

Corn  putef^and  Of  A{l*flla 
2423  Cobb  Paiitway.  Smyrna 

Hawaii 

Computeriafid  of  Hiwiil 
567  N  Fe<ferai  Hwy 

R^dio  Shaok  Ass.  Slo^e 
1712  S.  Kino  St.  Honolulu 

llllnots 

flioomlngton  Normal  Computer 

Works 

124  E.  Beaufort,  Normal 

Computer  Station 

3659  Nameokl  Rd  .Granite  City 

Midwest  Micro  Computers,  Ina 
706  S  Main  St,  Lombard 

Indiana 

Computer  Center  of  South  Bend 
51S01  US  31  North.  South  Bend 

Iowa 

M«fnof|rBiu^ 

4126  Brady  St,  Dawnport 

Lotjisiana 

CoHTipyter  Sfvoppe  IffC 

3^5  Danny  Parii.  Suite  222.  MelaJrle 

Maryland 

Computers,  Etc. 

13  A  Allegheny  Ave.,  Towoon 

Jack  Fives  E  fee  ironic  9 

460B  Deb  I J  en  Circle,  PJkesvifele 

The  Comm  Center 

9654  Ft.  M^ade  Hd  ,  Laur«l 

Maaaachusatta 

Computer  Packages  UnMmited 
244  W.  Boy45ton  SI.,  West  BoylSton 

Ught house  Computer  Software 
14  Fall  River  Avo..  Ref>o&aih 

Hem  England  Electrontcs  Co. 
679  Hiohi:aj*^  Ave  .  hr^eijham 

THe  Compute^  Store 

f20  Cambf}d<ge  St,  Burliln9lo<i 

Tufts  Radio  &  E=tec1roniC8 
206  Mystic  Ave ,  Medford 


Michigan 

Compij'teddnd  Of  Grand  Raptda 
2d27  26th  St  S  E.  Kent  wood 

Computer  I  and  of  Rocnester 
301  S.  trwvmolt,  Rochester 

Computer  lani)  Of  Southfieid 

29673  N^orth western  Hwy..  Souinlield 

Computer  Maft 

560  W.  14  Mile  Rd..  CfawSf>n 

HobJ)y  House 

1035  W  Terrilorial  Rd  .  Battie  Creek 

Minnesota 

Zim  Computers 

5717  XerKeS  Ave.,  N,  Brooklirii  Center 

Missouri 

Compulervan,  Inc. 

5t  Florissant  Oaks  Snopping  Center. 

FloTJS^nl 

Consolidated  Software 

16501  <^reenwBld  Court,  Belton 

Montana 

The  Computer  Store 

I2t6  leih  SI.  W,  *%»  Billings 

Nebraska 

Omaha  Computer  Store 
4540  S  a4lh  St.  OmahA 

Nevada 

Century  23 

4566  Spring  Mouniain  Rd..  Lss  Vsga$ 

Home  Computers 

177S  Tropicana  t2,  Las  Vegas 

New  Hampshire 

Computerland  of  Naefiua 

419  Amherst  St,  Nashua 

RadJi^  Stiack  A^^,  Stores 
31  Raynes  Ave,^  Poftsmouth 

New  Jersey 

Computer  Encounter 
2  Nassau  St,  Prjnteton 

Radio  ShaciUJ&J  Ei«ciTOnic 

Manstpeid  Shopping  Ctr. 

R1,  57  Aiten  Rd  ,  Hjiiirkettstown 

Tn«  Comiwtar  Empoi lum 

Sidg  103.  Avenue^  of  Commence 

2428  Houte  38.  Cfierry  Hitl 

The  e«r]|tm  Broilwrs 
Glen  ftoc  9>dpp1fiO  Center 
216  Scotch  Road.  Trenton 

New  Mexico 

South  West  Computer  Center 

121  Wy alt  Drive.  Suite  7,  Las  CriH^es 

New  York 

Arlsto  Crafl 

314  FIflh  Ave.,  NYC 

Automatic  Systems  D^veJoper$ 
Industry  St..  Pouyhkeepsie 

Computer  Corner 

200  Hamilton  A^e.,  White  Plains 

Computer  Factory 

4a5  Lexington  Ave  ,  NVC 

Computer  House,  Inc. 

721  AttAntic  Awe  .  f^ocliester 

Comia4^  ElecironicSv  Inc 
2*66  Coney  I  tiling  Aw, 
Brooklyn 

Comteit  Electronics,  Inc. 
Staten  l»i4nd  Mail 
Slor«  220A,  Staien  isrand 


Honw  Computer  Centet 
d7l  Mon^riw  Ave.,  flocfwster 

Key  Electronics 
Schenectady 

Mr  Computer 

fmp  Plaza,  Rte  9.  Wapp*nqm^  F«lls 

The  Computef  Tree  Inc. 
409  Hoopflr  Hd     EndWOil 

Nortti  CaroHna 

Byte  Sf>op  Of  Raleigh 

t2t3  Kiirsborougti  St..  Raleigh 

Ohio 

Asiro  Video  Electronics 
B04  E  Main  St,.  Lancaster 

Computerland 

l2BBSom  Rd..  Maytle^d  Heighift 

OompLtter  Si  ore  oi  Toledo 
iSFdllwyoK  Dr..  Toledo 

Fpfbtea  Mitrosystems  Inc. 
35  N.  Broad.  FairbKsm 

Heath  Kft  Co. 

2^00  Morst  Rd.,  Columbus 

MtprchMini  Comfjuter  Wo^ld 
74  Robmwood,  ColumJjus 

21  St  Century  Shop 

t&  Convention  Way.  Cincinr^aii 

Oregon 

CofTtpuleriaiid  of  Porttand 
12020  S  W  Uaf^  St..  Tigard 

Pennsylvania 

Artco  Elect. 

302  Wyoming  Ave,,  Kli>p»ton 

Artco  Elect. 

Back  Mountain  Shap.  Ctr, 

SfiavertPwn 

Computerland  of  Harrisburg 
4644  CarNsle  P^ke,  Mechanicsburg 

Erie  Computer  Co. 
13S3  West  8lti  St..  Erie 

P«r»onBl  Computef  Coip, 

Fr>xer  Malt.  Lancaster  Avtt,.  Frazer 

Tn«  Computef  Wt^rkshop  of 

PrtlStiurgh 

4170  WilUftm  F*win  Hwy  .  MwwfWtiiim 

VWbi  Fainacht 

0  York  Town  Ave..  West  Chestef 

South  Canoffna 

S«Wly  Comm  unjcat  ions 
1084  Broad  St.,  Sumter 

Tennessee 

Compyteriab 

671  S  MendenHall  Rd  ,  Memphis 

Texas 

Computer  crafl  Inc. 
3211  Fondran,  Houston 

Computer  Port 

02S  N.  ColJIg.  Arlington 

Houston  Microcomputer  Tech, 

5313  Bissonet.  Bell  Aire 

Inieractive  Computers 

7620  Ds^hwood  Rd..  Houston 

K.A.  Elect. 

9090  Slemmofts  Frwy..  Dal  las 

Pan  American  £iecl  Inc. 
1117  COflwsy.  Mission 

Ram  Micro-  Systefns 

8353  Cam^  Bow  he  Blvd  .  Ft  Worth 

Reb  s  Mail  Order  EJecironjc* 
S43d  D6liv«r.  Houston 


Virginia 

Home  Cornputer  Center 
2927  Virginia  Beach  Slvd 
Virginia  Beach 

Souths4d<e  Ftad^o  Comm 

135  Pkrfcwiqfc  Air*.,  Colonial  Heights 

Washington 

Amcficari  MercaniiFe  Co  Inc. 
241S  1st  Ave.  S  .  Seattle 

Personal  Compuiers 
S  104  Fre^a,  Spokane 

Ye  Oia  Computer  Shop 

1301  G  Washington,  Rlchlanrl 

West  Virginia 

The  Computer  Corner  Inc. 

22  Beecliurst  Ave  .  Morgan  I  own 

Wisconsin 

Byte  Shop  Of  Milwaukee 

G0t9  West  Layton  Awe  .  Greenfield 

Wyoming 

Cofnputer  Concepts 
tl7W  16th  St.  Cheyenne 

Guam 

The  Fun  Fadory 

951  Marine  Dr ,  Tamuming 

Canada 

DMUpulerland  of  Witinipeg 

715  Ponagie  Ave..  Winni^pfto,  Man. 

Compumaji 

411  BoQ^evaif  Ave..  Ottawa,  Ontario 

Computer  Mart  Ltd. 
t055  Yonge  Si  .  Suite  208 
Tofonta,  Ontario 

Galactia  Compule^'S 

103rd  Ave,.  Edmonton,  Albert ^ 

fylJcro  Shack  of  W,  Canada 
333  Park  Street,  f^egkna,  Sask. 

Onhon  Hofdings  Ltd, 
t2411  Stony  Plain  Rpsd 
Edmonton,  Alberta 

Total  Computgr  Syslemt 
A|ax.  Ontario 

West  Germany 

Electronic  Hobtiy  Sh^ 
Kaisersir.  20.  Sonr> 

MicfoShop  Bodamae 
Marfcatr,  X  TfTB  lluworf 

HaVy 

homm:  s  r.l 

Pi^iza  De  Angeli  1,  Mktano 

France 

Sideg 

45  Rue  de  la  Chapelle.  Paris 

Sivea  s.a. 

20,  Rue  de  Lenlnprad,  Paris 

South  Africa 

Eddie  TalPert 

P.O  BoK  745,  Johannesburg 

Australia 

Computerware 

62  Paisley  St.,  Foot9cray  VIO 

Deforest  Sol  twin 

36  Glen  Tower  Drfrpt 
Gle^  Waverty.  VfC. 

Soft  tonics  Micfo  Syvtims 
Llndlie^ 

Sure-Loa^i  Softwaie 

P  O  BOK  2S,  Weston.  A  CT. 


Ask  for  Instant  Software  at  a  computer  store  near  you,  or  use 
software  direct,  or  call  Toil-Free  1 -800-258-5473. 


Order 

Your  Instant 

Software 
todav! 


the  order  form  below  to  order  your 

•  A  ffademait  of  Tandy  Corporation 


Lora  Ertnis  WD8LPN 
214  Old  Street 
Clio  MI  4B420 


Operation  Santa! 

spread  holiday  cheer  with  this 

super  club  project 


Photos  by  K8ZrS  and  W8WN 


Photo  A.  Even  without  the  red  suit  and  long,  white  beard, 
DRve  W8IFK  looks  and  sounds  like  Santa. 

118 


l/^anta's  on  television 
J  and  wants  to  talk  to 
you ! '' 

How  could  that  be? 
Well,  once  again  old  Santa 
made  an  appearance  for 
the  kids  at  McLaren  Hos- 
pital in  Flint,  Michigan,  to 
try  to  cheer  up  those  who 
would  be  confined  to  the 
hospital  over  the  holidays. 
Nothing  unusual  about 
that?  This  electronic  Santa 
came  to  thern  via  radio, 
color  television,  and  (it  is 
reported,  perhaps  with 
some  imagination)  via  a 
multiple  relay  of  stations 
all  the  way  from  the  North 
Pole. 

Santa  has  been  coming 
to  hospitals  for  many, 
many  years,  and  amateurs 
have  been  able  to  let  the 
kids  in  other  hospitals  talk 
to  Santa  "way  off  at  the 
North  Pole''  via  amateur 
radio  for  more  years  than 
most  of  us  can  remember. 
But  a  year  ago,  McLaren 
Hospital,  in  Flint,  apparent- 
ly was  one  of  the  first 
hospitals  in  the  nation  to 
go  one  step  further.  It  ini- 
tiated the  practice  of  hav- 
ing Santa  also  appear  on 
the  in-house  color  TV  sys- 
tem so  that  the  kids  (and 


anyone  else  in  the  hospital 
who  wished  to  tune  in) 
could  not  only  hear  the  old 
gent,  but  also  could  see 
him  in  living  color  as  he 
replied  to  their  questions 
and  requests, 

''Operation  Santa''  for 
1978  began  as  WD8KQI 
(Dr.  Dan  Bonbrisco,  D.O.) 
and  a  couple  of  other 
members  of  the  Genesee 
County  Amateur  Radio 
Emergency  Service  let  the 
kids  at  the  Flint  Osteopath- 
ic Hospital  talk  with  Santa 
via  the  147.87/.27  Flint 
Hainer  repeater.  Mean- 
while, Santa,  also  known  as 
W8IFK,  was  across  the 
street  at  McLaren  Hospital 
trying  to  talk  with  the  kids 
and  get  into  his  Santa  suit 
at  the  same  time. 

After  everyone  in  the 
pediatric  ward  at  FOR  had 
talked  with  the  resident  of 
the  North  Pole,  the  tele* 
phone  operator  at  McLaren 
announced  over  the  PA 
system  that  Santa  would  be 
on  a  certain  TV  channel  in  a 
few  minutes  to  talk  to  the 
children  there.  Color  bars 
were  punched  up,  amateurs 
and  hospital  technicians 
made  sure  the  TV  sets  in  the 
pediatric    sections    were 


tuned  and  working  properly, 
and  all  the  children  who 
could  walk  or  be  moved 
were  taken  to  the  sun 
rooms. 

When  alf  was  ready, 
W8UPV  put  out  a  call 
over  the  Hainer  repeater 
for  Santa  Claus.  He  didn't 
get  him,  but  he  did  get 
another  amateur  "near 
Greenland"  who  said  he 
could  relay  the  traffic.  Two 
more  relays,  including  one 
"from  an  amateur  at  a 
DEW  line  radar  post/'  got 
them  close  to  the  North 
Pole,  but  Santa  didn't  seem 
to  be  available.  An  auto- 
patch,  though,  brought  an 
answer  fronn  Santa's  pri- 
vate secretary,  who  said 
that  Santa  was  in  his 
workshop  but  would  be  ar- 
riving momentarily.  Mean- 
while, slides  of  various 
operators  at  their  shacks, 
the  OSCAR  satellites,  etc., 
were  being  shown  on  the 
TV  screen. 

The  screen  suddenly 
went  to  color  bars  again  (to 
allow  the  camera  to  be 
pivoted  180^  in  a  very 
crowded  photographic 
studio  there  in  the  hospital), 
and  then  came  alive  and 
focused  on  a  large  chair  in 
front  of  a  deep  blue 
background  just  as  a  jolly, 
white-haired  fellow,  carry- 
ing a  TR-22  and  an  extra 
mike,  came  in  and  sat 
down.  Santa  had  arrived, 
and  he  said  he  wanted  to 
talk  with  boys  and  girls  in 
the  hospital  there  in  Flint, 
Michigan! 

After  a  few  minutes  of 
getting  himself  composed, 
while  describing  the  work 
he  had  been  doing  in  the 
workshop,  Santa  asked  to 
talk  to  the  first  little  boy, 
But  before  the  first  one  had 
even  said  anything  over  the 
mike  of  the  HT  down  in  the 
sun  room,  Santa  had  al- 
ready called  him  by  name 
and  said  he  was  sorry  he 
had  to  be  in  the  hospital; 
he  even  named  the  exact 
illness  the  boy  had! 

This  was  very  mystify- 
ing—how   could    Santa 


know  who  was  going  to 
talk  first?  The  same  thing 
happened  with  all  the 
other  children  —  Santa 
knew  names,  illnesses, 
ages,  and  sometimes  other 
facts  about  each  one  of 
them.  One  little  boy 
became  very  excited.  It 
seems  that  he  had  talked 
with  ''Santa"  in  one  of  the 
stores  a  couple  of  weeks 
earlier  and  had  given  him 
his  name.  ''He  remembered 
me!''  the  boy  shouted, 
causing  a  great  deal  of 
merriment  among  the 
hams  and  nurses. 

Since  the  children  were 
busy  watching  the  child 
who  was  talking  and 
watching  the  TV  screen  to 
see  Santa  as  he  replied, 
most  did  not  notice  the 
other  amateurs  in  the  back 
of  the  room  getting  ad- 
vance information  on  the 
next  child  and  relaying  it 
via  .52  simplex  to  the  pho- 
tographic studio  upstairs. 
Neither  could  they  see  the 
large  chalkboard,  just 
behind  the  TV  camera, 
where  names,  ages,  and  ill- 
nesses were  being  written 
down  (next  to  a  permanent 
list  of  Santa's  reindeer 
team,  without  which  old 
Santa  seemed  to  ex- 
perience his  one  memory 
lapse). 

Did  you  ever  wonder  just 
how  Santa  can  listen  to  the 
requests  kids  make  and 
give  an  answer  that  satis- 
fies them  Without  putting 
too  much  pressure  on  par- 
ents? This  is  a  talent  in 
itself.  The  requests  run 
from  the  simplest  a  doll, 
to  the  more  expensive  and 
elaborate,  such  as  a  real 
racing  car  or  a  diamond 
ring.  Santa  would  laugh 
and  compliment  the  child 
on  his  wanting  reasonable 
things  {if  that  were  the 
case),  or  on  how  big  his 
ideas  were  (for  some  of  the 
more  unreasonable  ones). 
He  would  admonish  them 
to  be  good,  tell  them  that 
he  would  see  what  he 
could  do,  and  that  he 
thought    he    could    find 


Photo  B.  "Santa'' (W8IFK]  talks  to  the  kids  via  his  TR^22 
and  the  in-house  color  TV  system  while  WASiUS  mans  the 
camera.  Note  the  second  mike  cord  going  under  Santa's 
beard. 


something  that  they  would 
like  (while  never  saying 
that  he  would  give  them 
what  they  actually  asked 
for). 

Many  children,  of 
course,  just  wanted  to  get 
out  of  the  hospital  in  time 
for  Christmas.  For  these, 
Santa  had  especially  kind 
words,  also  reminding 
them  to  fol  low  the  doctor's 
instructions.  One  teenage 
boy  was  especially  de- 
pressed—he had  just 
broken  both  legs  while  ski- 
ing. While  his  injuries  were 
not  really  serious,  it  was  a 
bleak   holiday   season   for 


that  young  fellow. 

After  talking  with  all  the 
children  in  each  of  the  sun 
rooms,  the  operators 
visited  the  rooms  of  the 
children  who  could  not 
join  the  group,  Invariably, 
they  came  upon  nurses 
who  were  watching  the  TV 
screen  but  could  not  leave 
to  see  what  was  actually 
happening.  Often  they  sur- 
prised the  nurses  with  the 
opportunity  to  talk  with 
Santa  (much  to  the  delight 
of  Santa!),  and  he  would 
then  proceed  to  identify 
them  and  talk  with  them, 
also  to  the  delight  of  the 


Photo  C.  This  is  how  Santa  looked  on  the  TV  screen  during 
a  newscast  which  gave  a  little  extra  PR  for  amateur  radio. 


119 


children,  doctors,  nurses 
and  all  who  were  watching. 

After  talking  with  all  the 
children  (and  some  of  the 
nurses)  in  McLaren,  as  the 
TV  operation  was  being 
closed  down,  Santa  talked 
with  the  grandchildren  of 
several  amateurs  who  had 
been  nnonitoring.  A  news 
photographer  from  one  of 
the  local  TV  stations  had 
arrived  and  filmed  the 
scene  in  one  of  the  sun 
rooms,  so  "Santa"  had  to 
get  set  again  while  a  little 
newsreel  footage  was 
filmed. 

"Operation  Santa"  had 
been  done  several  times  in 
Flint  in  the  past,  but  rn 
1977,  K8ZIS,  medical 
photographer  at  McLaren 
Hospital,  suggested  that  it 
be  put  on  the  newly-in- 
stalled in-house  TV  system- 
Apparently,  two  other 
hospitals  in  other  parts  of 
the  country  also  had  the 
same  idea  at  about  the 
same   time,   and   this   has 


provided  much  pleasure 
for  the  children  in  those 
hospitals.  But  not  only  for 
the  children  — it  has  been 
noted  that  the  adult  pa- 
tients, nurses,  and  doctors 
seem  to  enioy  watching  the 
show  as  much  as  the  kids 
themselves-  It  was  not 
unusual  to  find  sun  rooms 
and  wards  all  over  the 
hospital  crowded  with 
patients,  nurses,  and  in- 
terns watching  their  local 
"Operation  Santa"  on  their 
own  TV  channel* 

The  Genesee  County 
ARES  provides  emergency 
communications  for  the 
seven  area  hospitals  as 
well  as  for  a  number  of 
other  groups,  "Operation 
Santa"  is  hardly  an  emer- 
gency, but  it  is  one  of  those 
little  public  service  events 
that  brings  pleasure  to 
someone  else  while  im- 
proving our  public  rela- 
tions. With  the  closed- 
circuit  TV  system,  amateur 
radio  is  even  more  visible 


Photo  D.  Santa's  ''memory''  of  the  names  of  children  was 
updated  on  this  off-camera  blackboard. 


than  ever. 

Operators  who  took  part 
in  the  1978  "Operation 
Santa"  in  Flint  were  W8IFK 
(who  makes  a  magnificent 
Santa,  even  without  the 
bright  red  suit),  K8ZIS 
(medical  photographer  at 
McLaren  who  originated 
the    TV    idea    locally), 


W8UPV,  WD8JCN,  WD8KQ1 
WA8IUS,  K8XN,  W8YCN, 
WD8LMP,  V^DSCCC,  and 
WA8ZQM,  The  operation 
was  sponsored  by  the 
Genesee  County  Amateur 
Radio  Emergency  Service, 
Inc,  the  Hainer  Repeater 
Association,  and  McLaren 
Hospital. ■ 


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120 


p^  Beader  Service — see  page  25Q 


WILSON  SYSTEMS,  INC.  presents 

the  SYSTEM  36 


A  trap  loaded  antenna  that  performs  like  a  monobander! 
That's  the  characteristic  of  this  six  element  three  band  beam. 
Through  the  use  of  wide  spacmg  and  mterlacing  of  elements, 
the  following  is  possible:  three  active  elements  on  20,  three 
active  elements  on  15,  and  four  active  elements  on  10  me- 
ters. No  need  to  run  separate  coax  feed  lines  for  each  band. 


as  the  bandswitching  is  automatically  made  via  the  High-Q 
Witson  traps.  Designed  to  handle  the  maximum  legal  power, 
the  traps  are  capped  at  each  end  to  provide  a  weather-proof 
seal  against  rain  and  dust.  The  special  High-Q  traps  are  the 
strongest  available  in  the  industry  today. 


SPECIFICATIONS 


Band  MHz 14-21-28 

Maximum  power  input .  Leq^l  limit 

G^in  ScJBd) Up  to  9  dB 

VSWR  @  resonance  ...  1.3:1 
impedance 50  U 


F/B  ratio  .  . 


»■    ■    ■    ■ 


,  20  da  or  better 


Boom  (O.D.  X  Length)  .  .  2"  x  24'214" 
No.  of  elements.  ..,.,.  6 

Longest  element ,  2a'2yj" 

Turning  radius   .,...,,  18'6'* 
Maximum  mast  diamoter.  7*' 
Surface  area  ,,,,.,,..  8.6  sq,  ft. 


Wind  loading  @  80  mph  .  .  215  fbs. 
Maximum  wind  survival  .  .  100  mph 
feed  method  ........  ,Coaxiaf  Balun 

Assembled  weight  (approx.  53  lbs. 
Shipping  weight  (approx.).  62  lbs. 


Compare  the  S  Y-36  with  others  . . . 


BRAND 
CC 


IP — ^  *V-— « 


BRAND 
HG 


wrisoNH 

SYSTEMS 


Compare  the  size  and  strength  of  the  boom 
to  element  clamps.  See  who  offers  the  largest 
and  heaviest  duty.  Which  would  you  prefer? 


Wilson  Systems  traps  offer  a  larger  diameter 

trap  coil  and  a  larger  outside  housing, 

giving  excellent  Q  and  power  capabilities. 


CALL 

FACTORY  DIRECT 
1-800-634-6898 


mAMKMmM  systems,  inc. 


t^W33 


4286  S.  Polaris  Ave,.  Las  Vegas,  Nevada  89103 


WILSON  SYSTEMS  INC.  MULTI-BAND  ANTENNAS 


SYSTEM  33 

(FORMER L  Y  SYSTEM  THREE} 


Capable  of  handling  the  Legal  Limit,  the  "SYSTEM  33"  is  the  finest  com- 
pact tri-bander  available  to  the  amateur. 

Designed  and  produced  by  one  of  the  world's  largest  antenna  manufacturers, 
the  traditional  quality  of  workmanship  and  materials  excel  Is  with  the 
"SYSTEM  33", 

New  boom-to-element  mount  consists  of  two  1/8"  thick  formed  aluminum 
plates  that  will  provide  more  clamping  and  holding  strength  to  prevent  ele- 
ment misalignment. 

Superior  clamping  power  is  obtained  with  the  use  of  a  rugged  1/4"  thick 
aluminum  plate  for  boom  to  mast  mounting. 

The  use  of  large  diameter  High-Q  traps  in  the  "SYSTEM  33"  makes  it  a  high 
performing  tri-bander  and  at  a  very  economical  price. 

A  complete  step-by-step  illustrated  instruction  manual  guides  you  to  easy 
assembly  and  the  lighweight  antenna  makes  installation  of  the  "SYSTEM 
33"  quick  and  simple. 

The  same  quality  traps  are  used  in  the  SY33  that  are  used  in  the  SY36. 

SPECIFICATIONS 

Band  MHz ,  _ 14-21-28  Turning  radius  ,...,..._  15'9" 

Maximum  power  input.  .  .  .  ,  Legal  limit  Maximum  mast  diameter.  ...  2"  O.D. 

Gain  (dbd} Up  to  8  dB  Surface  area  . 5 J  sq.  ft. 

VSWR  at  resonance 1 .3: 1  Wind  loading  at  80  mph  .  .  .  ,  114  lbs. 

Impedance .  50  ohms  Assembted  weight  (approxj   .  37  lbs. 

F/8  ratio 20  dB  or  better    Shipping  weight  (approx.).  ,  .  42  lbs. 

Boom  (O.D*  X  length).  .  .  ,  .  .  2"  x  14'4"  Direct  52  ohm  feed— no  balun  required 

No.  elements 3  maximum  wind  survival  ....  100  mph 

Longest  element 27'4" 


CALL 
FACTORY  DIRECT 
1-800-634-6898 


mASt^mM  SYSTEMS,  INC. 

4286  S.  Polaris  Ave.,  Las  Vegas,  Nevada  89103 


Pricts  aftd  tpBcilJcflliisni  ^biect  to  chjitige  without  notice. 


n 


■iy 


4BAI\tD 
TRAP  VERTICAL 
{10-40  METERS) 

No  bandswitching 
necessary  with  this 
vertical.  An  excellent 
low  cost  DX  antenna 
with  an  electrical  quarter 
wavelength  on  each  band 
and  low  angle  radiation. 
Advanced  design 
provides  low  SWR  and 
exceptionallv  flat 
response  across  the  full 
width  of  each  band. 

Featured  is  the  Wilson 
large  diameter  Hjgh-Q 
traps  which  will  maintain 
resonant  points  with 
varying  temperatures  and 
humidity. 

Easily  assembled,  the 
WV-1 A  is  supplied  with 
a  hot  d  ipped  galvanized 
base  mount  bracket 
to  attach  to  vent  pipe  or 
to  a  mast  driven  in  the 
ground. 

Note: 
Radials  are  required  for 
peak  operation. 
(Se&  GR-1  belowL 

SPECIFICATIONS; 

Self  supporting— no  guys 
required. 

Input  Impedance:  bOSl 
Powerhandliog  capability: 
Legnl  Limit 

Two  Htgh-Q  Traps  with 
large  diamater  coils 
Low  Angle  Radiation 
Omnidirectional 
performance 
Taper  Swaged  Aluminum 
Tubing 

Automatic  Ssndswitching 
'  Mas!  Bracket  furnisiied 
SWR  :   1 .1 :1  or  less  on  all 
Bands 


The  GR-1  is  the  complete 
ground  radial  kit  for  the  WV- 
1A.  It  consists  of:  150' of  7/14 
stranded  copper  wire  and 
heavy  duty  egg  insulators,  in- 
structions. The  GR-1  will  in- 
crease the  efficiency  of  the 
GR-1  by  providing  the  correct 
counterpoise. 


WILSON  MONO-BAND  BEAMS 


f^c 


TO^ 


IV.. 


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THE  ALL  NEW 
5  ELEMENT  20  METER  BEAM 


M520A 


wA 


At  fast,  the  antennas  that  you  have  been  waiting  for  are  here!  The  top  quality,  optimum  spaced,  and  newest  designed  mono- 
banders.  The  WtJson  Systems'  new  Monoband  beams  are  the  latest  in  modern  design  and  incorporate  the  latest  in  design 
principles  utilizing  some  of  the  strongest  materials  available.  Through  the  select  use  of  the  current  productron  of  aluminum 
and  the  new  boom  to  element  plates,  the  Wifson  Systems'  antennas  will  stay  up  when  others  are  falling  down  due  to  heavy  ice 
loading  or  strong  winds.  Note  the  following  features: 
T  Taper  Swaged  Elements  —  The  taper  swaged  elements  provide  strength  where  it  counts  and  fowers  the  wind  loading  more 

efficiently  than  the  conventional  method  of  telescoptog  elements  of  different  sizes. 
2.  Mouniinjp  Plates  —  Element  to  Boom  —  The  new  formed  aluminum  plates  provide  the  strongest  method  of  mounting  the 

elements  to  the  boom  that  is  available  in  the  entire  market  today.  No  longer  will  the  elements  tilt  out  of  line  if  a  bird 

should  land  on  one  end  of  the  element. 


3.  Mountinff  Plates  —  Boom  to  Mast  —  Rugged 

1/4"  thick  aluminum  plates  are  used  in 
combination  with  sturdy  U  bolts  and  saddles 
for  superior  clamping  power. 

4,  Holes—  There  are  no  holes  drilled  in  the  el- 

^ —     ■  ■ 

ements  of  the  Wilson  HF  EVIonobanders.  The 
careful  attention  given  to  the  design  has 
made  it  possible  to  eliminate  this  require- 
ment as  the  use  of  holes  adds  an  unneccess- 
ary  weak  point  to  the  antenna  boom. 

With  the  Wilson  Beta-match  method,  it  is  a  "set 
it  and  forget  it"  process.  You  can  now  assemble 
the  antenna  on  the  ground,  and  using  the  guide- 
lines from  the  detailed  mst ruction  manual,  ad- 
just the  tuning  of  the  Beta-match  so  that  it  will 
remain  set  when  rarsed  to  the  top  of  the  tower. 


Wilson's  Beta  match  offen 
maximum  pow&r  transfer. 


The  Wilson  Beta -match  offers  the  abifity  to  ad- 
just the  terminating  impedance  that  is  far  su- 
perior to  the  other  matching  methods  including 
the  Gamma  match  and  other  Beta-matches,  As 
this  method  of  matching  requires  a  balanced 
line  it  will  be  necessary  to  use  a  1:1  balun,  or 
RF  choke,  for  the  most  efficient  use  of  the  HF 
Monobanders, 

The  Wilson  Monobanders  are  the  perfect 
answer  to  the  Hann  who  wants  to  stack  an- 
tennas for  maximum  utilization  of  space  and 
gain.  They  offer  the  most  economical 
method  to  have  more  antenna  for  less 
money  with  better  gain  and  maximum 
strength.  Order  yours  today  and  see  why  the 
serious  DXers  are  running  up  that  impressive 
score  in  contests  and  number  of  countries 


SPECIFICATIONS  '^°'^^'^- 


■ -^ 

Model 

Mtri 

Gain 
dBd 

F/B 
Ratio 

1  rstSsr 

vmm0 

lrnp«iiino 

Matching 

El«m*ntt 

Longest 
Element 

Boom 
O.D. 

Boom 
Length 

Radius 

iuffHH 

Aft* 
ISi)FtJ 

9  SO  mph 
(LhiJ 

MaKimum 
Ma$t 

M520A 

20 

1 1 .5 

25  dB 

500  KHz 

I      u     1      J       1 

son 

Beta 

5 

36'6" 

2" 

34 '273"  : 

25' 1" 

8.9 

227 

2" 

68 

M420A 

20 

10.0 

25  dB 

500  KH; 

50  1^ 

Beta 

4 

36'6" 

2" 

26^0" 

23'6" 

7.6 

189 

2" 

50 

M515A 

16 

12,0 

25  dB 

400  KH2 

50^ 

Beta 

5 

25'3" 

2" 

26'0" 

1  7'6" 

4.2 

107 

2" 

41 

M415A 

15 

10,0 

25  dB 

400  KHi 

BOSl 

Beta 

4 

24'2ya'* 

T' 

1  7'0" 

14'ir' 

3.1 

54 

2" 

25 

M510A 

10 

12.0 

25  d8 

1,5  MHz 

soil 

Beta 

5 

18'6" 

2" 

26'0" 

16'0^' 

2,8 

72 

2" 

36 

M410A 

10 

10.0 

25  dB 

1.5  MHz 

50  £2 

B&ta 

4 

18'3" 

i^tt 

12'11" 

11  "3" 

1.4 

36 

2" 

20 

CALL 
FACTORY  DIRECT 
1-800-634-6898 


w  s  I 


WILSON 

SYSTEMS,  INC. 


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6  METER  BEAMS 


Model  M68 


8  elements  W  -  I  -  D  -  E  spaced  on  a  L  -  O  -  N  -  G  37'  boom  .  ,  .  for  those  fong  hauls 
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SO 

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ao 

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4Kw 

4Kvff 

4Kw 

G#iA  (^a) 

13-5 

13,0 

1041 

\  SWH  («t  rtwrurtcvl 

i.in 

1J:1 

1.1 11 

impectaAin 

50  oHms 

50  ohmi 

50  oftmj 

F/B  H»itp  laB\ 

2& 

26 

25 

BrOom  tO.D.  X  LMtgUi) 

r*  to  i:h*' 

It  36' TO" 

r^KTS-r- 

lyi-ii  ire*- 

No    E J •rtisfTls 

8 

e 

4 

LonqofI  El«m4nl  jFt-J 

rs" 

9^" 

grvr 

Turnint  RftdimfFU 

tyo" 

iriD" 

7 '6'" 

hini  DMuntivt 

y*  0.0, 

r'o.D. 

tWO.O- 

Boom  Di4fn«t«r 

T'  W  l%"  0,0. 

2"  0.0- 

TV  O-D- 

Su'f«»Afw(Si|,Ft,} 

5^ 

4.5 

1.5 

Wind  Lo*dinQ  4i  80  fn|ih 

145 

112 

37 

Ai»f«nl)i*<|  *{*vt.  App*OM. 

ZA\tA 

26lte- 

1UI». 

Shtf>ptn«i  *0ht.  AliprDJi, 

39  lbs. 

31  lb*. 

13  1b*, 

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PRICE 

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£-  -  y 

T^.     :  •. 

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2  METER  BEAMS 


WM son's  new  2  meter  series  combines  the  ultimate  in  design  and  quality  materials.  These  top  performing 
beams  feature  7,  9  or  11  aluminum  elements  held  to  the  heavy  walled  boom  wfth  the  exclusive  nnolded 
Lexan®  boom  to  element  mountmg.  The  four  driven  elements  use  Log  Periodic  design  for  broad  band 
characteristics  providing  full  144-148  MH£  coverage  with  less  than 
T.2  to  1  VSWR  across  the  band.  Universal  mounting  is  provided 
for  vertical  or  horizontal  polarization. 


[SPECIFtCATtONS 

W?T 

M39 

M21T 

Band  MHz 

144  14B  MH( 

144-145  MHz 

144-14a  MHi 

Gain  (dB) 

11  t»a 

13.7  dB 

14,5  da 

VSWFl 

Uisth#n  1.2:1 

Lpothan  LZrl 

Loss  than  1.2-1 

KriqiA  band 

Mfij'OBS  band 

xiro5&  hand 

Impadance 

SO  Dhmi  bAlnnrad 

GO  ohmt  balanced 

50  ohms  bfilanced 

NiimbvT  of  Elemanti 

7 

9 

11 

Baom  jO.O.  k  Li^ngthl 

1"0.D,  K  S*4'*L. 

V'O.O   X  tO'O'X. 

i:4"o.D. » ire" 

Lqnoest  Elflmant 

flO" 

40'- 

4G" 

SuffacB  Atqb  fSq.  Ft  J 

.a 

IS 

2.8 

Assam  bled  wght  Apprtm. 

3.B  Ebi. 

SIbL 

B  lbs. 

Shipping  WQhl.  Approx. 

6.5  Ibi. 

SIbi. 

9  lbs. 

Turning  R>idtMf 

3S" 

64" 

7B" 

PRICE 

*lfl.9« 

S240b 

1 

529.95 

I 


I  WILSON  SYSTEMS.  INC.  -  4286  S.  Polarit 
I  Las  Vegat,  IVIV  89103  -  (702)  739-7401 


FACTORY  DIRECT 
ORDER  BLANK 


TollrFiee  Order  Number 


1-800-634-6898; 


Wll,SOiy  SYSTEMS  ANTENNAS 


WILSON  SYSTEMS  TOWERS 

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30646  Rigger  Road 
Agotira  CA  91301 


Tools  and  Techniques  for 

Wire-Wrapping 

an  excerpt  from  73's  new 


Editor's  note:  This  artlclo  Is  an  excerpt  from  7Ts  new  book,  Tools  and  T&chniqu&s  for  £/ectmniC5,  by  A.  A.  Wicks  W6SWZ,  The  book  is  a 
comprehensive  guide  to  construction  practices,  from  soldering  to  PC  tjoards  to  metatworkfng.  It's  avallabFfi  from  7Ts  Radio  Bookshop, 
ifborough  NH  03458.  The  prfoe  Is  S4.95  (plus  S1.00  for  shipping  and  handling). 


As    experimenters    and 
hobbyists    become 

more  and  more  involved  in 
integrated  circuitry  and 
equipment  that  utilizes 
these  and  other  miniature 
devices,  a  technique  that 
has  been  used  in  industry 
for  many  years  becomes 
attractive  to  use.  Although 
originally  developed  in  the 


ISio.  of  turns 


early  19505,  a  solderless  in- 
terconnection technique 
known  as  wire-wrapping  did 
not  immediately  gain 
popularity  within  industry 
until  automatic  and  semi- 
automatic wire-wrapping 
equipment,  for  the  most 
part  using  programmed 
tape  equipment,  provided  a 
low-cost,  rapid  method  of 


Wirepost  or  terminal 


Bare  wire 


Insulated  wire 


Reference  edge 


Top  view 


Fig.  1.  Wire-wrapped  terminal  and  referer)ces, 


making  thousands  of  these 
solderless  connections  on 
the  "back  panel''  of  compo- 
nent boards. 

A  wire- wrapped  con- 
nection is  shown  in  Fig.  1, 
It  is  exactly  that— a  wire, 
'Vrapped"  around  a  ter- 
minal post  several  turns, 
which  provides  an  ab- 
solute metal-to-metal, 
gastight  connection.  At 
first,  these  connections 
were  made  by  using  a 
hand-operated  tool.  Then, 
speed  was  gained  by  driv- 
ing this  tool  with  an  elec- 
tric motor  in  the  form  of  a 
''gun''  in  which  the  tool 
was  inserted  and  locked. 
This  technique  continued 
to  be  used  industrially, 
even  with  the  advent  of 
programmed  machinery 
which,  point-by-point, 
moved  the  electric  tool 
over  a  back  panel,  at 
which  point  a  human  op- 
erator inserted  a  pre-cut 
and    pre-stripped    length 


of  wire  in  the  tool, 
lowered  it  over  the  wire 
terminal  post,  made  the 
wrap,  then  allowed  the 
tool  to  move  to  its  next 
location.  This  technique 
continues  to  be  used  to- 
day, but  in  more  sophis- 
ticated applications  of 
mass  production,  the 
whole  operation  is  pro- 
grammed and  automatic. 

While  this  was  going 
on,  the  engineering  lab- 
oratories were  involved  in 
prototype  production, 
but,  as  is  obvious,  proto- 
types do  not  warrant  the 
expense  of  specialized 
programmed  equipment 
worth  tens  of  thousands 
of  dollars. 

Therefore,  back  in  the 
lab,  engineers  and  techni- 
cians continue  to  use  hand 
wire-wrapping  tools,  both 
manual  and  electric.  And  it 
is  to  this  level,  the  proto- 
type level,  that  we,  as  expe- 
rimenters and  hobby  work- 


126 


ers,  direct  our  interest. 

The  techniques  of  wire- 
wrapping  are  especially  de- 
sirable in  place  of  printed 
circuit  boards  (frequently 
called  "cards'Or  when  only 
one  unit  is  to  be  produced. 
Printed  circuit  layout  and 
preparation  for  one  assem- 
bly, although  creative  fun 
and  very  effective,  is  more 
work  than  enjoyment  in 
many  instances,  especially 
for  the  person  anxious  to 
have  a  circuit  completed 
and  ready  for  operation 
quickly.  (A  combination  of 
printed  circuit  and  wire- 
wrapping  will  be  discussed 
later  in  this  section.) 

The  information  pro- 
vided here  is  directed  for 
the  most  part  to  those 
who  have  never  per- 
formed wire-wrapping.  A 
person  already  involved 
in  this  type  of  construc- 
tion is  usually  extremely 
enthusiastic  about  its 
time-saving  and  ''second- 
chance"  possibilities  (a 
printed  circuit  is  very  dif- 
ficult to  change,  once 
etched).  Before  proceeding, 
we  should  mention  some  of 
the  terms  of  wire-wrapping 
and  what  they  mean,  so 
that  you  may  discuss  the 
equipment  and  tools  with 
your  supplier. 

First  of  all,  there  are 
two  styles  of  wire-wrap- 
ping in  use,  as  far  as 
serially-connected  ter- 
minals are  concerned. 
One  ''daisy  chain"  is 
shown  in  Fig.  2(a).  ''Level- 
ordered''  is  shown  in  Fig. 
2(b).  Daisy-chain  wiring  is 
not  recommended,  as  a 
moment  of  study  will 
show  that  if  you  wish  to 
change  the  wiring  on  two 
terminal  posts  (or  wire- 
wrapping  terminals)  that 
have  been  daisy-chained, 
you  may  have  to  remove 
six  wires  (the  maximum 
number  of  wire  levels  be- 
ing three),  whereas  with 
level-ordered  wiring,  four 
would  be  maximum. 

Wires  pfaced  on  posts 
by    level    order    are    iden- 


Photo  A.  Low-cost  manual  and  electric  wire-wrapping  tools. 


tified  as  levels  1,  2  and  3, 
with  level  1  being  the  wire 
nearest  the  component 
board  (Fig.  3), 

Ordering  of  Wiring 

Although  not  absolute- 
ly essential,  especially  on 
a  smaller  project,  it  may 
be  desirable  to  "order" 
your  wiring  prior  to  com- 
mencing the  actual  iob. 
That  is,  you  must  con- 
sider that  certain  wires 
will  go  on  level  1,  certain 
others  on  level  2,  and  so 
on.  The  only  real  reason 
for  this,  of  course,  is  for 
later  corrections,  mod- 
ifications, and  additions. 
With  all  three  levels  full, 
and  density  wiring,  it  is  of 
immense  help  to  know 
that  the  wire  you  wish  to 
remove  is  on  "terminal 
post  6,  1C23,  level  2/'  for 
instance.  This  infor- 
mation can  be  part  of 
your  "wire  list"  prepared 
directly  from  the  circuit 
diagram.  If  you  have  a 
good  wire  list,  you  can 
rapidly  wire  a  back  panel 
using  wire-wrapping  tech- 
niques, without  reference 
to  the  schematic.  In  fact, 
electronics  laboratories 
have  persons  skilled  in  wire- 


fA/ 


DAISY    CHArN 


ra/ 


LEVEL-ORDERED 


(Wf^APPWe   LEFT   TQ  RfifNT/ 


Fig,  2.  Daisy-chain  and  tevel-ordered  wiring. 


wrapping,  but  unskilled  in 
electronics,  doing  this  con- 
stantly. 


Wire-listing 

Whether  or  not  you 
level  order  your  wires,  do 
plan  on  wire-listing  your 
connections  as  mentioned 
above  when  wiring  complex 
circuitry.  Make  up  a  wire- 
list  table,  as  shown  in  Fig.  4, 
and,  working  from  the 
schematic,  such  as  that 
shown  in  the  figure,  draw 
a  line  through  the  sche- 
matic as  you  enter  the  in- 
formation on  the  wire  list. 


LEVEL  3 


LEveu^ 


LEVEL  1 


BOflRO- 


^^-^  SURFACe 

Fig.  3.  Level  orders  of  wire- 
wrapping. 

Check  this  over,  and  your 
chances  of  wiring  error 
are  minimal.  If  you  do 
mis-wire,  locating  your  er- 
ror is  done  quickly. 


127 


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14 


Component  Reference  From      To      Remarks 

U1 


U2 


U1-9        +5 

Vss 

U1-9      UV14 

U1-9         ,1 

,1  uF  to  gnd 

U1-10  150  pF  ISOpFtoUMI 

U1-3         G 

Chain 

U14         G 

Chain 

U1^7         G 

Chain 

U1-6       U2-1 

U2S        +  5 

U2-5         .1 

.1  uF  to  gnd 

etc. 

Fig.  4.  Typical  wire-list  table. 


■ — -WIRE POST  (MAT  €XTEND  IF    D£SIGNED 
FOR    3-LEVEL  WIHJNGJ 

COWDUCTOn 


-INSULATION 


COMPLETE  TURN  CONTACTS 
ALL  FOUS  POINTS  OF 
W(REP05T 


Fig.  5.  Turns  application  to  wirepost 


WIftE  TAKES   OFF  IN  OtRECTlON 
OF  WINDING 


WIRE  TAKING   OFF  IN  OPPOSJTE. 
DrRECKOW  TO  WrNDIN-G 


PREFERRED       NOfI- PREFERRED 


WINDINGS  OVenwRAPPEO 
(JUMBLED^ 


Fig.  6.  Preferred  way  for  wire  to  leave  post 


Wire  Application 

Using     conventional 
wire- wrapping       tools, 

whether  electric  or 
manual,  is  the  same,  as 
far  as  the  wiring  on  the 
post  is  concerned.  We 
say  ''conventional/'  be- 
cause later  on  we  are  go- 
ing to  describe  some 
newer  tools  that  have 
been  produced  with  you, 
the  at-home  constructor, 
in  mind. 


WIMCIN&S  0VE8SPACED 


050  J  Hi 


TAIL   NOT  TO  EXCEED 
050  INCH 


Fig.  7.  Three  types  of  unsat- 
isfactory wraps. 


Wires  wrapped  on  a 
post  should  look  like  the 
greatly  enlarged  sketch 
in  Fig.  5.  The  number  of 
wire  turns  should  be  six 
of    bare    wire    (plus    two 


turns,  minus  one  turn  as  a 
variable),  in  addition  to 
one-half  to  three-quarters 
of  a  turn  of  insulated 
wire.  This  also  is  shown 
in  the  above  figure,  and 
applies  to  wire  sizes  of 
no.  26  AWC  [0.0159-inJ  or 
smaller.  The  purpose  in 
allowing  some  insulation 
to  wrap  around  the  post 
is  for  strength  and  to 
avoid  short  circuits  (as 
could  happen  if  several 
wires  bared  of  insulation 
extended  from  the  posts! 

A  completed  turn  is 
considered  as  having 
been  made  when  the  wire 
has  made  contact  with  all 
four  corners  of  the  ter- 
minal post  (Fig.  5). 

Even  though  only  one 
wrap  is  needed  on  a  ter- 
minal, always  put  the  first 
wrap  at  level  1.  If  you  find 
it  necessary  to  unwrap  a 
wire  from  a  post,  never  at- 
tempt to  reuse  it,  but  re- 
move the  other  end  also, 
and  discard  the  wire. 
Once  applied  and  re- 
moved,  wire  is  structural- 
ly damaged  so  that  it  is 
totally  unreliable  for 
reuse.  Caution  should 
also  be  used  in  attempt- 
ing to  reuse  terminal 
posts  too  many  times. 
After  ten  or  so  wraps  and 
unwraps,  inspect  the 
post  closely,  with  a  mag- 
nifier if  possible,  for 
damage  such  as  loss  of 
plating,  corrosion,  nicks, 
and  structural  weakness. 
This  is  more  important  if 
a  powered  wrapping  tool 
has  been  used,  as 
manual  use  is  not  so  like- 
ly to  apply  as  many 
stresses. 

Route  your  wires  rather 
openly  from  terminal  to 
terminal.  It  is  not  unusual 
to  loop  the  wires  in  an  up- 
ward direction  and  dress 
them  carefully  later.  Do 
not  draw  them  tightly 
around  other  posts  or 
parts,  and  never  kink  or 
sharply  bend  the  wires. 
As  long  as  electrical  fac- 
tors   such    as    rf,    hum. 


choke  effect,  etc,  are  not 
a  consideration,  multiple 
loops  are  acceptable  in 
order  to  take  up  slack  if 
the  lead  is  too  long.  Al- 
ways inspect  the  wires  as 
the  work  progresses  for 
any  bare  spots  that  may 
have  been  made  in  the  in- 
sulation of  the  wire  be- 
tween wiring  points. 
Never  repair;  always  re- 
place, if  any  are  found. 

Whenever  possible, 
have  the  wire  wrapped  on 
the  post  in  an  orientation 
that  allows  the  wire  to 
leave  the  post  without 
any  tendency  to  unwind, 
as  in  Fig.  6.  This  means 
that  you  should  always 
look  ahead  to  see  where 
the  next  post  is  that  is  to 
be  connected. 

With  most  tools,  you 
cannot  make  other  than 
perfect  wraps.  However, 
a  non-perfect  wrap, 
should  it  occur,  is  one 
that  has  the  wires 
"jumble-wound''  (a  wire  on 
top  of  itself  in  a  spiral) 
or  a  wire  that  has  too 
much  space  between 
each  turn  (should  not  be 
more  than  one-half  the 
wire  diameter).  Last— but 
certainly  very  important 
because  of  short-circuit 
potential— do  not  permit 
the  end  of  the  wire  result- 
ing from  the  last  turn  to 
project  out  from  the  post 
more  than  ,05  inch  (1.3 
mm).  Spacing  between 
two  of  these  wire  ends 
should  be  a  minimum  of 
1/32  inch  [,08  cm).  See 
Fig.  7. 

All  of  the  preceding 
makes  wire-wrapping 
sound  difficult  and  com- 
plex—which is  far  from 
being  true  — but  these 
hints  are  merely  ways  to 
do  the  job  welL  Now  let 
us  consider  some  of  the 
tools  that  make  the  job 
easy. 

A  wire-wrapping  tool 
used  in  a  power-operated 
device  is  known  as  a  bit, 
just  as  for  a  drill.  Bits  are 
provided  to  accommo- 
date various  sizes  of  bare 


128 


wire,  e.g.,  no.  22-24,  24-26, 
A  sleeve,  customarily  used, 
is  insulated  and  protects  ad- 
jacent ternninals.  The  bit 
rotates  within  the  sleeve. 
Photo  A  shows  several  wire- 
wrapping  tools. 

A  tool  for  manual  oper- 
ation is  known  genericallv 
as  a  wire-wrapping  tool  — 
sometimes  as  a  hand-wrap- 
ping tool.  A  number  of 
trade  names  are  in  use.  We 
also  have  "unwrapping" 
tools,  discussed  later. 

The  basic  tool  is  com- 
posed of  a  handle,  as  a 
screwdriver  has,  and  a  nar- 
row cylinder  about  two 
inches  long.  The  operating 
end  is  approximately  .070 
inch  (1.8  mm)  in  diameter  to 
permit  easy  working  be- 
tween terminal  posts.  These 
tools  are  usually  made  of 
metal,  although  one  manu- 
facturer produces  a  low- 
cost  tool  made  with  fiber- 
glass filled  nylon  A  tool 
manufactured  by  Vector 
Electronic  Company,  Syl- 
mar,  California,  uses  a 
hardened  beryllium  copper 
bit,  and  can  easily  wrap 
multilevels.  This  particular 
tool  will  accept  no.  26 
through  30  gauge  wire,  and 
has  the  unique  capability  of 
accepting  bare  wire 
through  the  top  end  for 
continuous  wiring. 

The  bit  end  of  the  tool  ac- 
cepts the  bared  end  of  insu- 
lated wire  or  the  end  of  un- 
insulated wire.  The  princi- 
ple of  inserting  the  wire  and 
wrapping  is  similar.  The  en- 
larged view  of  the  bit  end 
shown  in  Fig,  B,  through  the 
courtesy  of  Vector  Elec- 
tronic Company,  Inc.,  is 
used  here  for  illustration. 

The  wire  to  be  inserted 
should  be  held  in  one  hand 
with  your  thumbnail  13 
inches  (33  cm)  from  the  end 
of  the  wire.  The  side  of  the 
bit  that  has  the  wire  tunnel 
may  be  identified  by  the 
probe  hole  on  the  side  of 
the  tool  tip. 

Holding  the  tool  horizon- 
tally,  or  with  the  tip 
elevated  slightly,  insert  the 


wire  end  into  the  tunnel.  If 
the  position  of  the  wire 
probe  hole  has  been  noted, 
there  should  be  no  prob- 
lem. But  if  you  have  inad- 
vertently inserted  the  wire 
into  the  wirepost  hole,  the 
wire  will  not  enter  as  far  as 
your  thumbnail  holding  the 
wire.  Therefore,  remove  the 
wire  and  try  again.  Once  it 
is  inserted  correctly,  re- 
move the  wire  about  half  of 
its  length,  bend  it  slightly 
and  reinsert  it  This  will 
hold  it  securely.  Now,  re- 
leasing the  wire,  bend  it  at 
90**  at  the  tip. 

Place  the  tool  down  over 
the  wire- wrap  post,  and 
route  the  other  end  of  the 
wire  toward  the  next  ter- 
minal post  to  be  wrapped. 
Hold  the  loose  end  of  the 
wire  to  the  board  with  a 
firm  but  soft  tool  (an  align- 
ment tool  is  good  for  this,  or 
a  small  screwdriver  with  a 
piece  of  heatshrink  tubing 
on  the  end),  make  one 
clockwise  turn  using  no 
downward  pressure.  Con- 
tinue, using  slight  down- 
ward pressure,  for  the  full 
number  of  turns.  If  the 
amount  of  insulation  re- 
moved is  correct  for  the 
number  of  turns,  the  tool 
should  release  itself.  But  if 
you  continue  to  turn  and 
exert  downward  pressure, 
jumblewrap  (or  overwrap) 
will  result. 

Wires  may  be  stripped  as 
you  wire,  using  standard 
wire-stripping  tools  (they 
must  be  for  the  small  wire 
sizes  used,  of  course),  or 
you  may  strip  ahead  of 
time.  Considering  the  rela- 
tively minor  cost  involved, 
this  rather  irksome  task 
may  be  avoided  by  pur- 
chasing your  wire  pre-cut 
and  pre-stripped.  The  Cam- 
bridge Thermionic  Corpora- 
tion (Cambion®),  for  in- 
stance, supplies  kits  of  25 
pieces  each  of  1 .5-,  2.5-,  5,0-, 
and  7.0-inch  (3.81 -,  635-, 
12.7-,  and  17  78-cm)  no.  30 
AWC  kynar-insulated  wire. 
Each  length  Is  stripped  one 
inch  (2.54  cm)  on  each  end. 

Unwrapping    may    be 


M«Mi4IIPiPI 


Photo  B.  Typical  wire^wrapped  circuit  board  This  board  is 
of  "universal  type"  with  printed  circuitry  on  opposite  side. 


done  by  carefully  gripping 
the  wire  with  needtenose 
pliers  and  unwinding  the 
spiral.  But  this  is  tedious 
and  time-consuming  if 
many  unwindings  are  to  be 
made.  An  unwrapping  tool, 
manually  operated,  is  very 
low  in  cost  and  should  be 
on  hand. 

In  order  to  unwind  a 
wrap,  all  that  is  necessary  is 
to  place  the  tool  over  the 
post,  press  it  down  slightly, 
and  turn  it  counterclock- 
wise. As  previously  men- 
tioned and  again  empha- 
sized ^discard  the  wire. 

One  rather  innovative 
approach  to  prototype 
wire-wrapping  has  been 
made  by  Vector.  The  tool 
used  for  this  purpose  is  the 
Model  PI 80,  and  has  been 
designated  "Slit-n-Wrap/'  A 
Motor-driven  model,  the 
P160-4T,  is  also  available, 
but  utilizes  the  hand  tool  as 
a  driving  bit,  thus  permit- 
ting you  to  upgrade  your 
initial  purchase  if  you 
desire. 

The  wire  normally  used 
for  this  tool  is  no.  28  AWC, 
nylon-potyurethane  insu- 
lated, but  it  is  also  possible 
to  wrap  using  standard  no. 


WIRt 

TUNNEL 


t 


WIRE  TUNNEL 
FRDBfe  HOLE 


WRAP  POST  HOLE 


ENLARGED 
VIEW  Of  TIP 


Fig.  8.  Wire-wrap  (Vectorl 

28  or  no.  30  gauge  pre- 
strtpped  and  pre-cut  wire* 
The  wire  may  be  obtained 
in  clear,  red,  green,  or  blue, 
and  is  run  from  a  spool  at- 
tached to  the  top  of  the 
took 

The  system  has  been  de- 
signed  so  that  six  turns  pro- 
vide extremely  low  resis- 
tance connections,  each 
contact  being  approx- 
imately 0.003  Ohms.  The 
secret  to  the  success  of  this 
tool  is  in  the  removal  of 
insulation  from  the  wire  as 
it  passes  over  a  narrow 
sharp  edge  in  the  bit.  As  the 
tool  is  rotated,  the  wire  rolls 
along  a  path  from  this  sharp 
edge  to  the  wire  post,  which 
further  opens  the  slit  in  the 


129 


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Photo  C.  Universal  perforated  board  with  end  connectors 
[PLUGBOARD  by  Vectorl 


insulation  at  the  point 
where  the  bare  copper  con- 
tacts the  post.  The  wrap- 
ping action  indents  the  wire 
and  the  post,  to  produce 
gastight  joints  (seven  turns 
will  produce  28  contacts). 
Insulation  removal  only  oc- 
curs when  wrapping  takes 
place,  not  when  wire  is  re- 
nnoved  from  the  tool. 

Fig.  9  shows  a  cross-sec- 
tion of  how  the  wire  wraps 
on  the  post.  Any  insulation 
that  is  displaced  reforms  in 
the  space  between  the  wire 
turns.  Wire  is  held  close  to 
the  board  (when  starting  or 
moving  to  the  next  ter- 
minal) using  a  dull  wire- 
holder.  No  looping  is  neces- 
sary, and  this  type  of  wiring 
is  amenable  to  daisy  chain- 
ing. Wire  is  not  cut  until  the 
end  of  a  run  or  until  a  cir- 
cuit path  is  reached. 

Circuit  Boards  for  Wire- 
wrapping 

You  may  design  and 
make  your  own  PCB  that 
will  permit  you  to  use  wire« 


wrapping  techniques.  You 
may  purchase  "universal" 
PCBs  (Photo  B)  that  allow 
complete  flexibility  of  de- 
sign using  wire-wrapping. 
And  you  may  purchase 
component  boards  contain- 
ing prepunched  holes  for 
mounting  parts  to  be  con- 
nected by  wire-wrapping. 

The  technique  of  wire- 
wrapping  is  the  same  in 
each  case.  However,  with  a 
board  etched  for  a  specific 
project  there  is  little  or  no 
flexibility,  which  is  intend- 
ed. 

Universal-type  wrap- 
pable  boards  have  an 
overall  grid  of  0.042-Jnch- 
diameter  (l.l-mm)  holes  on 
0.1 -inch  (2.5-mm)  centers, 
and  use  tinned  interleaved 
buses.  Any  one  or  more 
Dual  In-line  Package  (DIP) 
sockets  may  be  installed 
anywhere  on  the  boards.  If 
parts  such  as  resistors  and 
capacitors  are  placed  on 
the  board,  they  should  be 
installed  using  component 
carriers  in  order  to  take  full 


Fault 

Spiral  or  spread  out  wraps 
Overlapping  (jumble)  turns 

End  lai!  too  long 

Insufficient  turns 


Excessive  turns 


Probably  Cause 

Ufting  tool  during  wrapping 

Excessive  downward  pressure 
during  wrap 

Removing  tool  before  suffi- 
cient rotations  have  been  rnade 

Insulation  not  stripped  back 
far  enougii.  Wire  not  inserted 
tuiiy  into  bit 

Too  much  insulation  stripped 


Table  1.  Wire-wrapping  problem  guide^ 


Fig.  9.  Cross-section  of  ''Stit-n-Wrap''  connection  (Vector). 


advantage  of  wire-wrap- 
ping shortcuts  {or,  the  cir- 
cuit paths  may  suffice).  A 
component  carrier  looks 
like  an  IC  with  the  "lid"  off, 
has  wire-wrap  terminals  in 
this  case,  and  on  the  open 
top  surface  has  solder  ter- 
minals to  accept  resistors, 
etc. 

Sockets  are  also  avail- 
able for  SCRs,  transistors 
(alt  cases),  and  other  com- 
ponents. 

At  least  one  manu- 
facturer produces  these 
boards  with  card  connector 
terminations  on  one  edge. 
This  makes  each  board  a 
separate  entity  within  a 
system,  with  only  the  edge 
connector  receptacle  wir- 
ing between  boards  needed 
to  complete  the  system. 

End  connector  boards, 
by  the  way,  frequently 
develop  open  circuits  be- 
tween the  card  and  the  con- 
nector. This  can  usually  be 
corrected  by  removing  the 
card  and  then  reinserting  it 
If  this  doesn't  work,  the 
edge  connections  should  be 
cleaned  with  alcohol,  or 
even  with  a  soft  pencil 
eraser. 

Component  boards, 
made  up  of  either  epoxy 
paper  or  epoxy  glass,  use  no 


copper  etching  paths  ex- 
cept possibly  as  an  edge 
connection.  Typical  of 
these  boards  is  the  one 
shown  in  Photo  C,  again 
manufactured  by  Vector 
under  the  name  "PLUG- 
BOARD/' As  in  the  case  of 
etched  boards,  this  carrier 
has  0.042-inch  holes  on 
0.1 -inch  centers.  A  great 
deal  of  flexibility  can  be 
used  in  making  prototypes 
with  these  boards,  as  parts 
of  any  reasonable  physical 
srze  may  be  placed  on 
them.  They  also  have  the 
advantage  of  being  less 
costly  than  etched  boards. 
W  ra  pped-wi  re-type 
square  pins  are  obtainable 
to  insert  into  the  holes  on 
component  boards  or  to 
use  as  parts  holders  or  con- 
necting points. 

Wire-wrapping  Problem 
Guide 

Causes  and  cures  for 
wire-wrapping  problems 
have  been  mentioned 
throughout  the  preceding 
paragraphs.  These  have 
been  summarized  in  Table 
1.  If  you  encounter  dif- 
ficulties in  your  initial  wire- 
wrapping  endeavors,  check 
the  table  to  analyze  your 
problem.  ■ 


130 


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131 


Alexander  Maclean  WA2SUT/NNmZVB 
tS  Indian  Spring  Trail 
Denvilie  NJ  07SS4 


Working  with  Transistors 

useful  knowledge  begins 
where  gobbledygook  ends 


Author*5  Note:  This  article  was  about  to  be  sent  tn  to  73  when  an  excellent  article,  ''7$  Reveals  Bias/'  by  Carl  C.  Drumeller  W5JJ,  ap^ 
pea  red  in  the  September,  1978,  issue  of  73,  p,  136. 

He  used  a  method  very  similar  to  mine  to  determine  transistor  component  values.  There  are  differences  In  our  approaches,  though, 
and  this  article  also  covers  material  which  he  did  not  present.  So,  after  talking  with  73,  it  was  decided  to  go  ahead  with  this  one,  too. 

I  recommend  that  you  compare  the  two  approaches  to  the  problem  and  particularly  note  the  different  choices  we  each  made  tn  c«r* 
cultry  as  well  as  the  similar  pragmatic  answers. 


Some  Y^3r5  ago,  I  was 
able  to  take  the  Navy's 
"two-pound"  course  in 
basic  electronics.  It  starts 
with  "this  ts  an  electron/' 
and  ends  up  with  'this  is  a 
computer." 

There  was  a  full  section 
on  transistor  theory  and  ap* 
plication.  This  was  good,  as 
1  didn't  know  anything 
about  transistors. 

By  some  fluke,  I  com* 
pleted  that  part  of  the 
course  with  a  high  score.  1 
also  came  away  with  one 


IT2 


•— * 


-Jh- 


;;W 


IN 


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PK 


om 


JT 


^         3  ro  IZVDC 


Fig,  1.  Basic  transistor  volt 
age  amplifier. 


other  important  piece  of 
information:  I  still  didn't 
know  anything  about  tran- 
sistors. 

This  was  not  the  fault  of 
the  course  or  my  lack  of 
application.  The  informa- 
tion was  centered  on  hav- 
ing total  control  of  specifi- 
cations and  technical  infor- 
mation on  the  devices  be- 
ing used. 

Out  in  the  real  world,  the 
slide-rule  approach  simply 
would  not  work  at  all  I 
never  could  get  alt  the  info 
needed  to  work  the  for- 
mulas, and  I  still  did  not 
have  a  firm  grasp  of  what  I 
was  trying  to  do. 

Contrast  the  almost  reli- 
gious devotion  to  the  slide- 
rule  approach  to  transis- 
tors with  the  usual  way  one 
learned  about  tubes,  as  I 
was  introduced:  Here  is  a 


tube  [a  type  30).  It  has  a 
filament,  a  grid,  and  a 
plate.  You  connect  three 
volts  and  a  rheostat  to  the 
filament,  like  this,  and  the 
B  battery  to  the  plate  cir- 
cuit and  one  side  of  the 
filament,  like  this.  Now, 
here's  how  you  hook  it  up 
to  make  a  radio  (a  one-tube 
regenerative  set).  Don't 
hook  up  the  B  battery 
backwards  and  don't  con- 
nect the  B  battery  to  both 
sides  of  the  filament  or 
you'll  burn  it  out. 

That  and  a  book  of  old 
tube  circuits  was  about  it 
as  far  as  the  theory  was 
concerned.  Then  I  was  in 
business.  The  time  re- 
quired from  start  to  fin- 
ished product  was  the  bet- 
ter part  of  an  afternoon.  If 
there  was  such  a  thing  as 
the  electron  theory,  param- 
eters, and  other  assorted 
drivel,    it   was    not    men- 


tioned and  was  not  missed 
for  some  years. 

A  slight  amount  of  re- 
flection should  yield  the 
following:  The  30  took  two 
voltages.  A  transistor  only 
takes  one.  Therefore,  a 
transistor  should  be  easier 
to  work  with  than  a  tube. 
Why  isn't  it? 

Basically  the  problem  is 
gobbledygook  — too  many 
words  got  in  the  way.  The 
transistor  had  to  be  sold  as 
something  new  and  differ- 
ent and  an  entire  mythol- 
ogy was  created  to  obscure 
everything  about  the  tran- 
sistor. You  can  hardly 
make  head  or  tail  of  the  tit- 
tle beasties.  The  nice  thing 
to  remember  about  tran- 
sistor mythology  is  that 
most  of  it  is  bunk.  What's 
needed  is  some  how-do- 
you-use-it  information  and 
this  is  much  easier  to  get 
than  is  commonly  thought. 


132 


First  of  alf,  we  need 
some  parameters.  What's  a 
parameter?  That's  a  catch- 
all phrase  to  cover  all  of 
the  operating  conditions  of 
your  pampered  little  tran- 
sistor. 

Tubes  have  parameters, 
too,  only  they  don't  know 
it.  They  have  a  maximum 
voltage  for  the  filament, 
one  for  the  plate,  voltage 
limits  between  other  ele- 
ments, a  maximum  current, 
maximum  signal  input,  etc. 
With  tubes,  it's  no  big  deal, 
but  with  a  transistor,  every- 
thing gets  a  fancy  title. 
Let's  try  and  isolate  what 
we  need  from  the  rest. 

Transistors  can  work 
with  one  voltage.  This  is 
the  supply  voltage.  It  has  a 
maximum  value  which  the 
device  can  take.  As  with 
any  device,  but  particular- 
ly with  a  transistor,  you 
don't  even  want  to  come 
close  to  this.  Figure  a 
design  maximum  of  12  to 
18  volts  for  most  uses.  The 
maximum  rating  is  usually 
more.  They  also  have  a 
maximum  current  rating 
just  like  a  tube  does,  but  in- 
stead of  the  plate  glowing 
cherry  red  and  giving  you  a 
chance  to  shut  it  off,  tran- 
sistors go  pffft  the  first 
time.  Dead  transistors  are 
nature's  way  of  telling  you 
not  to  do  that  again. 

While  there  are  a  myriad 
of  transistor  parameters 
available,  the  only  other 
one  that  you  need  to  know 
right  now  is  the  maximum 
voltage  which  can  be  ap- 
plied between  various  ele- 
ments. The  next  biggest 
cause  of  a  terminal  pffft, 
after  too  much  collector 
current,  is  too  high  of  a 
Signal  being  applied  to  the 
base  or  emitter  junctions. 
Too  much  signal  will  blow 
them.  In  time,  you  may 
want  more  parameters  to 
play  with,  but  those  are 
enough  for  the  cut-and-try 
experimenter. 

There  are  reams  of  equa- 
tions for  determining  all 
the  resistance  values  in  a 
simple  transistor  amplifier 
circuit.  Since  you  probably 


won't  have  the  information 
you  need  for  them,  there 
has  to  be  another  way.  At 
least  this  is  what  I  thought 
after  sitting  and  staring  at 
my  collection  of  unknown 
transistors.  I  had  come 
through  the  course  in  fine 
shape  but  I  sat  there  with- 
out the  faintest  idea  of 
what  to  do.  A  few  basics 
came  to  me.  I  had  little  in- 
formation, my  transistors 
were  unknown,  and  what 
was  the  worst  thing  that 
could  happen?  I  could 
blow  out  a  nickel  tran- 
sistor. That's  not  too  bad 
for  some  experience.  But 
as  I  worked  on  just  how  to 
do  it,  some  of  the  course 
material  trickled  through 
to  the  top. 

It  is  these  cut-and-try 
basics  which  I  will  try  to 
present  as  an  organized  ap- 
proach to  starting  to  ex- 
periment with  transistors. 

Transistors  are  of  two 
main  types,  PNP  and  NPN. 
This  refers  to  the  polarity 
of  the  internal  material* 
This  is  theory,  but  there  are 
theoretical  and  pragmatic 
considerations  which  are 
important  about  this. 

In  many  of  the  older 
types  you  might  work  with, 
the  NPN  version  of  an  iden- 
tical PNP  type  might  have 
a  higher  frequency  range 
than  the  PNP  transistor. 
This  might  be  important  in 
some  circuits.  Also,  the 
polarity  of  the  device 
determines  how  the  polari- 
ty of  the  supply  hooks  up. 
The  NPN  is  the  one  which 
hooks  up  with  the  same 
polarity  that  you  are  used 
to  with  tubes. 

The  B+  goes  to  the  col- 
lector (plate)  and  the  minus 
goes  to  the  emitter  (cath- 
ode). This  makes  it  easy  to 
get  it  right.  Also,  a  prag- 
matic effect  which  I  no- 
ticed was  that,  in  many 
cases,  the  identical  circuit 
was  far  more  stable  using 
an  NPN  rather  than  a  PNP. 
There  is  one  mechanical 
disadvantage  to  working 
with  NPN  power  transis- 
tors; this  is  heat  sinking. 
Here  the  voltage  polarity 


works  against  you.  It's  nice 
to  be  able  to  work  with  the 
same  voltage  polarity  as 
with  tubes,  but  you  pay  for 
it  when  compared  to  the 
PNP. 

With  a  PNP,  the  collec- 
tor gets  the  minus  voltage. 
With  most  power  types,  the 
collector  is  also  connected 
directly  to  the  case.  With  a 
PNP  transistor,  you  can 
then  mount  the  transistor 
directly  on  the  chassis  and 
also  make  the  chassis  be 
ground  for  your  supply,  A 
heat  sink  may  or  may  not 
be  needed,  too,  but  it  also 
can  be  grounded  to  the 
chassis  directly. 

With  an  NPN,  you  can't 
just  do  this.  The  usual 
method  is  either  to  use  a 
transistor  mounting  kit 
with  a  mica  washer  and  in- 
sulated hardware  so  that 
the  transistor  can  still  be 
mounted  to  the  chassis,  or 
to  insulate  the  heat  sink 
from  the  chassis, 

I  never  was  too  happy 
with  the  washer  method, 
and  prefer  the  separate 
heat  sink,  but  there  is  still  a 
disadvantage  to  this:  There 
then  becomes  a  voltage 
difference  between  the 
chassis  and  the  heat  sink  or 
transistor  which  might  be  a 
safety  hazard.  The  best  bet 
here  is  to  shield  the  heat 
sink  so  that  direct  contact 
with  it  is  avoided.  You  can 
connect  the  transistor  di- 
rectly to  the  chassis  if  you 
make  your  plus  voltage  the 
one  which  is  grounded  and 
leave  the  minus  floating.  If 
there  is  an  internal  supply 
for  the  unit,  this  is  not  hard 
to  do.  However,  it  is  con- 
fusing, to  say  the  least,  and 
if  there  is  other  equipment 
connected  to  the  unit,  you 
may  have  conflict  between 
various  ground  connec- 
tions and  power  supplies. 

For  most  breadboard 
use,  I  just  used  the  tran- 
sistor mounted  on  a  big 
heat  sink  by  itself.  Connec- 
tions were  made  by  sloppy 
clip  lead,  anyway,  so  the 
problem  of  mounting  the 
transistor  in  equipment 
never  came  up.  It  worked 


for  test  purposes.  If  I 
wanted  to  produce  a  fin- 
ished circuit,  I  would  go  for 
the  insulated  heat  sink  and 
shield  it  mechanically  so 
that  there  would  be  no 
shock  hazard. 

There  may  be  times 
when  a  special  purpose 
needs  a  PNP  transistor,  but 
for  starting  out  and  most 
uses,  divide  your  transis- 
tors first  by  NPN  and  PNP. 
Then  put  the  PNP  transis- 
tors away  where  you  will 
not  be  tempted  to  use 
them.  The  remaining  NPN 
types  can  be  roughly  divid- 
ed into  three  important 
main  categories.  These  cat- 
egories reflect  both  a  basic 
application  and  a  rough 
measurement  of  their 
power-handling  abilities. 
The  three  categories  are: 
small  signal  — up  to  10  mA 
of  current,  general  pur- 
pose—10  to  100  mA,  and 
power  types —100  mA  and 
up. 

This  disregards  the  dis- 
tinction between  audio,  rf, 
switching,  or  other  special- 
purpose  types.  It  does, 
though,  give  a  rough  guide 
for  immediate  application 
and  to  introduce  a  way  of 
thinking.  Your  two  basic 
immediate  needs  are  to  see 
that  the  device  does  not 
have  its  ratings  exceeded, 
and  to  see  that  it  is  not 
overdriven. 

To  start  with  a  mostly- 
unknown  transistor,  as- 
sume that  it  is  a  small- 
signal  type.  By  the  way, 
many  large-signal  or  high- 
er-power devices  can  also 
be  used  for  small-signal 
use,  and  do  a  very  good 
job.  The  basic  transistor 
amplifier  circuit  is  usually 


-VA » 


JHS 


NPN 


];ri 


\H 


o * 


ff'*  :^ci 


}[■ 


I 


OUT 

«■ 


9  TO  12  V  DC 
* e- 


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Fig,  2,  Complete  textbook 
circuit 


133 


a  small-signal  application, 
both  in  audio  and  rf.  It 
makes  an  ideal  place  to 
start 

Some  equipment  will  be 
needed  for  experimenta- 
tion. Besides  the  usual 
transistor  hardware  and 
parts,  you  will  want  an 
oscilloscope,  a  VOM,  a  re- 
sistance substitution  box 
or  handful  of  potentiom- 
eters  or  resistors,  and  a 
signal  source. 

Start  with  a  microphone. 
It's  safe.  An  FM  tuner  or 
audio  signal  generator 
would  also  be  nice  for  fur- 
ther testing.  An  adjustable 
amplitude  is  highly  desir- 
able. The  simple  one-stage 
small-signal  transistor 
voltage  amplifier  is  a  fiend 
to  design  by  formula  but  it 
is  quite  easy  to  do  prag- 
matically. This  is  where 
some  of  what  the  course 
taught  me  really  helped. 
The  basic  circuit  is  shown 
in  Fig,  1.  R1  and  R2  are  the 
two  key  resistance  values 
in  the  circuit.  They  will 
have  to  be  arrived  at  ex- 
perimentally but  it  is  quite 
easy  to  do  once  you  get  the 
hang  of  it.  The  important 
thing  is  the  safety  of  the 
device.  Protecting  the  tran- 
sistor is  what  takes  up  your 
time  at  the  start  and  makes 
it  seem  a  little  clumsy  to 
do. 

According  to  theory,  a 
class  A  transistor  amplifier 
will  draw  half  its  allowable 
current  at  rest  [no  signal). 
The  output  signal  goes 
above  and  below  the  mid- 
point. This  gives  us  two 
assumptions.  The  first  is 
that  we  are  using  a  small- 
signal  device  (even  If  we 
are  not).  This  also  means 
that  we  are  limited  to  10 
mA, 

Our  first  practical  calcu- 


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Fig,    3.    Transistor   volume 

controi 


lation  is  a  resistance  value 
which  will  limit  the  current 
to10  mA  in  the  worst  case, 
that  is.  if  the  transistor 
were  a  dead  short.  This 
gives  you  a  value  of  R1. 
This  is  not  critical,  so  pick 
the  next  highest  resistance 
which  you  have  if  you  can't 
get  the  exact  value.  Re- 
member, this  will  not  be 
the  actual  final  value,  but  a 
working  load  resistance  to 
start  with  which  will  pro- 
tect the  device. 

In  most  cases,  the  actual 
value  for  best  results  will 
probably  be  much  higher 
— similar  to  a  triode  tube 
voltage  amplifier  which 
usually  has  quite  a  high 
load  resistance.  However, 
start  with  the  value  derived 
in  that  manner.  Hook  up 
your  VOM  to  measure  the 
actual  current  at  the  col- 
lector. At  this  point,  with 
one  resistor^  there  should 
be  no  current.  Without 
some  form  of  bias  to  the 
base,  the  transistor  should 
be  cut  off  and  no  current 
should  flow. 

Now,  take  your  resis- 
tance substitution  box  and, 
starting  with  the  highest 
value  at  R2,  click  your  way 
down  until  the  transistor 
just  starts  to  draw  some 
current.  At  this  point,  there 
should  be  some  indication 
that  the  circuit  is  function- 
ing.  Use  your  mike  and  a 
sensitive  range  on  your 
scope,  and  watch  the 
waveform.  I  also  used  the 
output  from  an  FM  tuner. 
Even  at  these  low  levels,  I 
got  an  indication  of  circuit 
function  and  could  see  ob- 
vious distortion  or  clip- 
ping. The  circuit  should 
work,  but  not  too  well. 
Here  is  where  the  fun 
starts. 

Replace  the  substitution 
box  with  a  fixed  value  at 
R2.  Put  the  substitution 
box  in  place  of  the  fixed 
value  at  Rl.  Starting  at  the 
original  R1  value,  increase 
it  and  see  what  effect  it  has 
on  the  signal.  You  should 
get  more  amplification  and 
less  distortion  up  to  a 
point.  If  you  don't,  try  go- 


ing a  few  clicks  in  the  other 
direction,  but  watch  the 
meter.  When  you  get  better 
results,  replace  the  box 
with  the  appropriate  fixed 
value  and  go  back  to  R2 
with  the  substitution  box 
and  see  what  effect  chang- 
ing that  will  have.  A  simple 
circuit  like  this  should 
have  quite  a  range  of  prac- 
tical values  over  which  it 
will  work.  It  should  only 
take  a  few  back  and  forth 
trips  to  make  an  optimum 
choice. 

At  this  point,  you  have  a 
working  amplifier.  Usually 
there  are  a  few  more  resis- 
tors which  get  put  in  the 
circuit  for  stability  or  other 
reasons  These  get  put  in 
last.  They  are  shown  in  Fig. 
2.  R3  is  not  critical.  There  is 
a  simple  formula  for  doing 
it  by  math:  R3  is  usually 
about  1/10  the  value  of  R2. 
R2  and  R3  act  as  a  voltage 
divider  and  also  help  to 
tame  the  base-emitter  cir- 
cuit by  providing  a  load  to 
help  limit  current  flow  in 
the  circuit. 

When  you  have  the  basic 
circuit  going,  just  hook  up 
the  substitution  box  and 
see  what  effect  different 
values  of  R3  have  to  the  ac- 
tual signal.  Start  high,  and 
as  you  click  down,  the  sig- 
nal will  begin  to  be  atten- 
uated by  the  resistance.  At 
that  point,  or  a  little  lower, 
is  the  point  at  which  you 
want  to  stop. 

R4  is  another  matter.  It  is 
something  like  a  cathode 
resistor  but  it  doesn't  work 
the  same  way  It  also  has  a 
stabilizing  effect  on  the 
transistor  circuit,  and  helps 
limit  the  current  of  the 
stage.  It  also  may  have  the 
effect  of  permitting  a 
wider  range  of  input  signal 
without  distortion.  That 
doesn't  mean  you  can  ex- 
ceed the  element-to-ele* 
ment  rating,  but,  as  with 
tubes,  the  added  bias  can 
place  the  signal  on  a  more- 
favorable  part  of  the  cur- 
rent curve. 

Use  your  scope  and  a 
variable  input.  The  values 
are    quite    similar   to    the 


tube  values,  several  hun- 
dred Ohms,  with  1000  and 
2200  Ohms  used  quite 
commonly.  Watch  the 
scope  and  see  at  what 
point  your  signal  starts  to 
distort  or  clip.  Put  in  the 
resistor  and  see  what  effect 
the  values  have  on  the  sig- 
nal If  there  is  an  improve- 
ment, increase  the  signal  to 
get  the  distortion  again. 
Try  different  values  and 
see  what  that  does.  You 
may  want  to  go  back  and 
try  some  new  values  for  R1 
and  R2  at  this  point,  too. 
However,  R4  will  probably 
be  a  minor  factor  in  the 
overall  amplifier  circuit 

As  with  vacuum-tube 
cathode  resistors,  the  emit- 
ter resistor  is  usually  by- 
passed. This  is  a  husky 
electrolytic  often  in  the 
same  range  as  those  used 
with  a  tube,  20  uF  on  up  to 
a  few  hundred  uF  are  com- 
mon values.  When  the  re- 
sistor is  not  bypassed,  it 
also  has  some  degenera- 
tive effect.  The  output  will 
be  less,  but  you  will  also 
get  the  stabilizing  effect  of 
an  emitter  which  is  not  by- 
passed. You  can  see  the  dif- 
ference on  the  scope  as 
you  try  different  resistance 
values  or  bypassing.  Just 
play  around  with  a  few 
electrolytic  values  and 
watch  what  happens. 

The  main  killer  of  tran- 
sistor circuits  is  heat.  They 
have  the  habit  of  drawing 
more  current  as  they  warm, 
which  makes  them  warmer 
and  they  draw  even  more 
current,  and  pffft.  If  you 
work  well  within  the  rat- 
ings, you  should  have  little 
trouble.  Most  devices  are 
run  too  close  to  what  they 
can  handle. 

The  only  other  thing  is  to 
keep  it  from  becoming  ex- 
ternally heated.  Don't  put 
the  transistors  right  over 
the  power  transformer.  Al- 
low room  for  ventilation.  If 
you  avoid  extremes  of  both 
heat  and  cold,  you  should 
get  reliable  results  with 
this  circuit.  The  only  way 
to  assure  operation  at  tem- 
perature extremes  is  to  test 


134 


your  circuit  at  the  temper- 
ature extremes  which  you 
will  normally  encounter. 
Use  husky  transistors  and 
parts  and  derate  them  for 
extremes-  With  care,  this 
should  not  be  any  great 
problem. 

Input  and  output  cir- 
cuits provide  little  problem 
with  this  stage.  Capacitor 
coupling  is  easy  and  com- 
mon with  such  a  circuit. 
The  value  is  not  critical.  10 
uF,  or  so,  is  a  common 
value. 

The  real  stinker  is  the 
volume  control.  You  can't 
just  hook  up  an  audio- 
taper  pot  in  place  of  R3. 
When  you  turned  it  down, 
it  would  become  a  dead 
short  across  the  emitter- 
base  junction.  A  circuit 
such  as  that  shown  in  Fig.  3 
will  do  the  job.  A  few  extra 
parts  are  quite  cheap  at 
transistor  power  levels. 

You  can  use  one  or  two 
stages  which  are  similar  for 
an  audio  amplifier,  de- 
pending on  how  much  am- 
plification is  needed.  The 
output  will  be  high  imped- 
ance and  will  drive  a  high- 
impedance  pair  of  head' 
phones  with  sufficient 
volume.  More  stages  can 
lead  to  troubles  such  as 
feedback  or  motorboating. 
There  are  two  things  at 
work  here.  The  higher  gain 
of  cascade  stages  is  a 
troublemaker  and  the  addi- 
tional wiring  picks  up  any- 
thing. 

Driving  a  speaker  is  not 
hard  to  do  either,  if  you  are 
not  overly  squeamish. 
Much  attention  is  given  to 
proper  impedance  match- 
ing with  transistors.  If  you 
can  just  ignore  that  urge, 
you  should  be  okay. 

Start  with  the  circuit  of 
Fig.  4.  The  transformer 
should  be  a  medium-to- 
low-impedance  transform- 
er, It  probably  should  be 
critical,  but  I  have  used 
anything  from  a  48-Ohm  c-t 
transistor  output  type  to  a 
replacement  tube  type. 
Use  the  8-Ohm  output  and 
whatever  primary  you  have 
to  start  with.  Here  you  just 


do  the  same  thing  that  you 
did  with  the  load  resis- 
tance procedure.  Adjust  R1 
with  one  eye  on  the  VOM, 
and  listen  to  the  output. 

It  would  be  assumed 
that  you  would  start  with 
an  audio  power  type,  not  a 
small-signal  type.  Then 
start  drawing  some  current 
and  listen  for  what  you  get. 
This  circuit  will  not  be  the 
most  efficient,  but  you  will 
be  surprised  just  how  loud 
even  a  small  amount  of 
audio  can  sound, 

I  found  that  an  amplifier 
in  the  range  of  200  mW  to  a 
Watt,  or  so,  was  quite  prac- 
tical with  this  sort  of  set  up. 
In  fact,  I  even  hooked  the 
speaker  coil  in  alone  in 
place  of  the  transformer.  I 
don't  recommend  the  prac- 
tice, though.  It's  too  easy 
for  the  steady  dc  current  to 
exceed  the  rating  of  the 
speaker  winding,  and  burn 
out  an  expensive  speaker. 
It  does  improve  the  fre- 
quency response,  though. 
With  care,  even  with  a 
junk- box  transformer, 
there  will  not  be  any 
serious  loss  for  com- 
munications use,  and  even 
music  may  be  acceptable. 

It  is  always  stressed  that 
the  transistor  is  a  current- 
operated  device:  you  al- 
ways get  current  ratings 
but  little  is  said  about  volt- 
age. Your  total  output  pow- 
er is  the  signal  voltage 
times  the  current  through 
the  impedance  which  you 
are  using.  The  value  can  be 
found  by  Ohm's  Law. 

For  example,  the  mea- 
sured output  voltage 
across  the  speaker  winding 
divided  by  the  impedance 
gives  you  the  current  (ac). 
The  voltage  is  again  used 
to  calculate  your  power 
output.  Or,  even  easier,  use 
P  =  E2/R. 

It  usually  is  thought  that 
you  get  more  output  if  you 
can  get  the  transistor  to 
deliver  more  current  to  the 
speaker  coil.  It's  a  nice 
theory,  but  just  drawing 
more  transistor  current 
doesn't  automatically  de- 
iver  more  output.  As  effec- 


tive output  goes  up,  so 
does  the  output  current 
and  the  output  voltage.  At 
no  point  can  the  effective 
output  voltage  exceed  the 
actual  supply  voltage  to 
the  transistor.  It  usually 
will  be  somewhat  less. 
While  your  formula  sounds 
great  that  12  volts  at  2 
Amps  would  give  you  24 
Watts,  at  twelve  volts,  the 
transistor  may  not  deliver 
that  two  Amps. 

Enjoy  the  extra  safety 
margin.  You  can  get 
enough  from  just  a  simple 
power  stage  to  hurt  your 
ears  at  close  range.  Here, 
too,  watch  the  scope  for 
distortion.  Measuring  your 
output  voltage  values  will 
give  you  the  full  story. 
When  you  drive  the  tran- 
sistor to  its  supply  voltage, 
you  get  clipping  and  distor- 
tion. 

A  common  thing  with 
transistor  amplifiers  is 
direct  coupling  between 
transistors,  This  is  one  of 
the  all-time  headaches  to 
design  and  debug.  Or  re- 
pair, if  it  comes  to  that. 
Without  going  into  convul- 
sions on  how  to  do  it,  there 
is  one  basic  circuit  con- 
figuration which  is  easy  to 
play  with,  shown  in  Fig.  5. 

Q1  and  Q2  can  be  small- 
signal  types,  Q3  is  shown  as 
a  2N3055,  which  is  quite 
common.  I  have  used  three 
2N3055S  and  a  number  of 
oddball  combinations.  Try 
for  some  sort  of  method  to 
your  choree. 

There  is  one  important 
consideration  you  should 
keep  in  mind  when  working 
with  power  transistors. 
They  are  very  rugged  cur- 
rent-wise when  compared 
with  the  smaller  ones,  but 
many  of  them  can  only  ac- 
cept a  small  input  voltage 
without  damage.  Many 
which  1  worked  with  would 
only  take  about  four  volts 
between  emitter  and  base. 
Many  small-signal  types 
would  take  35  volts  be- 
tween emitter  and  base. 
That's  a  very  strong  case 
for  using  small-signal  types 
to  drive  the  power  stage  for 


you.  Also,  in  many  cases, 
the  smalt-signal  type  will 
be  more  sensitive  to  weak- 
er input  signals. 

An  FM  tuner  is  a  high 
output  signal  source.  So 
may  be  the  output  from  a 
detector  in  a  receiver. 
However,  in  a  simple  set, 
the  audio  stages  may  have 
to  supply  some  of  the 
small-signal  gain  needed 
for  the  set.  Try  some  com- 
binations when  you  work 
with  these  circuits  so  that 
you  get  a  feel  for  different 
operating  conditions. 

I  have  worked  with 
many  sets  which  had  im- 
pressive bench  test  specs, 
but  on-the-air  tests  with 
weak  signals  showed  the 
importance  of  real  sensi- 
tivity to  weak  signals  and 
the  effect  small  amounts 
of  change  in  distortion, 
clarity,  and  other  condi- 
tions have.  You  just  do  not 
notice  these  effects  with- 
out real  on-the-air  testing. 

R1  is  chosen  the  same 
way  as  in  the  first  ampli- 
fier: first  for  the  current, 
and  then  for  the  sound. 
This  amplifier  is  about  the 
simplest  ''complex"  ampli- 
fier that  you  can  build.  The 
first  two  stages  are  working 
as  voltage  amplifiers  and 
the  last  is  the  power  output 
stage.  This  circuit  will  also 
work  well  with  just  two 
transistors  if  less  pre- 
amplification  is  needed. 

1  did  not  build  these  cir- 
cuits into  any  equipment.  I 
just  used  these  circuits  to 
learn  on.  However,  I  found 
even  the  simple  circuit  like 
Fig.  5  to  be  quite  stable.  I 
had  it  running  on  the  bench 
for  hours  at  a  time  as  an 
amplifier  for  an  FM  tuner, 
and  most  of  the  other  suc- 
cessful   circuits    worked 


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Fig.  4.  Basic  transistor  pow- 
er amplifier. 


135 


we]  I  with  no  problems. 
Even  without  all  the  resis- 
tors  which  a  classic  circuit 
is  supposed  to  need  for 
stability,  they  just  sat  there 
and  worked  for  hours  on 
the  bench. 

1  think  the  key  is  to  pick 
husky  transistors  and  run 
them  very  conservatively. 
The  power  amp  only  draws 
a  few  hundred  milliamps 
resting,  if  that,  and  the  first 
stages  use  a  tiny  amount  of 
current.  However,  as 
stated  earlier,  many  of 
these  stages  were  tried 
with    the    PNP    transistors 


which  were  exact  equiv- 
alents, and  there  was  trou- 
ble. It  appeared  to  be  ther- 
mal runaway.  The  stage 
would  start  drifting  into  a 
higher-current  condition 
and  then  I  would  get  distor- 
tion and  other  problems. 

There  did  not  appear  to 
be  an  easy  fix  for  this  con- 
dition.  Even  though  the  cir- 
cuit could  be  stabilized  so 
that  it  would  not  draw  dan- 
gerous current,  it  was  not 
tame,  which  means  if  s  not 
reliable.  And  yet  the  same 
circuit  with  NPNs  was  a  joy 
to  work  with.   Stay   away 


SPKfi 


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Fig.  5.  Simple  multi-stage  power  amp  circuit 


from  PNPs.  They  will  lead 
you  into  trouble. 

There  are  a  number  of 
other  simple  configura- 
tions which  can  be  done 
with  just  a  few  transistors. 
Any  good  transistor  man- 
ual should  have  a  number 
of  basic  circuits  which  can 
be  tried. 

There  are  also  combina- 
tion circuits  using  both 
NPN  and  PNP  transistors 
tied  back  to  back.  Stay 
away  from  the  more  com- 
plex direct-coupled  cir- 
cuits with  lots  of  com- 
ponents, dual  power  sup- 
plies, and  the  like.  You  get 
into  servicing  and  reliabili- 
ty problems  which  you 
really  don't  need. 

I  found  that  none  of  the 
other  simple  combinations 
which  I  tried  really  gave 
me  anything  which  these 
simple  circuits  didn't. 
There  were  differences  in 
operation,  but  they  were 
not  significant  for  any  nor- 
mal use  which  I  wanted  to 
make  of  the  circuit. 


By  the  time  you  have 
played  for  a  few  weeks  or  a 
month  with  these  simple 
circuits,  you  should  have 
gotten  over  the  fear  of 
transistors.  Then  you  will 
have  built-in  safety  pro- 
cedures to  use  when  you 
are  breadboard  in g,  and  it 
should  not  be  hard  to  pro- 
gress to  more  specialized 
simple  circuits  such  as  i-f 
amplifiers  or  rf  circuits. 

If  you  play  by  the  impor- 
tant transistor  rules  and  ig- 
nore many  of  the  rest  at 
first,  you  can  learn  a  lot 
about  the  exact  function  of 
the  circuits,  how  to  get 
them  going  without  for- 
mulas, how  to  deal  with 
parts  substitutions,  and 
how  to  get  wide  operating 
tolerances. 

You  will  learn  to  see 
what  is  actually  happening 
inside  the  circuit  as  you 
make  changes.  The  faults 
you  find  will  also  help  you 
to  debug  other  circuits 
which  you  may  work 
with.  ■ 


1980  is  the  year  for  220MHz 

AND  LUNAR  CAN  PUT  YOU  THERE! 


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1^  Reader  Servtce—s^e  page  259 


137 


A  Digital  Clock  with  Analog  Readout 


this  is  progress? 


a  Windotph  W9JEA 
PO  Box  3305 
1901  N.  J8th  St. 
Quincy.  IL  62301 

The  clock  described  here 
brings  you  the  best  of 
two  worlds  — the  digital  and 
the  analog.  It  combines  the 
reliabiMty  of  the  no-moving- 
parts,  all-electronic  clock 
with  the  instant  readability 
of  a  clock  with  hands. 

I  built  this  clock  for  two 
main   reasons.   In  the  first 


place,  I  wanted  an  al [-elec- 
tronic clock  that  1  could 
read  from  a  distance  of 
three  or  four  feet  in  the 
dark  without  my  glasses.  If 
you  happen  to  be  as 
myopic  as  I  am,  you  know 
that  the  ordinary  digital 
clock  might  as  well  be  just  a 
night  light  after  you  have 
retired  and  have  put  your 
glasses  on  the  shelf.  This 
clock  face  can  be  as  large 
as  you  wish. 

In   the  second   place^   I 
wanted  a  clock  that. gives 


the  instant  readout  of  the 
old-fashioned  clock  with 
hands.  One  swift  glance  at 
an  old-style  clock  and  you 
know  im mediately  how 
close  you  are  to  that  1:00 
deadline.  With  the  ordinary 
digital  clock  reading  12:53, 
it  takes  a  bit  more  than  a 
quick  look  to  tell  you  that 
you've  got  seven  minutes 
left.  There's  something 
about  a  clock  with  hands 
that  makes  8:20  look  like 
"twenty  after  eight"  and 
8:40   look   like  ''twenty  to 


C5      +6V 
.03        4 


Ca    +5V        mm 


^TC   PIN    14 


m 


Fig.  1.  Power  supply  and  timing  circuit 


nine/'  This  visual  shift 
doesn't  occur  with  a  digital 
readout.  I  suspect  that  this 
is  one  reason  why  Texas  In- 
struments has  come  out 
with  an  analog  readout  on  a 
digital  watch.  1  predict  that 
the  clock-makers  will 
follow  suit.  Even  if  you're 
not  a  nearsighted  clock- 
watcher, you  may  find  this 
project  to  your  liking. 

General  Description 

Two  concentric  circles  of 
discrete  light-emitting 
diodes  form  the  ''hands"  of 
this  clock.  The  outer  circle 
is  for  the  minute  hand;  the 
inner  circle,  with  a  diameter 
about  three-fourths  that  of 
the  outer  one,  is  for  the 
hour  hand.  One  LED  in  each 
circle  is  on  at  any  given 
time.  Another,  LED5,  is  on 
continuously  at  the  center 
of  the  circles  to  act  as  a 
visual  point  of  reference  so 
that  the  eye  somewhat 
automatically  constructs 
each  hand  of  the  clock  out 
of  the  central  LED  and  the 
peripheral  minute  or  hour 
LED.  As  additional  ref- 
erence points,  particularly 
for  nighttime  viewing,  there 
are  blinking  LEDs  (1-4)  of  a 
different  color  located  at 
12:00,  3:00,  6:00,  and  9:00. 
They  show  that  the  clock  is 
running.  They  also  are  used 
in  setting  the  clock,  as  is  ex- 
plained later. 


138 


A  one-pulse-per-minute 
signal  operates  the  clock.  A 
one-pulse-per-second  signal 
shows  that  the  clock  is  run- 
ning and,  along  with  a 
60-Hz  signal,  is  used  to  set 
the  clock.  The  60-Hz  signal 
is  obtained  from  the  collec- 
tor of  Q1 ,  which  squares  up 
the  sine  wave  to  operate 
the  TTL  integrated  circuits. 
This  frequency  is  divided  by 
10  in  IC1  and  by  6  in  IC2  to 
give  a  1-Hz  signal.  This  is 
again  divided  by  10  and  6  in 
fC14  and  I  CI  5  to  produce 
the  one-pulse-per-minute 
signal  that  operates  the 
clock. 

The  74154  integrated  cir- 
cuit is  a  4-1  ine-to-1 6-line 
decoder.  For  any  binary 
number  from  zero  to  fifteen 
on  input  pins  20  to  23,  one 
of  the  sixteen  outputs  goes 
low  and  turns  on  one  LED. 


Since  there  are  60  LEDs  for 
the  minute  hand,  we  need 
four  of  these  ICs.  Only  one 
of  them  is  enabled  at  a 
time,  by  a  low  on  pins  18 
and  19.  the  other  three  are 
turned  off  by  a  high  on  pin 
18  or  19.  The  7493  counter, 
IC6,  puts  out  the  binary 
numbers  from  0  to  15  in  se- 
quence when  pin  14  is 
pulsed  once  per  minute  by 
IC4.  Q3  isolates  IC4  from 
the  setting  signal.  The  binary 
numbers  are  fed  to  all  four 
decoder  ICs.  The  one  which 
will  give  a  readout  is  deter- 
mined by  the  7476,  IC7.  This 
is  a  dual  J-K  flip-flop  which 
is  made  to  flip  every  time  a 
negative-going  pulse  comes 
from  pin  11  of  the  7493. 
This  pin  contains  the  most- 
significant  bit  of  the  binary 
output,  and  it  drops  to  zero 
when  the  output  goes  from 


15  (1111)  to  0  (0000).  The 

7476  puts  out  a  low  on  the 
following  pairs  of  pins  in  se- 
quence: 11  and  15,  11  and 
14,  10  and  15,  and  10  and 
14.  These  pairs  then  enable 
I  CIO  to  I  CI  3  in  sequence, 
and  one  LED  lights  up  as 
determined  by  the  binary 
number  on  pins  20  to  23. 
The  other  74154s  are  inac- 
tivated since  they  have  a 
high  on  pin  18  or  19, 

With  64  outputs  but  only 
60  minutes  per  hour,  the 
last  four  outputs  are  un- 
used, and  the  minute  hand 
would  disappear  for  four 
minutes  if  I  CI  3  were  en- 
abled for  its  full  count.  To 
prevent  this,  IC6  must  be 
reset  to  zero  after  the  59th 
minute.  The  low  appearing 
at  the  60th  minute  on  pin  1 4 
of  IC13  is  inverted  by  one 


section  of  a  7400  and  fed  to 
pins  2  and  3  of  IC6.  This 
resets  IC6  so  that  its  output 
goes  from  1100  back  to 
0000.  The  negative-going 
pulse  on  pin  11  clears  IC7 
so  that  pins  11  and  15  are 
both  low  again  and  fCIO  is 
enabled  to  begin  the  first 
minute  of  the  next  hour. 

The  hour  hand  functions 
similarly  but  we  don't  need 
as  many  LEDs.  Twelve 
would  not  suffice  since 
there  would  be  a  period  of 
ambiguity  depending  upon 
when  the  hour  hand 
jumped  to  the  next  hour. 
One  could,  of  course,  use 
60  LEDs.  I  settled  for  24, 
which  is  sufficient  to  pre- 
vent any  ambiguity.  When 
the  clock  is  set  on  any  hour, 
the  hour  hand  stays  on  the 
hour  until  the  beginning  of 
the  16th  minute  after  the 


TO  Q2  EMITTER 

[FIG.  J) 


C9— C  l3 

.03  TO  .h^F  AT  EVERY   kC 


Fig.  2.  Readout  circuit 


139 


O  Ct  '9  O  4 


4 


o 
a 


D 


O  Q  O   O  O 

4-- 


Ftg.  3.  Face  layout 


TO   FI9.  FtlOl  fitl 


fig.  4.  Dimmer  circuit 

hour.  It  then  jumps  to  the 
next  ha  If -hour  point  It  re- 
mains in  this  position  until 
the  beginning  of  the  48th 
minute  after  the  hour.  Then 
it  jumps  to  the  next  hour 
position.  These  points  were 
chosen  because  signals  are 
available  at  these  times 
from  pin  14  of  IC7.  The 
signal  from  this  pin 
operates  the  hour  hand  just 
as  the  one-pulse^per-minute 
operates  the  minute  hand. 
We  need  only  two  74154s 
for  the  24  LEDs.  The  hour 
hand  is  reset  to  the  zero 
hour  at  what  would  be  the 
25th  half-hour  by  the  out- 
put from  pin  9  of  IC15,  just 
as  the  minute  hand  is  reset 
by  I  CI  3. 

The  signal  from  IC2  turns 
Q2  on  and  off,  making  the 
LEDs  blink  once  per  second 
and  providing  a  slow- 
setting  Mgnal.  For  fast  set- 
ting, the  base  of  Q2  is  con- 
nected to  the  60-Hz  square 
wave  at  the  col  lector  of  Q1. 
In  order  to  start  any  par- 
ticular minute  exactly  on 
time,  IC3  and  IC4  are  set  to 
zero  by  SI   which  puts  a 


high  on  reset  pins  2  and  3 
and  6  and  7,  respectively. 
This  keeps  the  output  of 
IC4  low  so  that  the  setting 
signal  from  Q2  can  pull  pin 
14  of  IC6  low. 

The  hour  hand  should  be 
on  the  hour  from  12 
minutes  before  the  hour 
through  15  minutes  after 
the  hour.  When  the  clock  is 
first  turned  on,  this  may  not 
be  the  case.  By  resetting 
IC6  and  IC8  and  clearing 
IC7,  S4  sets  the  clock  to 
12:00  or  8:00,  depending  on 
the  state  of  IC9.  This  en- 
sures the  proper  relation- 
ship between  the  two 
hands.  D6,  D7,  and  D8 
isolate  the  ICs  from  each 
other. 

Checking  It  Out 

After  double-checking  all 
the  wiring,  put  S2  in  the 
SLOW  postion,  then  apply 
power  to  the  clock  The 
four  indicating  LEDs  should 
blink.  One  or  both  of  the 
hands  may  fail  to  light  up 
since  there  are  positions  on 
the  741 54s  that  are  not  con- 
nected to  any  LEDs,  and 
these  positions  may  be  ac- 
tivated with  random  set- 
tings of  the  guiding  ICs  (IC6 
to  IC9).  Pushing  54  should 
remedy  this  situation,  and 
the  clock  should  read  either 
1 2:00  or  8:00.  Now  put  SI  in 
the  HOLD  position  and  S2 
in  the  FAST  position.  The 
blinking  LEDs  should  ap- 
pear to  light  up  con- 
tinuously since  they  are 
now    blinking    at    60    Hz, 


Pressing  the  set  button,  S3, 
should  make  the  minute 
hand  revolve  once  per  sec- 
ond and  the  hour  hand 
jump  twice  per  second.  The 
latter  should  jump  as  the 
m  [nute  hand  passes  from  1 5 
to  T6  minutes  after  and 
from  13  to  12  minutes 
before  the  hour.  If  either 
hand  doesn't  go  con- 
tinuously around  but  skips 
whole  sections,  this  would 
indicate  a  defect  asso- 
ciated with  one  of  the  7476s 
since  they  should  sequen- 
tially enable  the  74154s.  If 
either  hand  disappears  tem- 
porarily before  the  12:00 
point,  this  would  indicate 
that  the  reset  signal  is  not 
getting  back  to  the  7493s. 
Check  for  a  defective  IC16, 
IC6,  or  IC8  I  had  a  7493  that 
counted  beautifully  but 
would  not  reset. 

Now  put  S2  in  the  SLOW 
position.  Holding  S3 
depressed  should  move  the 
minute  hand  around  once 
per  minute  while  the  hour 
hand  jumps  twice.  Now  put 
SI  in  the  RUN  position, 
leaving  S2  on  SLOW,  After 
sixty  seconds,  which  you 
can  count  on  the  blinking 
LEDs,  the  minute  hand 
should  move  to  the  next 
minute.  If  not,  check  out 
the  divider  chain.  If  the 
blinking  LEDs  have  been 
working  properly,  IC1  and 
IC2  must  be  functioning,  so 
check  IC3,  IC4,  and  Q3. 
Also  check  the  wiring  of  SI . 

In  general,  trouble- 
shooting this  clock  is  not 
difficult  if  you  understand 
its  operation  and  analyze 

the  problem  accordingly. 

Setting  The  Clock 

Put  SI  in  the  HOLD  posi- 
tion and  52  in  the  FAST 
position.  Momentarily  push 
S4,  Then  set  the  hour  hand 
with  S3,  releasing  the 
switch  as  soon  as  the  hour 
hand  reaches  the  desired 
spot  to  avoid  overshooting 
with  the  minute  hand.  Then 
put  S2  in  the  SLOW  position 
and  use  S3  to  set  the  minute 
hand  to  the  next  minute.  In 
setting   the   minute   hand, 


you  probably  will  find  that 
the  hand  jumps  a  number 
of  minutes  when  you  first 
depress  S3  or  when  you 
release  it  This  is  due  to 
bounce  in  the  switch  con- 
tacts. It  can  be  prevented 
by  watching  the  blinking 
LEDs  and  depressing  and  re- 
leasing S3  only  when  the 
LEDs  are  on  When  the 
LEDs  are  on,  the  collector 
of  Q1  is  low  and,  since  pin 
14  of  IC6  is  also  low  when 
SI  is  in  the  HOLD  position, 
the  setting  switch  cannot 
send  in  a  series  of  pulses 
when  it  bounces.  This  meth- 
od of  setting  is  not  difficult, 
but  it  takes  a  bit  of  practice 
since  you  have  to  watch  the 
blinking  LEDs  and  the  mov- 
ing minute  hand  at  the 
same  time.  When  your 
reference  clock  reaches  the 
next  minute  and  zero 
seconds,  immediately  put 
SI  in  the  RUN  position.  The 
clock  should  now  run 
correctly  with  the  minute 
hand  changing  right  on 
time. 

Vartations  and  Options 

Since  this  clock  uses  a 
large  number  of  LEDs,  I 
used  the  cheapest  bargain 
LEDs  I  could  find.  Assum- 
ing you'll  do  the  same,  I 
haven't  specified  the  type 
in  the  parts  list.  Resistors 
R9,  RIO,  and  R13  will  have 
to  be  adjusted  for  the  par- 
ticular LEDs  you  use. 

The  blinking  LEDs  could 
be  replaced  by  a  single  one, 
or  by  a  dozen,  if  you  want 
one  at  every  hour  point  A 
single  LED  may  not  let 
enough  current  through  to 
set  the  clock,  In  which  case 
a  resistor  could  be  added  in 
parallel  with  it.  If  you  use  a 
dozen  LEDs,  only  some  of 
them  may  light,  or  they  may 
differ  in  brightness.  This 
will  require  the  addition  of 
individual  resistors  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  to  even  out  the 
brightnesses. 

If  you  wish  to  vary  the 
brightness  of  the  hands  for 
daytime  and  nighttime,  add 
a  resistor  from  +5  V  to  the 
common  connection  of  R9, 


140 


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x>  He&def  Service— see  page  259 


141 


RIO,  and  R13.  It  should  be 
large  enough  to  make  the 
clock  as  dim  as  you  want  it 
for  nighttime.  Then  use  an 
NPN  transistor  and  a 
photocell  as  in  Fig.  4.  As 
light  falls  on  the  photocell, 
its  resistance  drops,  feeding 
more  current  to  the  tran- 
sistor, which  then  partially 
shorts  out  the  nighttime 
dropping  resistor. 

In  my  first  version  of  this 
clock,  1  used  a  5316  clock 
chip  for  the  timing  signals, 
eliminating  ICl  to  1C4  and 
Q1.  It  was  a  bargain  chip 
because  the  alarm  was 
defective,  if  you  happen  to 
have  one  of  these  chips  in 
your  supply  and  would  like 
to  use  it,  I  can  furnish  the 
circuit  diagram  on  request. 
Please  send  an  SASE! 

If  you  find  the  fast-set 
signal  a  bit  too  fast  at  60 
Hz,  you  can  connect  the 
fast  contact  on  S2  to  the 
output  of  Id,  which  will 
give  you  a  6-Hz  setting  sig- 
nal 


Construction 

There  is  nothing  critical 
about  the  construction,  but 
the  TTL  ICs  can  cause  er- 
ratic operation  if  they  are 
not  properly  bypassed. 
Each  IC  should  have  a 
capacitor  connected  right 
at  the  IC  from  the  +5  V  in- 
put to  ground.  The  LEDs  are 
wired  so  that  pin  1  of  I  CIO 
and  pin  1  of  tC14  go  to  the 
LEDs  at  the  12:00  location 
on  the  clock  face;  the  other 
pins  go  to  the  LEDs  that 
follow,  clockwise  around 
the  face.  I  used  wire-wrap 
technique  for  part  of  the 
clock  and  point-to-point 
soldering  for  the  rest. 

The  face  of  the  clock  can 
be  made  as  large  as  you  de- 
sire. If  it  is  large  enough,  the 
ICs  can  be  mounted  on  the 
face  itself.  A  black  sheet  of 
cardboard  can  be  used  to 
cover  the  electronics,  or 
you  can  cover  the  whole 
face  with  a  dark  red  plastic 
sheet.   I   used  a  dry  letter 


Parts  list 

R1,R2,  R3,  R6— 10k,  1/4  W 

R4— 220  Ohms,  Vz  W 

R5,  R7,  R9— 470  Ohms,  Vi  W 

R8-720Ohms,  2W 

R10,  R1 3 -270  Ohms,  V*  W 

R11,  R12,  R14,  R15— 1.3k,  Va  W 

CI-SOOOuF,  15  V 

C2— .1  uF 

C3— .22  uF 

C4^C19— .03  to  ,1  uF  bypass  disc  capacitors  from  +  5  V  to  ground 

at  every  IC  (not  all  drawn  on  diagram) 
T1— 120  V  ac/6.3  V  ac,  at  2  A 
ICl,  103— 7490  counter 
102, 104—7492  counter 
JOS— LM309K5voH  regulator 
1C6,  IC8— 4-bit  binary  counter 
IC7,  109—7476  dual  J^K  flip-flop 
IC10-1 015— 74154  4-line-to-16'line  decoder 
1016— 7400  quadruple  NAND  gate 
St— SPST  toggle  or  slide  switch 
S2— SPDT  toggle  or  slide  switch 
S3,  S4— NO  push-button  switch 
Q1-Q4— 2N718  or  simitar  small-signal  NPN  transistor 
LED1  LED4— any  small  yellow  or  green  light-emitting  diode 
LED5-LED89— any  jumbo  red  LEDs 
PC— VT133L  or  similar  photocell 


transfer  kit  to  put  white 
numbers  on  the  dark  face 
of  the  clock.  I  built  a  case 
fortheelock  butof  wood.  If 
you  are  good  at  carpentry, 


you  can  make  this  clock  in- 
to a  neat  and  functional 
piece  of  furniture  that  you 
won't  waht  to  keep  hidden 
in  the  bedroom.  ■ 


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^  Never  repeats  same  sequence. 

Tailor  Isval  to  your  ability. 


Vary  spaed  5*50  WPKI. 


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computer-like  random  code  generator  and  keyer 
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Vary  spacing  between  characters  and  charac 
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Select  alphabetic  only  or  alphanumeric  plus  punc- 


tuation (period,  com ma^  question,  slash,  double  dash.) 
Tone    controL    Room    fiifing    volume.    Built  in 
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Order  today.  Call  toll  free  800^647-1800.  Charge 
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plus  $3  00  shipping  for  Bencher  paddle. 


CALL  TOLL  FREE  .. .    800-647  1800 


Call  601-323-5869  for  technical  information, 
order/repair  status.  Also  call  601-323-5869  out^ 
side  continentat  USA  and  in  Mississippi, 

MFJ  ENTERPRISES,  INC. 

BOX  494,  MISSISSIPPI  STATE,  MS  397E2 


142 


j^  Reader  Servtce — se^  page  259 


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10  character  display  runs  the  message  in  bright  clear  letters  for  effortless 
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p^  Reader  Service— see  page  259 


143 


Turn  Off  Repeater  Windbags 

—  HT  mod  brings  welcome  relief 


Gary  L.  Long  WDSHYQ 
Route  5,  Box  267 
Mi4Skogee  OK  74401 


At  last  a  nifty  circuit  is 
available  that  can  be 
used  in  the  Wilson  1402  to 
make  it  a  monitor  tauto- 
matically). 

Perhaps  you  are  one  of 
those  people  who  really 
like  to  monitor  the  repeat- 
er, but  find  that  there  are 
always  those  few  hams 
around  chewing  the  rag  so 
that  continuous  monitor- 
ing is  more  trouble  than 
turning  off  the  rig.  Well, 
cheer  up,  BunkVi  I  have  just 
what  you  need— a  time- 
delay  circuit  that  lets 
the  Wilson  operate  normal- 
ly for  about  10  seconds 
after  the  squelch  opens 
and  a  call  is  made  or  a  con* 


versation  is  started.  After 
the  10  seconds  has  elapsed, 
the  circuit  mutes  the 
speaker  until  the  call  in 
progress  is  over.  No  more 
will  you  have  to  listen  to  all 
of  those  dull,  long-winded 
conversations  just  to  be 
sure  that  you  won't  miss  a 
call,  and  the  circuit  is  auto- 
matically disabled  when 
you  need  to  get  in  on  the 
conversation. 

Circuit  Details 

The  circuit  uses  the  0-to- 
4y2-volt  transition  when 
the  squelch  opens  in  the 
Wilson  1402,  as  a  trigger  to 
set  the  timing  in  motion. 
This  voltage  is  picked  off 
the  top  of  the  end-mount- 
ed  6.ak-Ohm  resistor  which 
is  directly  above  the  LD 
3030  audio  driver  IC  on  the 
printed  circuit  board.  This 
makes  all  wiring  connec- 
tions available  on  the  top 


12  VOLTS 


3SIC 


.la  VOLTS 


A2 

10  OK 
if^PL^TCFROUfiGN  t   x - 1 

RESlSTOft  XH  iriL50M 
SI*i402.SCE  TfKfl 


-MA— 


01 


1 


m 


m 


K^F 


33* 


OUTPUT 

{TO  CFNTTH 

TERWlHiL  Cf 

voLywc  co«ir 

IN  MILSOW 
Sllf402 — SEE 
TM£TE3tTt 


^toi^^ 


fff 


1M9E4 


Fll 
lOOK 


Fig.  1.  Schemaf/c  of  BUtommz  muting  circuit 


of  the  board  for  ease  in 
construction.  The  basic  cir- 
cuit design  is  that  of  a 
switching  transistor  with  a 
timing  circuit  and  an  audio 
gate  transistor  tied  to  it 

Circyit  Operation 

When  the  squelch  opens, 
a  voltage  at  the  6.8k  resis- 
tor goes  from  0  to  around 
4ya  volts.  This  voltage  is 
applied  to  the  circuit  to 
start  charging  the  R1C1 
combination  through  R2. 
As  soon  as  about  1.2  volts 
is  attained  on  the  base  of 
Q1,  Ql  switches  on  which 
in  turn  switches  on  Q2,  Q2 
is  provided  as  an  audio 
gate,  and  also  to  isolate  the 
timing  switch  from  the 
audio  switch.  When  Q2  is 
switched  on,  it  gates  the 
audio  that  normally  would 
have  been  fed  to  the  audio 
driver  IC  from  the  center 
tap  [wiper)  of  the  volume 
control  pot  to  ground. 

Anyway,  \  guess  it  goes 
to  ground,  since  it  works,  tt 
might  be  going  through  the 
batteries,  but  wherever  it 
sends  the  audio,  it  effec- 
tively shorts  whatever 
audio  is  available  to  op- 
erate the  driver  IC  to 
ground  and  kills  all  the 
audio  output  from  the 
speaker.  This  takes  about 
10  seconds  for  the  choice 
of  resistors  and  capacitors 
I  used. 


When  the  1402's  squelch 
closes,  the  voltage  at  R2 
goes  to  zero  and  CI  is  dis- 
charged through  R1  until 
Ql  switches  off,  which 
switches  off  Q2  and  re- 
stores the  audio  to  a 
squelched  receiver  ready 
for  the  next  calL  This  takes 
about  6  seconds  for  the 
values  that  1  used.  The 
measured  current  draw  for 
this  circuit  is  less  than  1 
mA,  and  if  you  are  running 
the  audio  level  fairly  loud 
(volume  control  at  Vi  max- 
imum or  louder)  the  circuit 
also  will  function  as  a  bat- 
tery saver.  This  is  because 
the  circuit  clips  the  audio 
on  extended  conversations 
to  zero,  which  reduces  the 
radio's  current  draw  to  that 
of  minimum  specs  for  un- 
squelched  operation. 

The  switch  SI  can  be  any 
kind  of  an  SPST  switch,  but 
since  I  didn't  want  to  drill  a 
hole  in  the  radio,  I  used  a 
mercury  tilt  switch  simitar 
to  the  one  in  most  residen- 
tial wall-mounted  heating 
thermostats  which  I  found 
in  my  adequately-stocked 
junk  drawer.  The  switch  is 
positioned  Inside  the  radio 
so  that  when  the  radio  is  ly- 
ing on  a  table,  the  switch  is 
open  and  will  let  the  ca- 
pacitor, CI,  charge.  When 
the  radio  is  picked  up  and 
held  in  the  vertical  hand- 
held   operating   position. 


144 


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145 


the  switch  is  closed,  which 
holds  capacitor  CI  per- 
manentlv  discharged  for 
the  normal  two-wav  opera- 
tion of  the  radio. 

Construction  Hints 

I  built  all  the  com* 
ponents  in  the  area  at  the 
top  of  the  radio  around  the 

volume  and  squelch  con- 
trols. This  was  done  with 
hard  wiring  since  space  is 
limited,  and  also  since 
there  really  isn't  much  to 


wire.  The  largest  compo- 
nent was  the  capacitor, 
and  it  fit  nicely  in  the  smalt 
recess  beside  the  S-meter. 
The  resistors  were  ^/4-Watt 
jobs,  and  the  mercury 
switch  was  one  that  I  had 
which  was  larger  than 
necessary,  but  fit  nicely  in 
the  gap  between  crystals  in 
the  crystal  deck.  1  adjusted 
the  mercury  switch  so  that 
the  mercury  ran  away  from 
the  contacts  when  the 
radio  was  lying  flat 


After  connecting  all  the 
items  as  shown,  the  unit 
can  be  checked  out  by 
holding  it  in  the  horizontal 
position  and  breaking  the 
squelch.  After  about  10 
seconds,  the  audio  will 
mute  and  will  remain  that 
way  until  the  squelch  is 
closed  or  until  the  unit  is 
picked  up  and  held  in  the 
vertical  position. 

In  closing:  An  idea  that  i 
didn't  try  out,  that  came  to 
me  after  I  built  the  circuit. 


is  to  use  a  LED  instead  of 
the  1N914  diode  which 
would  give  a  visual  indica- 
tion of  a  muted  radio.  Also 
worth  noting  is  that  I  tried 
several  transistors  for  Q2, 
but  found  that  with  some, 
as  soon  as  they  were  con- 
nected, a  loss  in  the  radio's 
audio  occurred.  This  was 
not  the  case  with  the 
2N327A,  and  I  heartily 
recommend  being  careful 
of  substitutes  in  this 
area,  ■ 


Build  a  $5  Coax  Switch 

—  why  pay  more? 


$3.47  or  $5.02. 


Jermid  Swank  WHHXR 
657  Wiihbar  Drive 
Washingfort  Court  House 
OH  43160 

A  two-way  coax  switch 
is  a  real  convenience 

for  switching  between  two 


c 


MINtSQX 


■  '         J 


1 


Fig.  1 


antennas,  or  for  grounding 
an  antenna,  or  for  switch- 
ing one  antenna  to  another 
rtg.  Take  a  small  minibox, 
Bud  #5A30005  or#5A3014, 
and  with  a  5/8"  drill  or  a 
Greenlee  punch  cut  three 
holes  as  shown  in  the  draw- 
ing in  Fig.  1.  These  are  cut 
on  the  three  sides  of  the 
U"Section, 

Mount  three  SO-239  con- 
nectors on  the  three  sides 
of  the  U-shaped  section. 
Then  punch  a  Va"  hole  in 
the  other  section  and 
mount  a  heavy-duty  toggle 


switch  — SPDT.  I  used  a 
DPDT  and  strapped  the 
two  sections  together  to 
take  heavier  current. 

Connect  as  shown  in  Fig. 
2-  Use  a  flexible  piece  of 
coax  shield  from  RG-58/U 
for  connection  to  the 
"common"  connector  so 
that  the  box  can  be  put 
back  together  easily. 

Use  #12  wire  or  the 
center  conductor  from 
RG-8/U  coax  for  the  other 
connections. 

The  total  actual  parts 
cost   was    $5.02,    saving 


about  $35  over  a  commer- 
cial switch  of  the  same 
type. 

The  same  idea  can  be 
used  without  the  toggle  for 
an  emergency  T  connector, 
by  connecting  all  three 
SO-239S  together.  Cost: 
$3.47  J 


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Fig,  2. 


146 


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Hamdom's  Evangelical  Crusade 


born-again  ops,  arise! 


(have  given  up  trying  to 
explain  ham  radio  to  my 
wife.  And  who  can  blame 
me?  Last  time  I  mentioned 
that  something  was  wrong 
with  my  keyer,  she  called  a 
locksmith.  And  how  could 
1  try  to  explain  that  to 
someone  who  thinks  TV  I  is 
what  you  get  when  you  sit 
too  close  to  the  television 
set? 

So,  I've  decided  to  keep 
my  thoughts  in  that  area  to 
myself.  Except  for  the 
Tuesday-night  gathering  of 
hams  at  our  place  (at  which 
my  wife,  by  the  way,  chews 
us  out  for  always  talking 
about  OSCAR  but  never 
having  the  courtesy  to  in- 
vite him  over),  I've  pretty 
much  regressed  into  a 
domestic  ham  fantasy- 
world. 

Which  is  not  all  too  bad, 
actually  — it  beats  trying  to 
explain  the  thrill  of  operat- 
ing 160  meters  to  someone 
who  thinks  it's  an  Olympic 
running  event 

Take  last  Thursday 
night  for  example:  The  XYL 
and  I,  having  finished  the 
dinner  dishes,  had  settled 
down  for  an  evening  of  the 
all-American,  middle-class, 
intellectual  challenge  — 
watching  television,  of 
course.  I  sat  in  the  easy 
chair,  fiddling  with  a  450 
MHz  handie-talkie,  which 
my  wife  proudly  tells  her 
friends    is    "an    expensive 


CB/' 

Like  1  said,  who  can 
blame  me? 

My  wife  had  long  since 
given  up  on  what  channel  I 
want  to  watch,  since  I 
usually  mumble  something 
about  "20  meters^'  {unless 
the  band  happens  to  be  a 
total  disaster,  in  which 
case  I  grumble  something 
about  ''the  gang  on  two"). 
So  as  I  sat  fiddling  with  a 
stubborn  battery  pack,  she 
flipped  to  the  "Billy 
Graham  Crusade." 

She  settled  herself  on 
the  couch  and  picked  up 
her  knitting.  "Is  that  alright 
with  you,  dear?"  she  asked. 
"Mfgpht,"  I  said.  She  went 
back  to  her  knitting  and  I 
went  back  to  my  battery 
pack.  Finally,  1  got  the 
thing  in  place.  I  stuck  an 
earplug  in  the  jack,  fiddled 
with  the  squelch  control  a 
bit,  and  then  turned  the 
channel  selector  to  the 
local  repeater.  With  that 
odd  combination  —  Billy 
Graham  in  the  right  ear  and 
some  guy  testing  an  auto- 
patch  in  the  left  —  I  sat 
back  in  the  chair  and 
promptly  fell  asleep. 

What  was  it  that  Freud 
said  about  people  who 
were  depressed  by  daylight 
—  that  all  their  secret 
thoughts  revealed  them- 
selves in  dreams?  Anyway, 
the  last  thing  1  remember 
thinking  is,  "Wouldn't  it  be 


great  if  we  had  someone 
who  could  do  the  same 
thing  for  ham  radio  that 
Billy  Graham  is  doing  for 
religion?"  Then,  1  had  my 
first  glimpse  of  a  frustrated 
ham's  vision. 

Madison  Square  Garden. 
The  Astrodome.  The  Holly- 
wood BowL  It  didn't  mat- 
ter; the  scene  was  the  same 
every  time.  Hundreds  of 
thousands  of  people  stream 
into  the  nation's  gathering 
places  to  learn  about  ham 
radio.  CBers,  SWLers,  and 
even  stereo  freaks  crowd 
the  auditoriums  and 
stadiums  of  the  nation  to 
hear  the  world's  greatest 
spreader  of  the  ham's  way 
of  life.  Suddenly  I  awoke 
with  a  start  sat  up  in  the 
chair,  and  said  aloud; 

"Ham.  Elmer  Ham." 

My  wife  put  down  her 
knitting  and  stared  at  me 
quizzically.  "What  was  that, 
dear?"  she  asked, 

"Nothing,"  I  said,  and 
then  I  pointed  to  the  handie- 
talkie.  "Just  thought  I  heard 
a  friend  of  mine."  I  knew  it 
was  pointless  to  say  any 
more,  because  trying  to  ex- 
plain ham  radio  to  my  wife 
usually  resulted  in  disaster. 
Last  time  I'd  spoken  of  in- 
ductance in  her  presence, 
she'd  called  the  Pentagon 
and  begged  them  not  to 
draft  me. 

She  shook  her  head. 
"Honestly,  dear.  Td  swear 


all  you  ever  think  about  is 
your  silly  little  radios/' 

"Mfgpht"  1  said  cheer- 
fully. Before  long  I  was 
asleep  again,  and  the  vi- 
sion returned. 

The  Astrodome,  Thou- 
sands pour  into  the  stadi- 
um; millions  more  watch 
on  television.  Elmer  Ham 
doesn't  appear  immediate- 
ly, of  course  —  they  save 
him  for  the  last  while  they 
warm  up  the  audience. 
Maybe  they  will  play  tapes 
of  rare  DX  QSOs  over  the 
stadium  PA  system,  or 
have  a  choir  chanting  in 
CW  —  something  like  that. 
Ushers  pass  out  Novice- 
class  study  guides  as  the 
curious  throng  floods 
through  the  doors;  atten- 
dants begin  circulating 
straight  keys  and  antenna 
tuners  throughout  the  au- 
dience as  the  stadium  fills. 
And  then  Elmer  Ham  takes 
the  stage. 

He's  a  dynamic,  charis- 
matic man,  and  the  au- 
dience responds  en- 
thusiastically as  he  extols 
the  virtues  of  ham  radio. 
An  attendant  in  a  white  lab 
coat  wheels  up  a  cart  full 
of  equipment  and  Elmer 
Ham  goes  through  the 
rounds  of  explaining  the 
mysteries  of  hamdom  to  a 
hundred  thousand  gaping 
neophytes.  They  "ooohhh" 
at  SSTV.  They  "aahhh"  at 
DX   and    RTTY.   And  they 


146 


«***S5*S'' 


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smUB 


Print  fubjfct  Id  cluivi  withoirt  notici. 


"wowww"  as  Elmer  ef- 
fortlessly copies  CW  at  65 
wpm. 

After  a  good  hour,  he 
makes  the  big  pitch:  Would 
anyone  in  the  audience  be 
interested  in  obtaining  a 
ham  license?  Thousands 
raise  their  hands.  Elmer 
warns  them  that  they'll  be 
required  to  learn  their  code 
and  theory,  that  the  battle 
won't  be  won  without  a  lit- 
tle study  and  dedication. 
Some  of  them  are  afraii 


but  others  have  made  up 
their  minds  that  they're  go- 
ing  to  do  iL— and  at  Elmer 
Ham's  invitation,  they 
flock  down  to  the  stage 
where  attendants  sign  them 
up  for  code  and  theory 
cou  rses. 

"Beautiful/'  I  said 
aloud.  Then  1  opened  one 
eye.  Billy  Graham  had 
been  pre-empted  by  some 
commercial  about  a  lady 
plumber,  and  my  wife  was 
still  working  at  her  knitting. 


And,  of  course,  the  gang 
was  still  jabbering  away  on 
the  local  repeater. 

"What  happened  to 
Elmer  Ham?"  I  asked. 

"Who?" 

"Billy  Graham.  I  meant 
Billy  Graham  " 

"Oh,  him.  He's  all  over, 
and  you  missed  the  best 
part.  It  was  so  exciting," 
she  said. 

"I  know/'  I  continued  to 
fiddle  with  the  handie- 
talkie   until   the  next  pro- 


gram—a rerun  of  "I  Love 
Lucy"  — hit  the  air, 

"This  all  right  with  you?" 
my  wife  asked  methodical- 
ly. 

"Mfgpht/'  1  said,  and  set 
tied  back  into  the  easy 
chair  This  one,  I  mused, 
would  require  a  little  more 
thought.  How  about  a 
Cuban  bandleader  who 
keeps  in  touch  with  his 
crazy  redheaded  wife 
through  2  meters? 
Hmmmm .  .  .  ■ 


Tom  Merrick  Wl  WUO 
64  Maple  Avenue 

Arkinson  NH  0381 1 


The  Memorizer  Flies  Inverted 

—  something  Yaesu  never  told  you 


The  popular  Yaesu  FT* 
227 R  Memorizer  pre- 
sented me  with  a  hidden 
capability  one  evening.  I 
had  always  envied  those 
who  could  instantly  "go  in- 
verted" with  one  flick 
of  some  super-switch 
thoughtfully  provided  by 
some  brilliant  designer  It 
was  a  great  pleasure  to 
discover  that  this  was  an 
unspecified  option  in  my 
own  transceiver!  It  was 
even  more  fun  to  think  that 
I  had  discovered  some* 
thing  that  even  the  design- 
ers on  this  unit  hadn't 
thought  of. 

This  operating  pro- 
cedure, which  requires  no 
physical  modifications  at 
all,  causes  the  transceiver 
to  exchange  600-kHz-off  set 
transmitting  and  receiving 
frequencies  with  one  click 
of  the  function  switch.  It  is 
accomplished   by  using  a 


not-obvious  combination 
of  control  settings  which  is 
not  mentioned  in  the  in- 
struction manual. 

The  following  steps  spec- 
ify how  to  memorize  the 
lower  frequency,  set  to  the 
higher  frequency,  energize 
the  memory  recall,  and 
utilize  the  MEM  and  +600 
positions  of  the  function 
switch. 

1.  Release  M  (Memory) 
and  MR  (Memory  Recall) 
switches, 

2.  Set  the  frequency  dis- 
play to  the  lower  of  the 
repeater  input  and  output 
frequencies- 

3.  Press  M  switch. 

4.  Set  the  frequency  dis^ 
play  to  the  higher  of  the 
repeater  input  and  output 
frequencies. 

5.  Press  MR  switch. 

6.  Set  function  switch  to 
the  MEM  or  +600  posi- 
tion. 


The  frequency  display 
now  indicates  the  receiving 
frequency.  Choose  the  fre- 
quency you  want  to  listen 
to,  the  repeater  input  or 
output.  When  the  trans- 
ceiver transmitter  is  keyed, 
the  output  frequency  will 
be  offset  600  kHz  up  or 
down  as  required  to  effect 
the  desired  operation. 

For  normal  operation  on 
repeaters  with  a  low-side 
input  frequency,  use  MEM. 
In  this  position,  the  trans- 
mitter is  forced  to  be  the 
memorized  (lower)  fre- 
quency and  the  MR  switch 
function  is  defeated  so  that 
the  received  frequency 
(higher)  is  what  Is  set  into 
the  dial.  When  you  set  to 
the  +600  position  to  go  in- 
verted, the  MR  becomes  ef- 
fective so  that  the  mem- 
orized flower)  frequency  is 
recalled  and  the  transmit- 
ter is  offset  up  by  600  kHz. 


For  normal  operation  on 
repeaters  with  a  high-side 
input  frequency,  use  +600 
and  switch  to  MEM  to  go 
inverted. 

As  long  as  the  memo- 
rized frequency  is  not  lost, 
the  transceiver  can  be  used 
on  other  frequencies  with 
any  offset  you  want  and 
returned  to  this  special 
mode  by  following  steps  4 
through  6. 

If  you  have  to  ask  what 
this  type  of  operation  Is 
good  for.  I'm  surprised  you 
have  read  this  far.  In  truth, 
1  don't  know  of  much  prac- 
tical use  unless  your  favor- 
ite repeater  frequently 
goes  off  the  air  due  to  time- 
out failure.  At  least  it  is  fun 
to  be  able  to  use  all  of  the 
capability  of  the  equip- 
ment 

See  you  on  the  output- 
direct! 


150 


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151 


Double-Duty  Decoder  Project 

—  listen  to  SCA  and  tune  in  RTTY 


Geoff ry  W.  Kufchak 

WAIUfE/5 

159  Ashford 

San  Antonio  TX  78227 


Here  are  two  projects 
that  Tve  had  in  mind 
for  a  long  time  Since  they 
are  very  similar  in  design,  I 
am  combining  them  itito 
one  article  divided  into  two 
parts-  Part  One  covers  the 
SCA  decoder,  and  Part  Two 
covers  the  FSK  decoder. 

Part  One 

For  a  long  time  I  have 


been  wanting  to  receive  the 

background  music  that 
many  FM  stations  broad- 
cast. 1  had  read  several  con- 
struction articles  describing 
decoders,  but  they  were  all 
too  complicated,  f  wanted 
something  simple  and  easy 
to  build.  I  knew  that  a  565 
PLL  could  be  used  to  de- 
code SCA  broadcasts,  so 
out  came  the  S/gnefics  Data 
Book,  A  schematic  shown 
in  Fig.  1(a)  is  included, 
along  with  the  specifica- 
tions on  the  IC.  Another 
schematic  (Fig.  5)  demon- 
strated that  FSK  decoding  is 
possible.  Since  the  two  cir- 
cuits were  very  similar,  1 
designed  a  printed  circuit 


board  to  permit  construct- 
ing either  circuit  by  instal* 
ling  the  appropriate  parts, 

SCA  is  uninterrupted 
background  music  trans* 
mitted  by  some  FM  stations 
for  use  in  offices  and  com- 
mercial businesses  such  as 
department  stores.  The  SCA 
signal  is  on  a  67-kHz  subcar* 
rier  of  the  regular  FM  chan- 
nel, and  is  only  ten  percent 
of  the  total  signal  The  sub- 
carrier  is  frequency-modu- 
lated, and  has  a  bandwidth 
of  plus  and  minus  7  kHz. 

An  input  signal  greater 
than  50  mV  is  required  by 
the  565  to  be  able  to  oper- 
ate properly.  A  resistive 
voltage  divider  is  used   to 


DEWOOULATEE) 
FM 


CI  C2 


OUTPUT 


fig.  1(a).  Schematic  of  SCA 
decoder.  Values  in() are ac-^ 
ceptabte  substitutes.  Ad- 
just R6  for  67  kHz  at  TP. 


FM 

O^SCRWINATOR 


/ 


BREAK 
COMhffiCTlON 


STEREO 


■^L 


^ft 


fig.    1(bl    Typical  connec- 
tion for  decoder. 


%^m 


establish  the  correct  oper- 
ating bias  for  the  inputs, 
and  a  high-pass  filter  is  used 
to  attenuate  the  regular  FM 
channel  audio.  The  67-kHz 
operating  frequency  of  the 
565's  vco  is  set  by  the  RC 
constant  of  R6  and  C3.  The 
vco  requires  only  approx- 
imate tuning,  as  it  will  lock 
over  a  range  of  plus  and 
minus  30  percent.  However, 
a  test  point  is  provided  so 
that  the  vco  may  be  set  ex- 
actly with  a  frequency 
counter.  A  low-pass  filter 
and  de-emphasis  network  is 
formed  by  resistors  R7,  R8, 
and  R9,  along  with  capaci- 
tors C6,  C7,  and  C8,  This 
filter  removes  most  of  the 
bias  that  usually  accom- 
panies the  SCA  signal. 

The  audio  output  from 
the  565  fs  approximately  30 
to  50  mV  and  may  be  fed  in- 
to your  receiver's  stereo 
demodulator  Most  receiv- 
ers today  utilize  an  IC  as  a 
stereo  demodulator  and 
can  distinguish  between 
mono  and  stereo  signals.  A 
mono  signal  lacks  a19-kHz 
pilot  signal,  and  the  demod- 
ulator will  automatically 
apply  the  same  audio  to 
both  output  channels.  Coin- 
cidentally,  these  iCs  also  re- 
quire about  50  mV  of  audio 
signal  at  the  input  Most  of 
these  ICs  also  include  the 
proper  de-emphasis  net- 
work for  the  regular  FM 
signal. 


152 


.<HT 


O-u 


#IK  *-P.  ]rf     i<      ^       I    ) 

GfliDO— ^     V   e    t     I      1  7     7      7     OOUTI 

M 


IN 


F?g.  2faJ.  Parts  layout  of  decoder. 


SOLDER 


^■^ 


RfO 


f /g  2fb>  RTO  TP.  Mount  ver- 
tically  and  form  top  lead  in* 
to  a  loop. 

The  input  of  these  ICs  is 
usually  preceded  by  a  tran- 
sistor-amplifier whose  input 
conies  from  the  receiver's 
discriminator.  This  signal 
contains  both  the  SCA 
audio  and  the  FM  multi- 
plexed audio.  The  demodu* 
lator  normally  eliminates 
the  audio  signal  above  50 
kHz.  Fig.  1(b)  shows  a 
typical  connection  scheme 
for  installing  the  SCA 
decoder.  It  may  be  to  your 
advantage  to  obtain  the 
schematic  for  your  receiver 
to  locate  the  proper  con- 
nection point. 

I  installed  an  SPDT 
switch  so  that  I  could  alter- 
nate between  the  regular 
channel  and  the  SCA  signal. 
This  also  makes  it  easy  to 
locate  a  station  in  your  area 
that  transmits  SCA.  just 
tune  to  each  station,  and 
flip  the  switch.  It  may  be 
necessary  to  increase  the 
volume  control  due  to  the 
low  level  of  the  SCA  signal. 

Use  % -Watt  5%  resistors 
and  Mylar^^  capacitors,  ex- 
cept for  CI  and  C2,  which 
may  be  disc  type.  If  you 
have  difficulty  obtaining 
exact  values,  acceptable 
substitutes  are  noted  in 
parentheses.  These  are  the 
values  I  used,  and  I  en- 
countered no  trouble  in  the 
operation  of  the  decoder. 


Also,  use  shielded  audio 
cable  if  the  decoder  is  to  be 
mounted  more  than  a  cou- 
ple of  inches  away  from  the 
tie-in  point.  This  will  reduce 
the  possibility  of  hum  being 
picked  up  and  amplified, 
Power  consumption  is 
about  8  mA,  so  a  power 
switch  should  not  be  need- 
ed, just  find  a  point  in  your 
receiver  where  you  can  ob- 
tain +  12  volts  and  wire  the 
decoder  to  it 

Part  Two 

The  FSK  decoder  is  a  lit- 
tle more  difficult  because 
of  the  dual  power  supply  re- 
quirement. Both  plus  and 
minus  5  volts  and  12  to  15 
volts  are  needed.  Fig.  9 
shows  a  schematic  for  a 
suitable  power  supply. 

Fig.  4(a)  shows  an  audio 
processor  stage  to  supply 
an  approximate  50  mV  sig- 
nal to  the  input  of  the  565. 
These  two  amplifiers  have  a 
gain  of  .1,  so  you'll  need 
more  than  500  mV  of  audio 
input.  You  should  be  able  to 
tap  off  from  your  receiver's 
headphone  jack. 

Fig  4(b)  is  the  digital 
processor  stage.  The  signal 
from  the  565  output  and 
reference  is  applied  to  lC2a 


fig.  3,  SCA/ FSK  decoder  board.  Board  is2"x  2  Vi ".  Foil  side 

view. 


which  buffers  the  signal. 
The  output  from  this  amp  is 
a  distorted  square  wave. 
IC2b  further  conditions  the 
signal,  and  the  200k  poten- 
tiometer is  adjusted  for  a 
3-volt  peak-to-peak  signal 
at  TP1.  IC3  converts  this 
signal  to  a  clean  square 
wave.  Pin  3  of  IC3  should  be 
set  at  —  2  volts  for  proper 
symmetry  of  the  output 
signal  However,  this  is  only 
an  approximate  setting. 
Due  to  differences  in  com- 
ponents, it  may  be  neces- 
sary to  align  this  stage. 

There  are  two  methods 
of  aligning  this  stage.  The 
first  requires  the  use  of  a 
general-coverage  receiver 
capable  of  tuning  RTTY  sig- 
nals.  Start  by  tuning  in  a 
good  strong  FSK  signal  Try 
one  of  the   RTTY   net  fre- 


quencies. Connect  the  out- 
put of  the  decoder  to  the 
keying  circuit  of  your  page 
printer,  and  be  sure  that  the 
printer  is  set  properly  for 
the  speed  of  the  signal  be- 
ing received.  Use  a  high- 
impedance  voltmeter  b^ 
tween  pin  3  of  IC3  and 
ground,  and  adjust  the  resis- 
tor  white  watching  the 
printer  for  the  best  copy. 
Take  note  of  the  reading  for 
future  reference. 

The  second  method  is  for 
all  you  purists  who  have 
everything.  You  will  need: 
frequency  counter,  oscillo- 
scope, square  wave  genera- 
tor with  variable  baud 
width  and  amplitude  con- 
trols, and  a  voltage-con- 
trolled sine  wave  generator 
with  amplitude  control. 

Set  the  sine  wave  gen- 


For  Figs.  4{al  4(b}:  ICI,  \C2-uA747,  U^pin  DIP  Pins  %  U 
-  +  t5  V,  pin  4- -15  V.  IC3-uA74h  8-pin  DIP,  Pin  7^ 
+  15  V.  pin  4- -15  V. 


AUDIO 
INPHIT 


;(.2K 


lOO*( 


ION 


TO  fin 
DfCDOCn 


Fig.  4(al  Audio  processor.  Audio  !nput>500  mV  ac. 


its  OUT    > 


*e5  ^EF     > 


STMMCTRV 
ADJUST        **?^ 


3v  P-P 


.I^F 


^h 


V   DATA 

^  OUT 


Fig.  4(bl  Digital  processor  Cf^oose  ZD1  for  maximum  output  voltage  required. 


153 


+SV 
4 


c 


FSK 
INPUT 


4 
600    a 


5K 

C4 
.001 


9 


EO 


flE5B^ 


R5 
600 


C3 
.0& 


/77 


C5 

',15 


kClK 


.ot 


fie 


■C7 
,01 


R9 
lOK 
■JVW — ♦ 


C8 
.01 


->  OUT 


:Ril 
30  K 


„   i 


HIO 

IK 


■>REF 


"*T,  P- 


-5V 


F/g.  5.  Schematic  of  FSK  decoder  Uses  same  board  ^bown 
in  Fig.  3.  Adjust  R6  for  2550  Hz  with  no  input  signal,  for 
operation  at  2125  Hi  to  2975  Hz,  B50-Hz  shift 


I  OK 

OK 


tNF^T 


Fig.  6.  Parts  layout  Audio/digital  processor  Pin  1,  IC2:565 
reference  input  Pin  2,  IC2:  565  output  input  Be  certain 
that  both  decoder  and  processor  boards  have  comnnon 
ground  when  used  together. 


Fig,  7.  Audio/digital  processor  board.  Board  is  2  Vi  ''k2  V2'\ 
Foil  side  view. 


erator  to  a  frequency  of 
2550  Hz  and  500  mV  or 
more  output  Adjust  the 
square  wave  generator  for 
11  ms  bauds.  The  output  of 
the  square  wave  generator 
goes  to  the  voltage  control 
input  of  the  sine  v^ave  gen- 


erator. Set  the  square  wave 
generator  for  positive  out- 
put only,  and  adjust  the 
level  to  bring  the  frequency 
of  the  sine  wave  generator 
to  2975  Hz.  Switch  to  neg- 
ative output  only,  and  ad- 
just the  level  for  a  frequen- 


Quantity 
4 
4 
1 

1 


2 

2 
2 
1 


1 
1 
4 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3 
1 

2 
1 


2 
1 
1 
3 

1 

1 
3 
1 
1 
1 

1 


Parts  List 
SCA  Decoder 

Resistors 

1k,  %  W,  5% 

4.7k.  %  W,  5% 

10k,  1/4  W,  5% 

5k  Pot.  Bourns  E-Z-Trim  3067P-1-502  or 

Weston  43P502 

Capacitors 

510  pF  Disc  (470  pF) 

.001  Mylar 

.013  Mylar  (.022) 

.047  Myiar 

ICs 

NE565 

Processor  Board 

Resistors 

Ik,  V4  W,  5%  (unless  otherwise  noted) 

1,2k 

10k 

13k 

30k 

56k 

100k 

100k  Pot.  Bourns  E-Z-Trim  3067P-1^104 

200k  Pot.  Bourns  E^Z-Trim  3067P-1-204 

1.5IVI 

Capacitors 

.1  uF  Mylar 

10  uF  25  V  Tantalum  Electrolytic 

ICs 

747  dual  op  amp 

741  op  amp 

Misc. 

Zener  Diode  (see  text) 

FSK  Decodar 

Resistors 

600  Ohm,  V4  W,  5%  (unless  otherwise  noted) 

Ik 

5k  Pot, -same  as  SCA  Decoder 

10k 

30k 

Capacitors 
.001  uF  Myiar 
;01  uF  Myiar 
.05  uF  Mylar 
.1  uF  Mylar 
.15  uF  Mylar 
ICs 
NE565 


cy  of  2125  Hz,  Recheck  the 

positive  level  again,  and  ad- 
just if  necessary.  Switch 
the  square  wave  generator 
back  to  square  wave  out- 
put. The  output  from  the 
sine  wave  generator  should 
now  read  2550  Hz  — or 
close  to  it.  Using  the  scope 
on  pin  6  of  IC3,  adjust  the 
potentiometer  for  equal 
positive  and  negative  baud 
widths.  The  board  should 
now  be  aligned,  and  oper- 


ate properly  with  FSK  RTTY 
signals. 

Fig.  5  is  the  schematic  for 
the  FSK  decoder.  Note  the 
differences  in  values  for  the 
change  in  operating  fre- 
quency. Use  U-Watt  5%  re- 
sistors  and  Mylar  capaci- 
tors here,  also.  R6  sets  the 
vco  frequency  to  2550  Hz 
for  850-Hz  shift  RTTY.  This 
circuit  is  capable  of  decod- 
ing down  to  150  Hz  shift, 
although   for  narrow   shift 


154 


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f^  Reader  Servtce—see  fj&ge  259 


155 


Fig,  flfai  Parts  layout  for  FSK  decoder. 


Fig.  8(bl  AHernate  layout  for  use  with  ±15V  supply  only. 
Mount  220Q  resistors  venically. 


RTTY,  it  mav  be  necessary 
to  add  a  10k  resistor  be- 
tween pins  6  and  7  of  the 
565,  This  wil!  narrow  the 
lock  range,  and  improve  the 
tracking  of  the  vco.  Always 
tune  the  vco  for  a  frequen- 
cy halfway  between  the  up- 
per and  lower  limits  of  the 
signal  you  wish  to  decode, 
with  no  input  applied  to  the 
decoder 

Choose  the  zener  diode 
at  pin  6  for  the  output 
voltage   required  for  your 


application.  For  TTL  cir- 
cuits, use  a  1N751,  5.1 -volt 
zener:  A  1N757  will  give 
you  9  volts. 

I  haven't  tried  it  yet,  but 
it  would  seem  that  if  the 
FSK  decoder  is  tuned  to 
1800  Hz,  it  may  operate  for 
decoding  audio  tapes  using 
the  Kansas  City  Standard  of 
1200-2400  Hz.  If  it  does, 
tape  decoding  for  micro- 
processors is  possible,  and 
that  makes  this  a  three-in- 
one  project,  ■ 


LII34<1T-15 


IM40OI  (Z) 


f ^  ••av 


>  *SV 


GHD 


3^-SV 


^  -I5V 


Fig,  9.  Power  supply  for  FSK  decoder  and  processor. 


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157 


Bob  Buck  man  W6SMJ 

39S4  H HI  view 

Santa  Maria  CA  93454 


Build  a  Simple  HT  Charger 

—  doubles  as  a  12-V  supply 


When  I  acquired  my 
Standard  handie- 
talkie  in  1972.  1  went  all 
out  — leather  case,  rubber 
ducky,  mini  mike,  fistfull 
of  crystals,  and  a  shiny 
black  charger. 

The  SCH  HUC1  charger 
was  prone  to  losing  its 
filter  capacitors  {bad  lot  or 
something)  without  giving 
any  indication  of  malfunc- 
tion except  that  a  full 
charge  would  last  only  a 
few  hours,  Since  Standard 
chose  to  use  a  voltage 
quadrupler  circuit,  that 
loss  required  four  new  100- 
uF  capacitors. 

Recently,    I    bought    a 


Heathkit  2  meter  lO^Watt 
amplifier  for  use  with  the 
handie-talkie  on  trips  and 
in  rental  cars.  The  amp 
takes  about  100  mA  in 
transmit,  I  decided  to  build 
a  12-voit  two-Amp  power 
supply  in  the  charger  case 
and  replace  the  charger  cir- 
cuit with  one  of  the  new 
three-terminal  regulators 
in  a  constant  current 
mode. 

The  circuit  is  easy  — all 
the  parts  are  available  at 
the  friendly  neighborhood 
Radio  Shack.  When  you 
open  the  charger,  take 
everything  out.  The  slide 
switch  is  too  big  with  the 
new  transformer  in  place 


and  you  have  to  drill  some 
holes  anyway,  so  take 
everything  out  and  drop 
the  remains  in  the  junk  box. 
You  will  use  only  the  line 
cord  and  the  cabinet.  The 
chassis  is  the  S-shaped 
piece  of  steel  surrounded 
by  the  outside  shell. 

1  used  banana  jacks  Ya 
of  an  inch  apart  for  output 
terminals  and  a  small  piece 
of  P-type  vectorboard  to 
hold  the  small  parts.  If  you 
use  the  existing  switch  hole 
for  one  end  of  the  trans- 
former, there  is  just  enough 
room  for  the  two  1000  uF 
filter  capacitors  to  be 
crammed  lengthwise 
against    the    transformer 


P^  +IZ   RED 


O 


COMNlOh 

SLACK 


Fig.  r 


frame.  There  is  not  much 
room,  but  underneath  the 
capacitors,  is  a  five- 
terminal  phenolic  terminal 
strip  bolted  to  the  other 
mounting  hole  of  the  trans- 
former. This  terminal  strip 
holds  the  four-terminal 
bridge  rectifier,  the 
positive  ends  of  the  filter 
capacitors,  provides  a 
ground  contact,  and  con- 
nects the  secondary  of  the 
power  transformer. 

I  tried  to  use  a  12-volt 
rms  transformer,  but,  with 
only  2000  uF  in  the  filter, 
the  output  voltage  under 
load  drops  to  about  8  or  9 
volts.  Using  a  higher  volt- 
age transformer  allows  the 
regulator  circuit  to  handle 
the  ripple  dynamically, 
since  the  dc  instantaneous 
value  never  drops  below  14 
volts. 

Output  ripple  under 
load  was  measured  at 
under  30  millivolts;  no  hum 
is  detectable  without  in- 
struments on  the  rf  carrier. 
The  pass  transistor  is 
bolted  to  the  bulkhead  in- 
side the  charger  case.  In- 
stall it  with  a  mica  washer 
and  be  sure  that  there  is  no 
short  between  the  collec- 
tor and  the  case.  Note  the 
fuse  in  the  schematic  for 
short-circuit   protection.    It 


158 


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The  f^niasiic  new  Avarvti  2  meter  Mobile 

Antenna  -  mounts  on  your  car  window 

gla&si  3  DB  |ain.  Neat  and  Lompaci 

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SPFC1AL  PRICE  -  $30  00" 

Please  send  Cashier«j  Check  ur  Mqney  Order 

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Prices  quoted  in  this  Ad  yuaranteed 
until  12/31/79,  or  as  Manufaclarer's 

STOREHOURS-  Mondav  thru  Fritfav,  9  AM  to  5  PM      supplies  lasti 


Amateur  Radio  Supply  of  Nashville,  Inc. 


**^  Reader  Servhe^see  page  259 


159 


was  hard-wired  into  the 
lead  from  the  bridge  to  Ql, 
and  its  ends  were  covered 
with  tape. 

Because  the  open  circuit 
charging  voltage  is  over  25 
votts,  be  sure  your  handie- 
talkie's  external  power 
jack  is  wired  so  that  the 
nicads  are  always  connect- 
ed to  the  charger  pads  and 
disconnected  from  the 
radio  power  bus  when  the 
exterrtal  jack  is  plugged  in. 

The    constant-current 


regulator,  VR2,  maintains 
the  regulator  voltage 
across  the  series  resis- 
Lance.  To  find  the  resis- 
tance value  for  any  con- 
stant current  within  the 
regulator's  power  range, 
divide  the  regulator  volt- 
age by  the  desired  constant 
current. 

With  the  switch  in  the 
normal  charging  position, 
the  regulator  delivers  a 
constant  43  mA  Cjust  like 
the   Standard   circuit  was 


supposed  to)  even  into  a 
short  circuit  with  no  ill  ef- 
fects. I  connected  two  bat- 
tery packs  in  series  and  the 
current  was  still  just  43  mA. 
The  LED  gives  positive  in- 
dication of  charging  cur- 
rent— 43  mA  will  never 
hurt  the  nicads.  The  trickle- 
switch  position  reduces  the 
charge  current  to  around  7 
mA  and  is  used  when  the 
handie-talkie  gets  only  in- 
frequent use.  The  27-Ohm 
resistor    across    the    LED 


shares  the  current  in  the 
normal  charge  mode  to 
prevent  burning  out  the 
LED,  In  the  trickle  mode, 
not  enough  current  is  left 
to  illuminate  the  LED.  The 
normal/trick te  switch  is  in- 
stalled in  one  of  the  rivet 
holes  from  the  old  sfide 
switch,  the  LED  is  spot- 
epoxied  into  the  other  rivet 
hole. 

I  now  have  a  charger  I'm 
sure  of  and  a  utility  12-volt 
supply  a^  weIMB 


CHarhx  WUhon  K2GMZ 
505  Easi  Main  St. 
Palmyra  NY  14522 


Do-lt-Yourself  Carrying  Case 

for  Wilson  HTs 

save  $1 4.88 


I 


'm  the  proud  owner  of  a 
new  Wilson  Mark  II  HT, 


Fig.   1,    fnstamatic  camera 
case ---after  surgery. 


which  I  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  win  at  the  1978 
Syracuse  hamfest.  This  tit- 
tle gem  came  complete 
with  ,52-. 52  xtals,  rubber 
ducky  antenna,  and  a  wall 
charger  for  the  nicad  bat- 
tery pack. 

The  first  thing  I  did,  after 
I  came  down  to  earth,  was 
to  fire  off  an  order  to  a  73 
advertiser  for  crystals  for 
several  local  repeater  fre- 
quencies. 

Next,  I  needed  a  carrying 
case.  Ouch.  The  Wilson  (no 

relation,  unfortunately) 
leather  case  lists  at  $18.95. 


Seemed  like  an  extrav- 
agant outlay  for  a  case  to 
carry  around  an  HT  which 
merely  cost  me  the  price  of 
a  dollar  raffle  ticket! 

An  alternative  which 
came  to  mind  was,  ''Can  a 
nearsighted,  middle-aged 
ham  with  two  left  hands 
consisting  of  ten  thumbs 
cut  out  and  sew  a  leather 
or  vinyl  case  which  would 
have  enough  class  to  house 
this  fabulous  HT?"  The 
painfully  obvious  answer 
to  this  question  was  a  re- 
sounding "No!" 

While  wandering  through 
the  camera  department  of 


a  local  discount  depart- 
ment store  (K-Mart),  I  spot- 
ted a  top-grain  cowhide 
leather  Instamatic-type 
camera  case  which  had  the 
exact  dimensions  I  needed. 
Cost?  $4.07  plus  sales  tax. 
A  few  minutes  worth  of 
surgery  using  an  X-acto 
knife  as  a  scalpel,  and  vo//3, 
a  case  which  could  com- 
pete with  the  high-priced 
spread.  In  addition  to  the 
openings  shown  in  Fig.  1,  1 
punched  a  hole  in  the  bot- 
tom which  allows  me  to 
plug  in  the  charger  without 
having  to  remove  the  unit 
from  the  case.H 


160 


1 


CENTRAL  NBW  YORK'S  LARGEST  HAM  DEALER 

HOLIDAY  SALE  DAYS 

YOU  MIGHT  BE  ABLE  TO  BEAT  OUR  PRICES  .    .   . 

.  .  ,  BUT  YOU  WON'T  BEAT  OUR  SERVICE 


Season's  Greetings 
From  Our  Staff 

Warren/ K21XN 

Bob/WA2MSH 

Allan/WA2MSI 

Norman /K2KLV 

Jack/WB2LCP 

Chuck/WA2GJN 

Bev/K2TPE 

Val/KA2GNA 


YAESU 


\4r/   LAND/ MOBILE 
V?       OfSTRIBUTOB 


YAESU 
FT22SRD 


t3  • 


YAESU 

CPU- 

2500RK 


OENTRON 
CLIPPEBTON  L 


%: 


•    -jfe^ 


YAESU 
FT-901  DM 


i^^t 


££1 


u,** 


rM201  6A 


SWAN 
ASTRO 

150 


SWAN 
1026X 


«     V 


DRAKE 
TR7-DR? 


All  Sales  Over  $750.00  Will  Entitle  You  To  A 
FREE  1980  Callbook  Until  December 31st. 


OUT  OF  STATE 
CALL  TOLL  FREE 


800-448-791 4 


Featuring:  Yaesu,  Drake,  Ten-Tec,  Dentron,  ICOM,  Atlas,  Robot,  Swan,  Midland,  Wilson,  KDK,  MFJ,  Bird,  Tempo* 
Astron,  KLM,  Hy-Gain/ Telex,  Mosley^  Larsen,  Cushcraft,  Hustler,  MinJ-Products,  Universal,  Tri-Ex,  Aluma  Tower, 
Vlbroplex,  Bencher,  Microwave  Module,  DSI,  Anteck,  Electronic  Research,  CES,  Ham  Key. 

WE  SERVICE  EVERYTHING  WE  SELL! 
CALL  FOR  A  QUOTE.  .  .  YOU  WON'T  BE  DISAPPOINTED 


mailer  cuatyi. 


1 


Warren 
K2IXN 


We  are  just  a  few  minutes  off  the  NYS  Thruway  (1-90)  Exit  32 


ONEIDA  COUNTY  AIRPORT  TERMINAL  BUILDING 

ORISKANY.  NEW  YORK  13424 

3i5.337.2e22  or  315-337-0203 


Bob 
WA2MSH 


101 


0 


Prices  In  Ihis  catalog  subject  1o  change 
without  notice.  Prices  good  onty 
whik  supply  lasts. 


DONT 
WAIT 


DRAKE  TR/DR7 
Solid  state 
synthesized 
HF  transcehrer 

Covers  160  thru  10  meters,  reception  from  1  5-30  coot inuous,  0^30 
MHz  with  optional  AUX-7.  modes:  USB.  LSB,  CW,  RTTY,  AM.  Try© 
pass  and  tuning.  RIT,  built-in  RF  wattmeter/SWR  bridge,  SSB  250 
watts  PEP,  CW  250  watts.  AM  80  watts.  Power  supply  required  for 
AC  operation.  PS-7  1 20/240 V  power  suppfy  available. 


1 395.00 


DRAKE 


LisL  Call  for  quote. 


ACCiSSORIES 

DL1000  lOOOW  dummy  load  ........  -  *,,4^^,,*,, <9.95 

DL300  300W  dummy  load  ...,«,.......  ii ..  i ..  .1  •  4.^.«  • .,« *  ■  ■  24  JS 

FA-7  fan  for  use  with  the  TR/DR7  , , *  * . . 25.00 

NB7  noise  biankef  for  TR/DR7 90.00 

FILTERS  FOB  THE  TR/DR7 

3^— 4IHI      >^W  lllier  .^. ...«.«.  ^*  IT..  4...  .  .  ..*44«^  +  .*^«.*-*,.4i..>*_.  3£wlnr 

Ow^v^H*       ^^  W   111  IDf  .  m  *  'A  -A  -b  A  »■  .'«  .  4  ■  .  .  ■.  »  «'*'■'■  ■.«.■.«.  9- *«i<i.«w«««  V  £^\Fv 

SHm^l  vinf  !^wDi  f>  I   I   r    IIUB.    .■.*»■.««*■.»'*«*«' TV  .V  .«-.«'.*.  *--v-«  9^I|MJ 

^t.'^OVl^J  rtnrl   11  llSr  ........__*«^4at^.. «  ^j*-*  "Mi+t*******  *  3t«lflJ 

INTEGRATED  CIRCUITS  FOR  AUX.  7  BOARD 

RRiii-7  plugs  in  for  receive  .......... ....^ .,. .,.. 7.S0 

AUX.-7  extended  range  board  for  the  TR/DR7 *».,,.  45.00 

MICROPHONES 

7077  deck  mic    Modes:  push  to  talk  or  VOX.  dynamk^.  high 
imped^ricep  freq.  f^,:  300-5000  Hz,  4  pm  connector 45.00 


ICOM 
IC-551 
50  MHz 
all  mode 
transceiver 

Ark  all  mode,  6  meter  unit  with  mutlipurpose  scanning.  Either 
memory  scan  (monitor  3  different  channels)  or  pfogram  scan 
(scar^ning  between  2  programmed  frequencies)  It  also  features 
built-in  duai  VFO's.  buillnnAC^OC  power  supplies,  digital  readoul. 
to  watts,  noise  blanker,  high  quality  crystal  filter,  and  scans  Ihe  6 
meter  band.  Opt  tons  include  EX~108  (pass  band  luningK  EX-t06 
(FM  t>oard)  and  EX-107  (VOX). 


489.95 


Call  today. 


YAESU 
FT-227RB 
2m  FM 
transceiver 

With  4  memory  channels ,  a  remote  scan  for  mic,  can  select  to  scan 
clear  0/  busy  channel,  a  frequency  coefageof  144  lo  148  MHz. 600 
channels,  power  requirements;  13,8  VDC  at  2.5  amps  continuous. 
RF  output:  lOW  hi/iw  lo.  lone  burst  ±  €00  KHi  repealer  offset. 
Complete  with  YM-22  touch  tone  mic. 


425.00 


List.  Call  for  quote. 


VISA 


• 


I 


• 


MAu   cvRDERS    PO    BOX  f^W  BtWMtNCiHAM    Al  35202  •   STREET  ADDRF^^H    .>«np   'Tm  flyPMuF    c^nt  rXM  anjn^'fr 


i^m  g 


KENWOOD  PD-1  phone  patch 

A  matcfiing  phone  patch  for  Kenwood 
equipmeni   Jt  has  NULL  contorl  RX 
gajn  conlrol  and  TK  gain  corttroL  It 
may  b«  corrected  b^tweert  a  trans- 
ceiver and  phoneljne. 


59.95 


Call  today^ 


BIG 


BUY! 


200  Watts  PEP! 
KENWOOD 

TS-180S 

sofid  state 

HF  trsnicelver 

with  Digital  Frequency  Control 

With  4  memones,  manual  scanning, 
tuntng  in  20  Hz  steps  with  recall  of  stored 
ffequency.  Cover  160  to  10  meters 
Needs  no  tune  up  Bui*t-m  microproces- 
sof,  digital  display,  IF  shift,  selectable 
l^andwidth,  tunable  noise  blanker.  RF 
AGC,  dual  RIT^  improved  speech  pro- 
cessor, 13.8  VDC  operation.  Adaptable 
to  proposed  bands 


o--ti 


•  «  «  « 


-L^:^^-  aa 


S'^M 


1149.95 


List.  Call  for  quote. 


4f>«:>lA.B!^ 


BIG  BUY! 


KENWOOD 

PS-30 

power  tif  pply  ^W 

Designed  to  match  the  TS-1B0S^S- 
120S,  this  unit  supplies  regulated  13.9 
VDC  at  1 5A  continuous,  20 A  intermittent 
load  with  complete  ease  and  safety  due 
to  the  use  of  generous  heat  sinks  and  an 
automatic  reset  eteclronic  overload  trip. 


139.00 


Call  for  quote. 


200  WATTS  PEPI 

KENWOOD 

TS-120S 

Aft  solid  afate 

HF  SSB  Iranacelver 

No  tune  up!  Miniaturized  circuits,  solid 

state  construction,  buHt-in  digital  dislay. 

IF  shift,  final  transistor  prolection.  VOX, 

noise    blanker.     25     KHr     marker, 

Ffequency  range  is  80  to  10  meters  and 

WWV,    modes:    SSB    and    CW,   power 

requirements:    RX-0  7A  13.8  VDC.  TX- 

1SA     13,8    VDC      a^^-Mxavi-WxlS'i^-L, 

Weight:  11.7  lbs. 


'«©fl 


699.95 


List.  Call  for  quote. 


4^ 


\^ 


KENWOOD  MC-50 
dynamic  dealt  ntic 

This  mic  has  duahmpedance,  50  ohms  or 
50K  ohms.  Compatible  with  Kenwood 
ei^uipment 


45.00 


CaH  today. 


YAESU 

FT-IOIZ 

high  performance 

Hf  tranacwlver 

Covers  160  thru  10  meters  plus  WVW. 
modes  are:  LSB.  USB,  and  CW,  built-in 
power  supply,  buHC-in  RF  speech  pro- 
cessor, built-in  noise  blanker.  vanablelF 
bandwidth,  analog  frequency  readout, 
6146  final  tubes  with  RF  negative  feed- 
back, heater  switch.  VOX,  attenuator  10 
dB  or  20  dB  selectable.  Power  require- 
ments: 100/11 0/1  l7/200/^a^234  volts 
AC  50/eO  Hz. 


749.00 


List.  Calt  for  quote 


SP-901P  speaker/palch 

A  speaker/phone  patch  to  match  the  FT- 
901  series,  The  unit  has  full  metefing  and 
le^ei  controls. 


74.00 


Call  today. 


ICOM  IC*70t  HF  transceiver 

AH  solid  Slate,  lOOW  continuous  duty  on 
ail  bands,  all  modes,  160  thru  lO  meters, 
dual  built-in  digital  VFO'S  for  split 
frequency  operation,  VOX,  semi-break- 
1n  CW.  RIT.  AGC,  noise  blanker,  and 
buMt-ln  speech  processor,  lC-701  PS 
needed  for  AC  operation.  Power  supply 
requirements:  DC  13-6V  negative 
ground 


1169.00 


Cati  today. 


V/SA 


• 


I 


• 


r  -  ■! 


4AtL  ORDERS    PO    BOX  11347  BIRMINGHAM    Al  352Q?  •  STREET  ADDRESS    PflOfl  ^Xh  AVENUE   SOUTH  BIRMINGHAM    ALABAMA  2^23Z 


w 


t 


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AnitL  RBdkoJUiivlKir't  Handbook  Newly  revis^l 
&  lan^pacKed  with  every Ihirig  frgfrl  tMlftic$  lo 
Ifllosi  d^velQpmtinU  I  N   100B1 S.75 

ARRL   ntdio   ArrulMJ!''!  Llc*ni«  M«nuil  The 
moai    up    tD    date    compafiTioB    at    rul^s    & 
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AURL  Ptovtos  O  and  A  BoolL  A  new  pociMPt  stz$d 
•tiKly  gvklv  *iiti  223  sample  qijastion  and 
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ARRL   Aiitanfia  Han^tHMlt  Coniplaia  mstruc- 
liofis  for  tKJiklifig  antefinas  ot  ill  types    I  H 
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ARRL  WoHd  M«p  i  N    10099  X» 

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SInpla  Skiaband  for  Hw  iiadk»  Amalnir  Cov^^ 
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f  11  and  Repaattrt  (or  ttta  Radio  Amalaur  Lesm 
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aitd  praclicat  b^ics  for  roday  &  ham  I N   10037 

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AftRL  KipMiar  Dlrvdorr  By  3tan  Hof^eiM. 
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ARRL  Ham  Radio  Op«ratlnf  Guide  Bruib  up  ofi 
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reference  source  i  N  1002&  4.00 

ARRL  SalaKlla  Communk^tloni  Include 
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IN   tOOe^  3  00 


ARRL  Code  Ktl  Upgrade  yot^r  Novice  or  Tech 
License  wuh  ihese  2  60  mrn    casselies  W4lh 
speed!  of  5.  7"'*.  10.  &  13  wpnn  Instruction  book 
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Ty^e  Ml  tt^  WOftd  «Wi  Ham  FI*«o  Ltarn  *l] 
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MAIL  ORDERS   P  O   BOX  11347  BIRMINGHAM.  AL  35202  •  STREET  ADDRESS   2808  7TH  AVENUE  SOUTH  BIRMINGHAM   ALABAMA  35233 


t 


KENWOOD 
TB-2400  iynth«f!zed 
2m  hand  held 
trantcefv^ 

143  900-148  495  MHz,  10  memo- 
fies,  up/down  scanning  for  busy 
o(  clear  ch,.  mode  switcli  for 
standard  non-standard  rapeater 
splits.  LCD  digital  readout,  built- 
in  louctitone  generator.  1 .5  watts 
RF  output.  With  flex  antenna  with 
SNC  connector.  NIC  ad  battery 
pack  &  charger. 

CaU  today. 


B&W  595 
coai  switch 

F«ature9:  6  outputs,  a 
power  rating  of  2  K  W  PEP; 
VSWR  of  les«  than  1  2:T 
up  to  150  MHz,  Qrounds 
all  ynuftfid  &m«nnas. 

21 .50  Call  today. 

D&W  5d3  3  position 
coax  twitch 

Thts  switcft  T#aiiiriB'  3 
OiJtputs,  a  power  ffttmg  of 
2  KW  pep.  VSWI*  of  less 
than  1  2  1  uf>  to  1 50  $AHz, 
&  grounds  all  unused 
anlpnn«&. 

17.50cainodB¥. 


.©  .©  /s>  ^ 


KENWOOD  HS-4  heodphomt 

You  can  wear  these  comfortable  head- 
phones for  hours.  Adjustable  and  light- 
weighC 


19.50 


Can  today. 


ORDER 
NOW! 


SHURE  444  d«s«(  mlc 

Has  PTT  switch,  adjustable  head  Freq. 
300  to  3000  Hi.  Omnidirectional  with 
controlled  mag  net  tc  mic  element  tor 
SSB.  High  impedance  50K  ohms. 


39.18 


CaM  today. 


f  11 


YAESU  QTR-24  world  docic 


The  QTR-24  World  Clocks  allows  you  to 
detefmm©  the  lime  anywhere  in  the 
world  at  a  glance.  Using  the  included 
batteries,  opefatiori  up  to  a  year  is 
possible  wtthout  reptac^mdnt  ot  cells, 
making  the  QTR-24  perfect  for  homo  or 
portable  operation. 


35.00 


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YAESU  YH-55  hesdphonet 

The  YH-55  headphones  are  light  rn 
weigh!,  and  an  exlra-soft  cushion  makes 
for  many  hours  Of  comfort.  The  audio 
response  is  shaped  to  match  that  of  your 
transceiver. 


15.00 


Call  today. 


YAESU  FT-207R 

tynlhetlzed 

Handle-Talkle 

Covers  144-148  MHz.  has  10  KHz 
steps.  3  watt  output.  4  memones 
plus  programmable  offset, 
priority  ctmnnel.  memory  band 
and  auto  scan,  keyboard 
encoded  frequency  en  try.  2  tone 
input  from  keyboard  lock. 


399.00 


Call  today. 


SWAN  SWR-1A  power  matef 
and  SWR  br1dg« 

Frequency    range:    3.5    to    150    MHz, 

Compact  and  light  werght  for  portable  or 
fnobile  use.  Capable  of  handling  1.000 
watts  RF  and  measures  1:1  to  infinity 
VSWR. 


29.95 


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DONT 
WAIT 


C-1320 
headphone 

The  headphone  is  fully  cushion^,  au- 
diometnc  type  drivers  are  ullra* sensitive 
DX'ers  choice.  20-20,000  Hz.  Low  im- 
pedance S-20  ohms. 


41.80 


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DENTRON 
All  band 
doublet 
antenna 

Covers  160  thru  lOmelersandhasatota] 
lengtnof  130' (14  ga.  stranded  CO ppef).  It 
may  be  made  shorter.  It  is  center  fed 
through  100'  of  470  PVC  covered 
balanced  transmission  line.  Assembly  is 
complete.  Antenna  tuner  required. 
Tunes  160  thru  10  with  1  antenna. 


24.50 


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BIG 

Buvr 


BIRD 
Model  43 

Thrultne^ 
watt  meter 

50  ohms  nominal  impedance,  permits 
direct  reading  of  full  scale  power  from 
100  Mw  to  10,000  W.  Shock  mounted. 


130.00 


Cat  I  for  yours  today. 


BIRD  plug- In  elements 

Frequency  Bands  in  MHz 


Power 

rangt: 

2-30 

2S^0 

lOt^aSQ 

Mt^SOO  400-1000 

SW 

^ 

5€ 

5D 

SE 

lOW 

10A 

IOC 

10D 

10€ 

35W 

2M 

2SC 

25D 

25E 

SOW 

90H 

50A 

soc 

50O 

50E 

ItlOW 

100H 

lOOA 

laoc 

vooo 

taofo. 

250W 

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SOOD 

SOOE 

1000W 

itnoH 

1000 A 

lOOOC 

tOOOD 

loooe 

?500W 

2500H 

5000W 

5000H 

H-Elements  (2-30  MHz) 


47.00  ee. 


A-C-D-E  Elements  (25-1000  MHz)    39.Q0  ea. 


VtSA 


HVirn 


MAIL  ORDERS    PO    BOX  11347  BIRMINGHAM    AL  35202  *  STREET  ADDRESS    2808  TTH  AVENUE   SOUTH  BIRMINGHAM    ALABAMA  3523: 


MFJ  949  Deluxe  Verta  Tuner  II 

A  300  watt  antenna  tuner  with  features 
like  dummy  load.  SWR,  forward  and 
reflect^  power  meters,  antenna  switch 
and  balun.  It  matches  every  thing  from 
1 ,8  thru  30  MHz.  coax  random  wires  an^d 
balanced  lines. 


1 1 9.95 


List  Call  for  quote. 


MFJ-1601D  rAndom  wire  tuner 

Operate  on  all  bands  with  a  simple 
ran<tom  wire.  Up  to  200  W  RF  oulput. 
urtra  compact  2"  x  3"  x  4".  Match  high 
and  low  impedances  by  interchangmg 
mput  and  output.  SO'239  connectors. 


29.95 


List  Call  today. 


MFJ-941B  Versa  tuner  II 
This  accurate  unit  has  SWR  and  dual 
range  wattmeter,  antenna  switch,  built- 
in  baJun.  300W  RF  oulput.  Matches 
everything  from  1  8  thru  30  MHz_  You  can 
use  just  one  antenna  and  increase  the 
useatJie  bandwidth.  Has  30-239  connec- 
tors. MobiJe  mounting  bracket 


79.95 


List.  Call  today. 


BENCHER  BY-1 
Iambic  paddto 

The  UltimalQ  Jambtc  pad- 
dfe.  Faitur^s  solJd  silver 
contact  points,  full  range 
adjuslment  noo-sK*d  fe€t 
af^d  h«ivy  sCafil  biacfc 
tev1ur»d  bfts«. 

30,95  Call  today. 


BENCHER  BY-2 
Iambic  paddia 

The  BV-2  has  all  me  feih^ 
tunes  oi  the  By-1  but 
comes  wilh  chrome  t3AS«. 

49-95  Call  today. 


HAM-KEY  HK3M 

Improved  straight  key  with  a  footed  base 
so  there's  no  reason  to  attach  tt  to  Ihe 
des4(.  It  has  velvet  smooih    action. 


19.95 


NYE  VIKrNG 

"Master  Key** 

114-330-001 

The   "master  key"  is  the  first  maior 

improvement  in  lelegraph  Icey  design  in 
50  years!  Contact  assembly  is  tsotated 
from  lipase,  greatly  reducing  shock 
hazard.  Heavy  diecast  body  eliminates 
"walking'.  Gold-plated  silver  contacts. 
Complete  w»th  Navy  knob  and  two 
conductor  cords  with  Vi*  key  plug 


Jk 


Calf  today. 


19.50 


Call  today. 


ORDER 

NOW! 


KANTRONICS  2m  trunk 
mount  intenna 

'/«  wave  trunk  mount  antenna 
complete  with  coax  cable  and 
connectors.  No  drilling  neces- 
sary. 


7.95 


Call  today. 


ORDER 
NOW! 


AVANTI  Thru  the  gl^ii 
antenni 

A  2  meter  antenna  that  attaches 
thru  glass  without  drilling  holes. 
VHF  Use     for     mobile,  marine^ 
&  base  station. 


32.95 


Call  today. 


HY-GAIN  HB-MAG  287 
Hy-bander  f oldover  antenna 

A  magnetic  mount  antenna  with 
fofdover  for  hatchback  cars  5/8 
wave  provides  low  angle  radia* 
tion  fof  maximum  gam  Rachet 
foidover  thru  190  degrees.  Holds 
position  up  to  120  mph.  Less  than 
1.4:1  VSWR.  144*148  MHz,  3  dB 


19.95 


Call  today. 


\.0 


KENWOOD 
MC-4S 

touchtone  mlc 

Touchtone  circuit  provides  PTT  (push  to 
talk)  with  ^A  second  hangtime  after  any 
button  js  pushed.  Dynamic,  ommdirec- 
lional.  500  ohm  impedance  mic  with 
adjustable  tone  output  leve(.  Power  re- 
quirement: B  VDC.  20  mA-  Complete  with 
coiled  cord  and  5  pin  mic  connector 
Compatible  with  the  TR-7600  and  TR- 
7625  with  no  modification. 


49.95 


DENTRON 

Big  Dummy 

Joad 

Now  you  can  tune-iip  off  the  air  with  the 
Big  Dummyl  It  has  a  flat  SWR.  full  Ireq. 
coverage  Ircmi  1 .6  to  300  MMz  and  a  high 
grade  of  industrial  cooling  oil  furnished 
with  the  unit.  Fully  assembled.  Cut  out 
the  QRM  factor  nowl 


Call  today^ 


29.50 


DRAKE  Dummy  loads 

DL-1000  air  cooled  dummy  load.  Power 
rating  10QO  watts  SWR:  1.5:1  max.  0-30 
MHz.  SO-239  connectors  Expanded 
rating  limitation  when  used  with  the  FA-T 
cooling  fan.  Also  available:  Ot-300 
dummy  load2  4H95. 


CalT  todayf 


49.95 


Call  today. 


VISA 


I 


I 


• 


MAIL  ORDERS    PO    BOX  1^347  BIRMINGHAM    AL  35202  •  STREET  ADDRESS    ?80P  'Th  AVENUE   SOUTH  BIRMINGHAM    ALABAMA  35233 


Come  On  In 
The  Viewing  Is  Fine 

an  update  on  trends  and  developments 

in  SSTV 


Dave  l^grani  K4TWJ 
Eastwood  Viiiage,  ^ilOl  Souih 
Rte.  If,  Box  499 

Birmingham  AL  35210 

The  interest,  excitement, 
and  technical  advance- 
ments affecting  the  fascin- 
ating world   of   slow-scan 


TV  during  recent  times 
have  been  a  phenomenal 
experience.    Newcomers 

and  old-timers  alike  are  en- 
joying the  pleasures  of 
visual  communications  as 
this  amateur  frontier  con- 
tinues expanding  on  an 
unlimited  basis.  While 
some   operation-minded 


Voyager  II,  150,000  miies  from  Earth,  looks  back  and  ac- 
quires this  crescent-shaped  view  of  home.  This  picture  was 
transmitted  on  20-meter  SSTV  by  Dick  K6SVP. 


amateurs  are  visually  shar- 
ing their  lives  and  interest 
with  SSTVers  thousands  of 
miles  away,  others  are 
diligently  pursuing  new 
developments  — many  of 
which  may  be  perfected 
before  this  article  appears 
in  print.  This  enthusiasm, 
devotion,  and  progress  are 
prime  indicators  of  the 
sheer  fun  awaiting  all  ama- 
teurs seeking  new  commu- 
nication horizons. 

As  an  updating  account, 
this  article  will  describe 
some  of  the  latest  happen* 
Ings  in  SSTV, 

If  you  are  thinking  of 
joining  our  ranks,  if  you're 
a  newcomer  to  SSTV,  or  if 
you  haven't  been  overly 
video-active,  this  informa- 
tion should  update  you  on 
recent  innovations.  Possi- 
bly, this  article  will  send 
you  racing  back  to  the 
shack,  anxious  to  share  in 
the  fun  of  slow-scan  TV  ac- 
tivity. 

Trends  and  inno  vat  ions 

Large  numbers  of  SSTV 
newcomers  continue  to 
grace  the  airwaves,  and 
their    popular    choice    of 


gear  is  the  Robot  400 
system.  Home-brew  scan 
converters  have  dwindled 

in  popularity  due  to  their 
complexity  and  high  cost, 
compared  with  the  Robot 
or  Thomas  Engineering 
units.  While  the  cost-per- 
bit  of  memory  chips  is 
somewhat  expensive  as 
this  article  is  being  written, 
a  substantial  change  is  ex- 
pected  in  the  near  future. 
Indeed,  the  introduction  of 
single  memory  chips  capa- 
ble of  65,000-bit  storage 
may  soon  open  new  possi- 
bilities for  inexpensive  and 
compact  home-brew  scan 
converters. 

Surprisingly,  the  interest 
in  digital  scan  converters 
hasn't  created  a  large  open 
market  for  used  P7  SSTV 
gear,  While  many  slow- 
scanners  retain  their  P7 
equipment  when  progress* 
ing  to  a  digital  scan  con- 
verter, others  sell  their  P7 
gear  directly  to  an  awaiting 
SSTV  newcomer.  The  re- 
cent interest  in  medium- 
scan  TV  appears  to  be  an- 
other major  reason  for  con- 
tinued P7  monitor  popular- 
ity. 


168 


This  W6VlO-retransmitted  view  of  Jupiter  shows  multiple 
layers  of  ammonia  ice  crystal  clouds  surrounding  the 
planet  The  shadowing  effect  of  the  sun  prevents  full  view 
of  iupiter.  The  phenomenal  'red  spof''  is  visible  in  the 
lower  right  of  the  picture.  This  view  was  obtained  with  a 
T  500-mm  telescope  aboard  Voyager  II.  The  spacecraft  was 
approximately  50  million  miles  from  Jupiter  at  the  time. 


Many  sloW'Scanners 
consider  using  their  freed 
equipment  for  this  new 
10-meter  frontier- 
Interest  in  SSTV  key- 
boards appears  to  be  de- 
clining, compared  with  a 
couple  of  years  ago.  Like- 
wise, lengthy  transmissions 
of  pyre  text  are  being  re- 
placed by  actual  in-shack 
scenes  and  operator  views. 
This  aspect  definitely  in- 
dicates the  ability  to  use 
SSTV  rather  than  iust  prove 
that  "the  box  works/' 

A  second  SSTV  net  re- 
cently began  operating  on 
14,230  kHz,  and  its  support 
has  been  extremely  good 
thus  far.  This  net  begins  at 
2330  GMT  each  Thursday 
night.  Net  Controls  are 
Tom  N7AON  and  Stan 
WD4DCW.  The  prime  ob- 
jective of  this  net  is  pro- 
viding  technical  assistance 
and  SSTV  newcomer  guid- 
ance. A  large  number  of 
fascinating  SSTV  pictures 
is  exchanged  during  each 
net  session,  so  that  Thurs- 
day nights  are  becoming  a 
very  exciting  time  for  ail 


active  SSTVers, 

DX  SSTV  Drive 

During  the  latter  part  of 
1978,  word  was  received  in 
the  United  States  of  the  ex- 
treme enthusiasm  of  two 
outstanding  DX  stations  to 
operate  SSTV.  These  sta- 
tions were  Tom  Christian 
VR6TC,  of  Pitcairn  Island, 
and  VK9RH,  of  Norfolk 
Island.  Soon  thereafter,  an 
appeal  was  introduced, 
both  on  the  air  and  via 
magazine  articles,  and 
gear  for  both  stations  was 
acquired.  The  concern  and 
support  among  slow-scan- 
ning amateurs  is  a  phenom- 
enal situation!  As  this  in- 
formation is  being  written, 
donors  of  SSTV  equipment 
for  VR6TC  and  VK9RH  de- 
sire to  remain  anonymous, 
Their  reasons  for  anonymi- 
ty are  quite  simple:  The 
donors  do  not  desire 
special  considerations  of 
prima  donna  titles. 

The  Yankee  Trader  left 
Florida  en  route  to  Pitcairn 
during  February,  1979,  A 
part  of  the  vessel's  cargo 
was  a  Robot  400  system. 


View  of  Jupiter's  atmosphere  in  an  area  not  far  from  the 
noted  "red  spot. "  This  picture  was  acquired  by  Voyager  1 1 
on  March  5,  1979,  and  also  retransmitted  by  VV6W0  dur- 
ing  their  March  Commemorative'  operations. 


Extremely  close  view  of  Jupiter's  "red spot"  reveals  a  boil- 
ing storm  with  electromagnetic  radiation  equivalent  to 
several  atomic  bombs. 


complete  with  camera  and 
monitor.  Soon  thereafter,  a 
Robot  70  and  80  system 
was  shipped  to  VK9RH  on 
Norfolk  Island.  The  North- 
ern California  DX  Founda- 
tion assisted  in  this  opera- 
tion. Truly,  this  DX  SSTV 
drive  was  one  of  amateur 
radio's  most  outstanding 
accomplishments    during 


1979. 

MSTV 

An  expanded  frontier  of 
SSTV  development  which 
is  rapidly  gaining  wide- 
spread popularity  is  in  the 
area  of  medium-scan  TV. 
Essentially,  the  concept  of 
MSTV  permits  limited- 
motion,    long-distance   TV 


189 


classic  picture  of  fuptter's  moon,  lo,  in  front  of  the  gigan- 
tic planet  That's  lupiter's  atmosphere  in  the  background. 

This  was  one  of  the  mosf  popular  pictures  relayed  by 
W6ViO. 


lupiter's  moon,  Ganymede,  as  viewed  by  Voyager  II  from 
7.6  million  miles  away  and  retransmitted  on  20-meter  SS  TV 
by  W6VIO. 


communications  in  a 
35-kHz  frequency  spec- 
trum. This  limited  motion 
is  accomplished  through 
the  use  of  scanning  rates 
which  are  faster  than  slow- 
scan  but  slower  than  fast- 


scan.  Special  Temporary 
Authorization  has  been 
granted  to  several  ama- 
teurs to  allow  their 
medium-scan  TV  transmis- 
sions on  the  high  end  of  10 
meters.  Any  amateur  with 


appropriate  equipment 
may  join  the  fun  of  viewing 
these  transmissions.  Don 
Miller  W9NTP,  of  Waldron 
IN  46182,  is  spearheading 
this  project.  Additional 
supporters  and  STA  sta- 
tions include  WOLMD, 
W3EFC,  W6MXV,  and 
WB9LVI 

During  early  1979,  the 

first  phase  of  medium-scan 
TV  swung  into  action. 
W9NTP  placed  a  beacon 
transmitter  on  29.150  kHz 
to  check  channel  com- 
munications capability. 
The  beacon  was  reliably 
received  throughout  North 
America  and  Europe,  thus 
ensuring  that  a  medium- 
scan  TV  signal  could  suc- 
cessfully be  utilized  on  the 
10  meter  high  end.  As  this 
information  is  being  writ- 
ten, the  second  phase  of 
medium-scan  TV  is  ap- 
proaching initiation.  This 
phase  will  involve  using 
modified  P7  SSTV  equip- 
ment for  medium-scan  TV 
operation.  Ultimately,  the 
P7  gear  will  be  replaced 
with  microprocessors  and 
digital  scan  converters  de- 
signed to  the  estabhshed 
MSTV  parameters. 

Modifying  conventional 
P7  slow-scan  gear  for 
medium-scan  TV  requires  a 
reasonable  amount  of  ex* 
peri  mentation,  but  the 
final  results  make  all  effort 
definitely  worthwhile.  Me- 
dium-scan TV  will  use  a 
5-field-per-second  inter- 
laced format  with  a  hori* 
zontal  line  rate  of  317  Hz. 
These  sync  signals  must 
trigger  a  monitor's  sweep 
driver  circuits,  which  in 
turn  must  produce  a  MSTV 
raster,  The  horizontal 
ramp-generating  capacitor 
must  thus  be  decreased  in 
value  by  a  factor  of  317/15 
while  the  vertical  capaci- 
tor  must  be  changed  from 
1/8-field  per  second  to  5 
fields  per  second.  The 
SSTV  monitor's  front  end 
should  be  bypassed,  and 
the  approximately  20-kHz 
video  signal  should  be 
wideband-amplified    to   an 


appropriate  level  and  ap- 
plied to  the  cathode  ray 
tube.  The  previous  concept 
should  prove  successful 
for  modifying  Robot  or 
W6MXV  P7  monitors  for 
medium-scan  TV  opera- 
tion. 

The  final  phase  of  medi* 
uffvscan  TV  development 
will  consist  of  replacing  P7 
gear  with  converted  digital 
scan  converters  and  micro- 
processors. This  phase  will 
bear  a  close  resemblance 
to  the  present  scan  con- 
verter evolution  with  SSTV. 
The  medium-scan  project 
is  a  rigorous  undertaking, 
and  success  isn't  absolute- 
ly guaranteed.  True  ama- 
teur spirit  and  widespread 
dedication  are  two  essen- 
tial ingredients  which  need 
additional  emphasis  at  the 
time  this  report  is  being 
written. 

The  Voyager  Spacecrafts 
and  SSTV 

Alert  and  sharp-eared 
SSTVers  have  some  excit- 
ing times  in  store  for  them 
during  future  months  and 
years.  Members  of  the  Jet 
Propulsion  Lab  Radio  Club 
have  been  providing 
"ringside  seats''  during 
high  points  of  the  Voyager 
space  mission,  and  views 
thus  far  have  been  fantas- 
tic. This  deep  space  mis- 
sion began  during  August, 
1977,  and  it  is  projected  to 
continue  until  approx- 
imately late  1986.  A  brief 
outline  of  the  events  of 
Voyager  t  and  Voyager  It 
are  as  follows. 

Voyager  It  was  sched- 
uled to  fly  by  Jupiter  dur- 
ing July,  1979.  As  Voyager  / 
passes  Jupiter,  a  slingshot 
effect  hurdles  it  on  toward 
Saturn.  !ts  estimated  flyby 
of  Saturn  will  be  during 
August,  1981.  During  this 
pass,  Voyager  /  will  move 
to  within  2500  miles  of 
Titan,  Saturn's  largest 
moon,  Titan  is  the  only  one 
of  Saturn's  moons  which 
has  an  appreciable  atmo- 
sphere. Assuming  every- 
thing   is    then    progressing 


170 


DAWA 


Now  These 
Communications  Essentials 


DAIWA 

CORPORATION 


RF-440 


CN-620 


SWR&  Power  Meters 

Models  CN-720,  CN-620  and  CN-630 

Simuimneou3dtreci  reading  SWR, 
Forward  Power  and  Reflected  Power. 
Tolerance:  all  units  ±  10%  full  scale 
Connectors  S0239 

CM  720  and  CN^20 

Frequency  Range  18 — 150  MHz 
SWR  Deleclion  Sensitivity:  5  Walls  min. 
Power,  3  Ranges  (Forward,  20/200/1000  Walls) 

(Reflected,  4/40/200  Walls) 

CN630 

Frequency  Range:  140—450  MHz 
Power:  2  Ranges  (Forward  20^00  Watts) 

(Reftected  4/40  Walls) 


CN*630 


Available  from  these  authorized  distributors . . 


RF  Speech  Processor 

Models  RF-440  &  RF-660  ^^    ^ 

1  nc  teases  lal  k  power  wii  h  spla  t  ter  f  ree 
ooeralbn.  RF  clcOfOg  assures  low  distortion. 
Simply  install  between  micrc^honeand 
transmitter. 

Talk  Power.  Better  than  6  dB 

Frequency  Respof^e  300-3000  Hz  at  12  dB  down 

Distortion:  Less  than  3%  al  1  kHz,  20  dB  clippng 

Power  RequiFomenl:  RF-440  self  contained 

AC  power  supply;  RF-660 1 3.5V  DC  external  supply. 

Coaxial  Switches 

2  PosilkorVModel  05-201 
4  PositoVModel  CS-401 

Professionally  engineered  cavity  corstruction. 

Power  Rating:  2  5  kW  PEP.  1  kW  CW 

Impedance  50  Otinr^ 

Connectors.  SO-239 

Insertion  toss:  Less  than  2  dB 

VSWR:1:12 

Maximum  Frequency  500  MHz 

Isolation:  Beiier  than  50  dB  al  300  MHz; 

better  ihan  45  dB  at  450  MHz; 

adjacent  terminal 
Unused  Terminals  grounded 


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successfully,  Voyager  /will 
continue  toward  Uranus. 
Its  estimated  time  of  flyby 
is  January,  1986. 

Voyager  II  was  ap- 
proaching Jupiter  as  this  re- 
port was  being  written,  and 
the  views  were  truly 
breathtaking.  Most  Voy- 
ager and/or  )PL  activity  is 
on  14,235  or  28,680  kHz. 
The  usual  times  of  opera- 
tions are  during  weekends 
and  early  evening  hours. 
The  )PL  club  station  call  is 


W6VIO  (W6  Viking  In 
Outerspace).  Don't  miss 
the  upcoming  views! 

Looking  Forward 

A  number  of  technical 
and  operational  advance- 
ments are  due  to  affect  the 
SSTV  world  favorably  dur- 
ing the  near  future,  and 
now  is  the  opportune  time 
for  amateurs  to  prepare  for 
these  exciting  times.  Sev- 
eral SSTV  contests,  QSO 
parties,    etc.,    are    being 


planned,  while  on-the-air 
slow-scan  activities  are 
also  beginning  to  reflect 
progressive  ideas  and  per* 
sonal  interests, 

AMSAT's  Phase  11!  satel- 
lites also  should  provide 
some  unique  SSTV  capabil- 
ities, provided  all  satellite 
operators  discipline  their 
operating  techniques, 
EME,  transequatorial  prop- 
agation, and  packet  radio 
communications  are  some 
other  examples  of  future 


horizons  which,  if  com* 
bined  with  data  compres- 
sion techniques,  can  pro- 
vide  unlimited  video  capa- 
bilities. 

If  you  would  like  to  fully 
renew  your  interest  in  ama- 
teur radio,  try  the  fascinat- 
ing frontier  of  slow-scan 
television-  The  cost  of 
visually  equipping  an  ex- 
isting setup  is  truly  negligi- 
ble compared  with  the  un- 
limited pleasures  it  af- 
fords, ■ 


Michaet  Black  VEIBVW 
16  Anwoth  Road 
Montreal,  Quebec 
Canada  H3  Y  2E1 


Rack  ^Em  Up 

glass  jars  and  orange  crates  are  '^where  it's  af 

for  parts  storage 


Over  the  years,  many 
methods  have  been 
described  for  storing  parts, 
including  just  about  every- 
thing from  shoe  boxes  to 
old  tin  cans.  Perhaps, 
though,  most  popular  is  the 
ordinary  food  jar.  The  com- 
mon jar  is  great  as  a  parts 
container  since  it  has  a  lid, 
is  transparent,  is  easily 
available,  and  is  inexpen- 
sive. Now,  1  use  old  jars  to 
store  my  parts  which  I 
don't  use  too  often,  and 
while  that  is  not  too  in- 
teresting, 1  feel  that  the 
method  of  storing  these 
jars  IS. 

A  favorite  way  of  storing 
jars  full  of  components  is 
to  place  them  standing  up 


on  a  shelf,  but  that  has  a 
couple  of  disadvantages  If 
you  have  a  deep  shelf  and 
a  number  of  rows  of  jars, 
the  problem  is  that  it  is 
hard  to  see  what  is  in  the 
jars  in  the  back,  and  you 
have  to  remove  the  front 
rows  in  order  to  get  at 
those  in  the  back.  To 
alleviate  this  situation,  you 
could  have  only  one  row  of 
jars,  but  then  you  use  up  a 
lot  of  wall  space  with  your 
jars.  The  solution  is  rather 
simple.  When  you  put  your 
jars  on  the  shelf,  lay  them 
on  their  sides.  That  way, 
you  can  just  slide  out  the 
jar  you  want  As  for  the 
problem  of  identification, 
you  can  put  a  label  on  the 


top  of  the  jar.  If  you  actual- 
ly want  to  see  what's  in  the 
jar,  just  put  it  on  the  shelf 
backwards  so  you  can  look 
through  the  bottom, 

Now  for  some  details  on 
what  I'm  using.  For  jars, 
I've  got  tall  and  narrow 
iced-tea  jars,  with  a  rated 
capacity  of  13  ounces.  For 
the  shelves,  I'm  using  old 
orange  crates  stacked  on 
top  of  each  other.  These 
crates  are  about  8'' X 
11  "X  6"  and  they're  just 
about  perfect  for  my  jars.  I 
can  fit  two  rows  of  four  jars 
and  another  row  of  three 
jars  in  there  and  there's  just 
a  bit  of  wasted  space  in  the 
top  two  corners,  I  used 
what  I  had  on  hand  but  it 


shouldn't  be  too  hard  to 
throw  together  some  sort 
of  box  for  your  jars.  Don't 
make  your  boxes  too  big, 
since  the  jars  might  have  a 
tendency  to  roll  around. 
Also.  I'd  suggest  that  when 
you're  picking  your  jars, 
find  something  which  is  tall 
as  compared  to  its  diame- 
ter. 

So  that's  the  story.  The 
jars  in  their  box  sort  of  re- 
mind me  of  wine  bottles  in 
their  rack.  When  you  pull 
out  a  bottle  from  a  bottom 
layer,  the  top  layers  drop 
down,  so  keep  a  hand  on 
the  jar  immediately  above 
the  one  you're  taking  out. 
Now,  isn't  that  better  than 
a  bunch  of  old  tin  cans?B 


172 


ITS  HERE! I 


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Need  and  the  lack  of 
money  are  the 
parents  of  home  brew,  it 
seems —at  least  in  my  case. 
I  had  a  need  to  test  plate 
transformers  for  power 
output  under  varying  load 
conditions.  I  was  trying  to 
test  various  220-volt  pri- 
mary   transformers    which 


were  available  to  me  for 
use  in  a  linear  amplifier.  I 
had  a  0-1 50  volt,  SOO^Watt 
supply  which  I  used  with  a 
110-220  volt  auto  trans- 
former, but  things  began  to 
saturate  at  about  700 
Watts. 

It  occurred  to  me  that 

two  variable  transformers 
hooked  up  in  series  might 
do  the  trick.  I  knew  that  I 
had  tucked  back  in  the 
junk  box  two  Ohmite  VT-4 
rotary  transformers  which 
had  come  out  of  a  piece  of 
S2.50  surplus  I  had  picked 
up  years  ago.  I  had  long 
since  used  much  more 
value  than  that  in  diodes, 
connectors,  chassis,  and 
cabinet,  so  the  rotary 
transformers  were  just  ly* 
ing  there  for  free. 

1  checked  them  out  with 
clip  leads  to  make  sure 
everything  worked  OK, 
Then  back  to  the  junk  box; 
out  came  a  0-300  volt  ac 
meter  of  unknown  origin,  a 
large  vibrator  inverter  sup- 
ply which  had  long  since 
given  up  the  ghost,  plugs, 
receptacles,  switch,  fuse 
holder,  and  a  pilot  light.  In- 
spection showed  that 
everything  would  fit  snugly 
inside  the  old  inverter 
cabinet.  A  few  hours  of 
work  resulted  in  a  nice  in- 


t74 


IT'S  HERE!! 


THE 


AMCODER 


4'^  X  2H"  )i  6" 
A  NEW  ERA  IN  CW  REGENERATION 

•  Select  any  CW  signal  that's  40  hz  away 
from  any  other  (Tune — 400  to  1 500  hz) 

•  Lock  and  swFtcii  to  "auto"  and  you  have 
tape  quality  audto.  One  and  one  only 
signal  receplion, 

•  Only  20  mv  of  audio  aixjve  rece'ver 
noise  required  for  acquisition. 

•  A  40  db  over  S9  signal,  50  hz  away 
cannot  come  through. 

•  Reduce  operator  fatigue  by  not  listening 
to  any  other  band  and/or  signal  noise 
except  the  one  you  want  to  worit. 

•  Variable  acquisition  frequency— 400  to 
1 500  hz, 

•  Variable  output  tone  frequency — 100  to 
2000  hz, 

•  Variable  output  audio  level  (drives  ear- 
phones or  station  speaker). 

Kit  includes  all  parts  including  cabinet, 
power  supply  and  complete  instruc- 
tions. Epoxy  glass  boards,  plated  and 
pre*drilled* 

Avatlable^ — Factory  wired  and  tested  with 
t  year  warranty  on  parts  and  workman- 
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301-799-7741 

VISA  and  Master  Charge  Accepted. 
AMC  ENGINEERING  >^  aids 

P,  O,  Box  427,  Jessup,  MD  20794 


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Models  available  for  all  Ham 
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CALL  OR  WRITE  FOR  DETAILS: 


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Offer  your  club  COMPLETE 
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Auxihary  "In  Use"  contacts  supplied.  Land  line 
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readout  while  sending  and  receiving. 

Only  problem  Is  your  lady's  going  to  see  a  lot  less  of  you  when  you 
get  hooked  on  Kenwood  quality. 

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175 


strumeot  capable  of  more 
than  1000  Watts  intermit- 
tent output 

The  schematic  [Fig.  1) 
shows  the  hookup  and  ter- 
minal numbers  for  the 
Ohmite  units  I  used  Other 
models  may  be  different. 
The  two  units  must  be  cou- 
pled mechanically  back  to 
back.  In  my  case  it  was 
necessary  only  to  loosen  the 
shaft  setscrews  and  slide 
the  shafts  back  enough  to 


couple  the  two  shafts 
together.  I  drilled  out  an 
old  shaft  coupler  to  fit  the 
two  shafts,  then  mounted  a 
sheet  metal  support  on  the 
other  end  to  support  the 
rear  transformer.  The  pilot 
light  was  hooked  between 
115-volt  fixed  taps,  and  a 
0-130  volt  output  was 
taken  from  one  of  the  vari- 
able transformers. 

It  should  be  noted  that 
the   hooking  back-to-back 


is  the  only  way  to  get  one 
transformer  to  rotate 
clockwise  (looking  from 
the  front)  and  the  other  to 
rotate  counterclockwise. 
Otherwise,  a  set  of  gears 
would  have  been  neces- 
sary. It  can  be  seen  from 
the  schematic  that  the 
slider  on  T1  goes  down  to 
increase  voltage  output  as 
the  slider  on  T2  goes  up  to 
increase  voltage  output.  If 
the  two  transformers  were 
hooked  up  in  tandem,  the 


sliders  would  only  track 
back  and  forth  with  a  fixed 
110-volt  output. 

Need  a  variable  220-volt 
supply  for  connecting  to 
the  220^volt  line?  Can't  find 
one  available  at  a  cost  you 
are  willing  to  pay?  Do  as  I 
did  and  have  the  satisfac- 
tion of  home-brewing 
something  not  too  com- 
plex—and the  best  bonus 
of  all  for  me  was  the 
cost  — $0.00,  You  can't 
beat  thatiB 


Scrounger's  Special: 
Used  Dental  Tools 

your  DDS  throwaways  make  dandy  PCB  drills 


/.£!  Corwin  WA70YX 
15  U  E.  Third  Street 
Mes&  AZ  85203 

Did  you  ever  get  to  the 
middle  of  a  PC  pro- 
ject and  find  one  of  the 
holes  too  small  to  accept 
that  end  of  tinned  stranded 
wire?  Or  that  square  LED 
lead?  Did  you  then  get  out 
your  trusty  drill  and  bit  and 
proceed  to  accidentally 
damage  either  the  PC 
board  or  a  component  or 
both? 


If  so,  dear  reader, 
perhaps  your  friendly  den- 
tist can  help  you. 

Over  the  past  years,  I 
have  paid  out  to  my  dentist 
about  as  much  as  I  have 
contributed  to  the  IRS 
welfare  and  pension  funds, 
and  have  thus  been  able  to 
help  him  maintain  his 
private  airplane  and  a  pair 
of  matched  quarter  horses. 
Dentists,  like  most  people, 
are  more  than  witling  to  ex- 
plain what  they  are  doing 
and  how  the  procedure  is 
performed.  As  a  result  of  a 
recent  visit  and  the  usual 


question  and  answer  ses- 
sion, my  dentist  gave  me  a 
set  of  conventional  root- 
canal  reamers  he  had 
discarded  for  no  longer  be- 
ing sharp  enough  to  be 
used  on  human  teeth. 

Root'Canal  reamers  are 
similar  to  the  familiar  twist 
drill,  come  in  various 
diameters,  and  have  a 
knurled  knob  at  the  top 
end  to  permit  the  reamer  to 
be  twirled  with  the  finger- 
tips. The  set  given  to  me  (in 
a  plastic  box  about  the  size 
of  a  book  of  matches)  con* 
tains    six    reamers,   siied 


from  about  1  mm  to  2  mm. 
The  reamer  shanks  are  1" 
long  and  the  knurled  knobs 
are  1/2"  long  by  1/8"  in 
diameter  It  is  a  simple 
matter  to  select  the  proper 
size  reamer  and  enlarge 
the  PC  hole  to  accom- 
modate  the  wire  or  compo- 
nent with  just  a  few  twirls 
of  the  fingers  — and  with- 
out damage  to  other  com- 
ponents, PC  board,  or  foil. 
The  next  time  you  see 
your  dentist,  ask  him  to 
save  his  throwaways— they 
do  come  in  handy  around 
the  shack 


176 


AMATEUR 
TELEVISION 


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the  original  displays!  But  we've  still  held  the  original 
price,  we've  added  a  "tuning  eye"  to  make  tuning 
easier  and  faster.  Slow-arrival  parts  have  been 
designed  out,  and  an  (mproved  demodulator  circuit 
has  been  designed  in. 

But  the  best  part  is  they're  ready  to  go  now.  Get  'um 
while  they're  hot. 


Alabama  -  Long  s;  California  -  Electronics  Emporium, 
Fontana:  Colorado  -  h-e-p  Enterprises;  Delaware  - 
Amateur  &  Advanced  Communications:  Florida  ^ 
Amateur  Electronic  Supply,  Amateur  Radio  Center, 
IV  &  C  Distributors.  Rays  Amateur  Radio;  Georgia  -  ZZZ; 
tdaho  -  ROSS  Distributing:  Illinois  -  Spectronics: 
Indiana  -  Nam  Shack;  Kansas  -  Associated  Radio: 
Kentucky  -  Cohoon;  Massachusetts  -  Tofts: 
Michigan  -  Omar;  Minneaporis  -  PAL:  Missouri  - 
Burstein-Appiebee.  MidCom;  North  Carolina  -  Bob's 
Amateur  Center;  Nebraska  -  Heinrich  s  communication; 
New  Hampshire  -  Metz  communication;  New  York  - 
Amensil  Overseas.  Barry.  Communications  Technology, 
Ham  shack.  Hirsch,  Keiper.  Radio  world;  Ohio  - 
Queen  city:  Oklahoma  -  Brodie:  South  Dakota  - 
Burg  hard  t:  Texas  -  Kennedy  Associates,  Madison.  Tracy: 
Virginia  -  Tuned  Circuit:  Washington  -  Northwest 
Radio;  Wisconsin  -  Amateur  Electronic  Supply; 
Ontario  -  Metro  Ham  Shack;  West  Germany  - 
Richter  &  Company 


Kantronics 


A  commitment  to  excellence. 

1 202  E.  23rd  Street  (91 3)  842-7745 

Lawrence,  Kansas  66044 
Visa,  Master  Charge  accepted 


i^  Resd&f  S&/vfC»— '»*#  psge  ^59 


177 


North  32iid  Strttttt/Unit  #1    Phoanix.  Arizona  85008  (602)  856-9423 

Wa  accapt  chackSi  MBatarChargaj  and  Viaa 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 


NEW  TEXAS  INSTRUMENTS 
LED.  DISPLAYS 
TIL  311 

Hexadecimal  Display 
with  logic  $5.99  ea. 

TIL  312 

Numeric  Display 
Common  Anode,  RED 
99c  fisch 


NEW  MALLORy  SQNALERTS 
Model  SNF428 
4-28VDC  @  .003^-01 6A 
(6.99  each 


HP  DUAL  OPTICAL 

ISOLATOR 
High  apeed 
Type  #HCPL-2531 
$3.00  each 


PLESSEY  SPe666B 

UHF  Decade  Counter 
14  pin  dip 
1.1  GHz  4-  10 
Supply  voltage  6.8VDC 
1.1  GHz600MVto 
1.2Vp.p,  $39J5 


FAIRCHILD  L.E.D;s 

and  DISPLAYS 

F1V-110RED 

20f  each  or  100/S1 2.50 

FND359/70 

99f  each  or  1Q/$6.00 


IR1N2637  SOLID  STATE 
TUBE.  Same  as  666, 
866A,  3B28$6.99da. 


NEW  SUBC  NIC  AD  PACKS 

6VDC1,2AH 

5  in  a  pack/$8.99 


JUMBO  LEO/a 

Red 

Yellow 

Green 


10/$1.00 
10/$1.00 

Kvsi.oa 


LITRONIX  DL-1416 
4  Digit.  16  Segment 
Alphanumeric  InteNigent 
Display  with  memory, 
decoder,  driver,  64 
character  ASCII  format 
5V  power  supply  onty. 
TTL  compatible 
$30.00  each 


AMPEREX  VACUUM  CAPS 

1 0-1  OOOpf  5000V  DC 
Amperex  #CVC10/1K-5KV405A 
Jennings  #CVCH-1000-5N885 
(Jennings  number  only  for 
reference.) 

$59.95 


ANTENNA  ROTOR  CABLE 

Columbia  #04033 

8  conductor  2-#ie  and 

6-#22.  100ft,  Spools 
$9,99 


BURROUGHS  100  ELEMENT 

DUAL  LINEAR  BAR  GRAPH 

DISPLAY 

Model  &G-16101-2 

S9.99  Data  S0€ 


HIGH  VOLTAGE  PtODES 

HEP170 

1000V DC  2.5 Amps 

20t  each  or 

100/$15,00 


TRW  CA6Q2/CA2601BU 
MICROELECTRONICS 
BROADBAND  AMPLIFIER 
15  to  270MHz 
30DB  gain,  30VDC 
maximum  supply  vottage 
$9.99 


JENNINGS  VACUUM  RELAYS 

RF2B'26S 

26.5V DC  920  Ohm  SPST 

$19.95 


KILQVAC  VACUUM  RELAYS 

p/N  H-ay34 

26.5VDC  SPOT 
$29^95 


KILQVAC  VACUUM  RELAYS 

HC-1/S75 
26.5VDC  SPDT 
S29.95 


NE555P  TIMERS 
39c  each  or  10/$3.00 


SIGNAL  DIODES 

1NS14/1N414S 

30/$1.00or120i$3.00 


UHF  CONNECTORS 

PL259  and  SO  239 
Quality  American  made 
50c  each 


CERAMIC  IF  FILTERS 

EFC-L-455K 
455KC  filter 


TRIMMER  CAPS 

Small  enough  to  fit 
In  your  watch, 
aS'llpf  or 
5.2-40pf 
50«each 


VARIABLE  VOLTAGE 
REGULATORS 

LM3t7T  1.2V  to  37V 
ISArnp  SlSOeach  or 

io/$io.oo  or  too/sea. 


REGULATORS 

LM309K/7805K 
5VDC  lAmp 
$1.25  each 

LM340T-12 
12VDC1Amp 
$1.00  each 

LM340T^15 
15VDC  lAmp 
$1.00  each 


LM340T-5 
5VDC  lAmp 
$1.00  e«. 

LM340T-6 
6VDC  lAmp 
$1.00  ea. 


178 


2822  North  32nd  Stro«t/llnit  #  1   Phoonix,  Arizona  8 


II 


[602]  956-9423 


We  accept  checkSj  MastarChargBi  and  Visa 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 


REGULATORS 

LM323 

5VDC  @  3Amps 

$3.99 

78H05KC 
5VDC  @  5Amps 
$4.29 


AIR  VARIABLE  CAPS 

Cambion  563-7625 -03^00-^00 

3-30pf  eOOVDC 

Va  in,  shaft,  1  in.  long 

$1.99 

AIR  VARIABLE  CAPS 

#074055 

3-105pf  1000VDC 
Va  in.  shaft,  7  in.  long 
S4.9d 

PISTON  CAPS 


1.2-10pf 

r*8pf 

.8-4.5pf 


$1.00  0a. 
1.50  ea. 
1,50  ea. 


ARCO  VARJABLE  CAPS 

404  8-60pf 
400  .9-7pf 
42X  5-60pf 
402  1.5-20pf 

405  10-80pf 
422                 4-40pf 
424  16-150pi 

Sl.OOeaclior 
10/$d.00 


ER  JOHNSON  MICRO-T 
AIR  VARIABLE  CAPS 

13^5  1  -5pf 

T6-5  1.7-11pf 

T9-5  2-1 5pf 

$1.50  each 


UWELCO  RF  CAPS 

350VDC 

6.8pfp  rOpf,  12pf, 
13pf,  43pt  lOOpf, 
200pf,  820pf,  lOOOpI 
$1 .00  each 


RELAYS 

POTTER  &  BRUMFIELD 

Modei  PR5DY 

12VDC  m  25Amps,  SPST 

$3.99  each 

IVlodel  PR7AY 

115V AC  @  25Amps,  SPOT 

$4.99  each 

Model  R10-E2822-1 
12VDC  @  3Amps,  SPOT 
185  Ohms  $1-99  each 

Modei  R10-E1-Y2-V52 
6VDC  m  3Amps,  SPDT 
$1.99  each 

Model  GA-2290 

110VDC  m  lOAmps,  4PDT 

$2.99  each 

SIGMA 


Model  65F1A 

12VDC  @  3 Amps,  SPST 

$1.90  each 
OMRO 


Model  MY4'02 

12VDC  @  3Amps,  4PDT 

160  Ohms  $2.99 

MAQNECRAFT 

Model  88KDX44 
12VDC@  25Amps,  SPDT 
100  Ohms  $3.99  each 

NAP  CONTROLS 

Model  13A12D12 
12VDC  @  lOAmps,  SPDT 
$3.99  each 


BCD  SWITCHES 

Modei  T20-37AE 
3BCD  switch  with 
end  plates 
$6.29  each 


FERRITE  BEADS 
12/99«or100/$5.00 


BURRBROWN 

DC  to  DC  POWER  SUPPLY 
Model  510A/25 
Input  voltage  22-34VDC 
Output  voltage  ±  15V  @  100MA 
$1 9.99  each 


NEW  METERS 

Emico  0  5MADC 
2V4  x2y4  $3.99 

BeedeO-IMADC 
ZVt  K  374  $4.99 

Beede  200UA  for  Pal 
KW-1  watts/SWR 
3Vi  X  3V3  $4,99 

Allied  Q-2QMADC 
2Vi  X  272  $3,99 


TOROIDAL  CORES 

T37-6  and  T37-10 

5/$1.00,  2S/$4.00  or  100/$18.00 

Not  sold  mixed 


TRIMMER  CAPS 

5-80  pf 

50«  each  or  10/$4.00  or  100/$30,00 


HIGH  VOLTAGE  CAPS 

.001/1  OOOpf  10KVDC 
$1,00  each  or  10/$8.00 


CERAMIC  STAND  OFFS 

Va  in,  roundi  1  in.  high 

or  Vfl  in.  round,  1  Va  in,  high 

36$  each 


HtGH  FREQUENCY  FERRITE  BEADS 

Va  in.  long 

UHFtolOGC 

5/$1  .Oa»  25/$4.00,  loom 5.00 


NEW  HEAVY  DUTY  RELAYS 

12VDC  @  12Amps,  3PDT 
$5.00  each 


^  Header  Service — see  page  259 


179 


North  32nd  Street/Unit  -1   Phoenix,  Arizona  85008  (602)  958-9423 

We  accept  checka,  MasterCharge,  and  Viae 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 


E.F.  JOHNSON  TUBE 

25 AMP  SCR'& 

TUBES 

SOCKETS  &  PARTS 

2Ne81 

$1.10 

2E26 

$    5.00 

POWER  TUBE  SOCKET 

for  RCA  8072,  8021, 

8122,  and  8462 

EIA  base  #E11-81 

Will  also  fit  CRT 

tubes  1EP11  and  1EP1  EIA 

base  #E1 1^22 

S4.99  each 

SCREEN  GRID  BY^PASS 

2N682 
2N683 
2N684 
2N685 
2N686 
2N687 
2N688 
2N690 

1.25 
1,45 
1.60 
1J0 
1.95 
2.45 
3.45 
3.95 

3-5002 

3828 

3X2500A3 

3X3000  F1 

4-65A 

4-1 25A 

4-250A 

4-400A 

4- 1000  A 

4CX250B 

90.00 
4.00 
125.00       1 
200.00 

30.00 

40.00       1 

60.00 

60.00 
175,00 

36.50 

CAPACITOR 

E.F.  JOHNSON  MINIATURE 

4CX250R 

40.00 

1450pf  @  lOOOpI 

TYPE  V  AIR  VARIABLE  CAPS 

4CX350A 

50.00 

Part  No.  124-0113-001 

189-503-105 

1.4-9.2p1 

40X1 OOOA 

150.00 

$9.95  sacti 

189-5044 

1.8-5pf 

4X1 50A 

20.00 

189-504-5 

t5-11.6pf 

4X1 50G 

30.00 

POWER  TUBE  SOCKETS 

189-505-5 

1,7-1 4.  ipf 

572B/T160L 

39.00 

for  4X150A  and  D, 

189-506-105 

1.8-16.7pf 

811A 

9.95 

40X250 B  and  R,  4CX350A 

189-507-5 

2-19.3pf 

6146 

4.50 

Part  No.  124*0107-001 

189-508-5 

21-22.9pf 

6146A 

S.25 

$14.95 

189-509-5 

2.4-24.5pf 

6146B 

6.50 

189-M-4 

1.2-4.2pf 

6146W 

7.50 

CHIMNEY  for  4CX250B  and  R. 

189-4-5 

1. 5-9.1  pf 

6360 

7.95 

4X1 50A  and  D,  and  4CX350A 

189*5-8 

1J-11pf 

6939 

6.00 

Part  No,  124-0111-001 

189-6-8 

1.8-13pf 

8072 

45.00 

$3.99 

189-503-5 

1 ,4-9.2pf 

8295/PL172 

300.00 

$1.50  each 

8950 

5.95 

POWER  TUBE  SOCKETS 

for4^125A,4-250A, 

8877 
7289 

300.00 
6.99 

4-400A/C  etc.,  3-4O0Z,  and 

FET's 

6KD6 

4.00 

3-500Z 

3N128 

$1.00  or  10/6.00 

6LF6 

4,00 

Part  No. 

40673 

1.39  or  10/10.00 

6LQ6/6JE6 

5.99 

$29.95  per  pair  only 

MPF102 

.45  or  10/3.50 

8908 

6.99 

MFE131 
U2705/2H4416 

1.00  or  10/8X0 
1.00  or  10/6.00 

6550A 

Other  numbers  on  request 

a.oo 

SPRAGUE  RF  NOISE  FILTERS 

#JN  17-4060  A 

MFE2000 
MPF4391 

1.00  or  10/8.00 
.80  or  10/6.00 

100VDG  m  70AmpS 

2N4303 

.50  or  3/1.00 

HIGH  VOLTAGE  CAPS 

.22mfd 

2N5484 

.50  or   3/1.00 

22mfd  ®  500VDC 

$2*99  each 

2N5555 

.90  or   2/1.50 

y»  in,  x  1^^  in. 

2N5639 

.46  or   3/1.00 

$1*99  each 

2  N  5246 

.50  Of   3/1.00 

CARBIDE  DRILL  BJTS 

2N5248/MPF102 

.45  or  10/3.50 

330mfd  @  450VDC 

for  drilling  P.C.B. 

3N201 

1.99  or  10/1 2.00 

Can  Type 

5    mix        $6.00 
10  mix        $10.00 

3N157A                6.00  each 
MOTOROLA  POWER  TRIACS 

Vh  in.  X4V4  in. 
$4.99  each 

TO-220  case 

15Amps     600PRV 

g9c  each  or  tO/$7.50 

180 


North  32nd  Straet/Unit  -1   Phoenix,  Arizona  85008  [802]  856-8423 

We  accept  checks,  MasterCharge,  and  Visa 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 


["S'^.S^i 


HIGH  VOLTAGE  CAPS 


FULL  WAVE  BRIDGES 


150uf  @  450V DC 

Motorola 

MDA204/3N256 

2Amps  @  400VDC         1 

$  .69  each 

Can  Type 

Varo 

VH147 

6Amps  ®  100VDC 

1.00  each 

IV4  in.  xavz  in.  high 

Varo 

VS148 

2Amps  @  100VDC 

.69  each 

S2.9d  each 

Varo 

VS647 

2 Amps  ®  600V DC 

1 .29  each 

Motorola 

and  Gl 

25Amps  @  600VDC 

2.99  each 

50uf  @  450VDC 

Can  Type 

1  in.  X  3  in.  iiigh 

$2.99  each 

RF  TRANSISTORS 

2N6084 

$13.20 

2N2270 
2N2857 

$     .78 

1.80 

2N6094 
2N6095 

5.75 

19.35 

MINI  TRIM  POTS 

2N2857JAN 

2.45 

2N6097 

26.00 

5  Ohm 

5K 

2N2947 

17.25 

2  N  61 66 

36.80 

10Ohm 

10K 

2N3261 

Z10 

2N6439 

43.45 

17  Ohm 

20K 

2N3375 

7.99 

40280 

2.00 

50  Ohm 

25  K 

2N3553 

1,80 

40281 

10.90 

100  Ohm 

50  K 

2N3866 

1.0d 

40282 

11.90 

160  Ohm 

100  K 

2N3866JAN 

2.70 

40894 

.99 

200  Ohm 

200  K 

2N3666JANTX 

4.43 

FT3551C/2N6082NS 

4.00 

500  Ohm 

250  K 

2N3925/M9477 

$.00 

(no  stud) 

IK 

500  K 

2H3948 

2.00 

P 1 3563 

5.00 

2K 

1  Meg 

2N3950 

26.25 

PT4132D^2N5641 

4.90 

2.5  K 

5  Meg 

2N3818 

6.00 

PT4571A 

1.50 

4.7  K 

2N4072 

1J0 

MRF216 

20.00 

49c  each 

2N4427 

1.09 

MRF221 

10.00 

2N4429 
2N4877 

7.50 
.90 

MRF227 
MRF240 

price  on 

2.00 

request 

MINI  RF  CHOKES 

2N4959 

2.12 

MRF245 

31.05 

.2uh 

33  uh 

2N5108 

3.90 

MRF247 

39.95 

.5uh 

39  uh 

2N5109 

1.55 

MRF314 

14.00 

.56  uh 

47  uh 

2N5179 

.43 

MRF412 

price  on 

request 

.68  uh 

100  uh 

2N5177 

20.70 

MRF422A 

42.30 

1,5  uh 

680  uh 

2N5190 

1.50 

MRF426A 

price  on 

request 

2.2  uh 

lOOOuh 

2N5583 

4.43 

MRF450 

10.35 

3.3  uh 

1  mh 

2N5214 

20.00 

MRF450A 

.-* 

10.35 

6.8  uh 

1.1  mh 

2N5589 

4.60 

MRF454/568BLYCF 

17.95 

10  uh 

2.5  mh 

2N6590 

6.30 

MRF472 

1.15 

22  uh 

6,8  mh 

2N5591 

10.35 

MRF475 

2.90 

27  uh 

10mh 

2N5637 

20.70 

MRF476 

1.3a 

79«  each 

2N5645 

11.00 

MRF477 

2.00 

2N5842/MM1607 

8.65 

MRF479 

price  on 

request 

2N5919 

30.00 

MRF485 

price  on 

request 

PRESS  FIT  RECTIFIERS 

2N5946 

13.20 

MRF502 

.49 

DO  21  500VDC  @  25Amps 

2N5849/MM1620 

20.00 

MRF629 

3.00 

2/$1.00 

2N5862 
2  N  6080 
2N6081 

50.00 
5.45 
8.60 

MRF9Q1 
MRF911 
MRF5176 

3.99 
3.99 

13*00 

MAN  3*5 

2N6082 

9.90 

MRF8004 

1.44 

m^M 

2N6083 

11.80 

Other  numbers  on  request 

(^  ftea<fer  Servsce — see  pag&  259 


181 


;;;:  I^H^^      1 

^ 

W 

1 

fTOfflm 

[TJIS 

hp^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^BH   1 

.  -,  ■-  -J-.- 

■'■  ■■■■■'■ .... 

•:Ay;!i>-^:v^':"?i^^-;,  . 

1 

North  32iid  Strmt/Unit  #1   Phoanix.  Arizona  85008  [802)  856-8423 

Wa  accapt  chacka,  MaatarCharge,  and  Viaa 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 


DIP  TANTALUMS 

.1  uf  @  10V 

.1  uf  m  35V 
.47  ut  @  35V 

1  uf  @  35V 
2.2  uf  @  25V 
2.2  uf  @  16V 
10  uf  @  35V 
22  uf  @  10V 
22  uf  @  16V 
100  uf  @  3V 
49c  each 


CAPACITORS 

.001/IOOOpf  @  1  GOV  DC 
V«  in,  round 
10/$1.00,  50/$4.0O, 
100/17.00, 1000/S40.00 

.01  @  1 KVDG 
6/$1 .00 

.01  ®  25VDG 
10/$1.00 


.1  @  25VDC 
10/$1.00 

.01  @  50  V  DC 
10/$1.00 

.001  @  50VDC 
10/$1.00 


HAM  MICROWAVE  DOWNCON 

VERTER  KIT 
210010  2400MHz 
Power  supply  kit  with 
P.C.B.,  downconverter 
kit  witli  P.C.B.  and 
antenna  all  for  $159.95 
Or  assennbled  and  tested 
$299.95  (specify  frequency 

tuned  to) 
All  parts  necessary 
included  In  kits. 


DIP  PLUGS 

UA703  RF/IF 

14  pin         25« 

limiting  amp. 

28  pin         45c 

$1«00  each 

10  SOCKETS -LOW  PROFILE 

LIGHT  ACTIVATED  SCR's 

8  pin         20c 

TO-18  case 

14  pin         17c 

400VDC  @  eooiviA 

16  pin         19c 

2f$1.25 

22  pin         25c 

24  pin        28c 

28  pin         30c 

HIGH  VOLTAGE  CAPS 

40  pin        40« 

.02  @  eOOOVDC 
2V2  in,  X  1  in. 

IC  SOCKETS- WIRE  WRAP 

$2.00  each 

40  pin         $1.10 

FEED  THRU  CAPACITORS 

CHOKES  (U252) 

.0015  uf 

2,5mh        150ma 

.0033  uf 

69c  each 

.1  uf 
.001  uf 

100  pf 

MUFFIN  FANS 

500  pf 

Removed  from  equipment 

800  pf 

115VAC 

1000  pf 

$4.99  each 

1200  pf 
1500  pf 

6200  pf 

MOTOROLA  POWER  TRANSISTORS 

99c  each 

PNPMJE2955 

S1J9 

NPNMJE3055 

.99 

60V  @  lOAmps  @  90  Watts 

20/120HFE 

MOTOROLAmCA  2N3055 

N  PN  TO-3  case 

115Watts,  100VCB. 

MOTOROLA  POWER  DARLINGTONS 

70VGE,  15Amps, 

PNPMJ900 

$1.89 

20-70HFEmin. 

NPN  MJ1000 

1.29 

79c  each 

60V  @  SAmps  @  90Wat1s  @ 

1000HFE  min. 

UA715HIGH  SPEED 

OP  AMP 

NEW  SPST  DIP  SWITCHES 

$1.00  each 

3  position 

$1.00 
1.25 

4 

5 

1.30 

C10SB  SCR 

6 

1.35 

TQ-92  case 

7 

US 

.8Amps,  200V 

a 

1.50 

200UA  gate 

10 

1.35 

lOffil.OO 

182 


2822  North  32nd  Straat/Unit  #1   Phosniif,  Arizona  85008  (602]  958-8423 

Wo  accBpt  checkSa  MastarChargai  and  Visa 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 
MURATA  455  KHi  CERAMtC  FILTERS 


Model 

Center  Frequency 
3db  Bandwidth 

Selectivity 

Bippie 

Input  and  Output  Impedance 

Insertion  Loss 

Freq-  Stability  vs.  Temp. 
Freq.  Stability  vs.  Time 
Working  Voltage 
PRICE 


SFD-455D 
455KHZ  ±2KHz 
45KHZ  ±1KH2 
26dbMin.  at  -lOKHz 
20db  Min.  at  +10KHz 
1.5dblVlax, 
3K  Ohms 
9db  Max. 


SFB-455D 
4SSKHZ  ±2KHz 

8KHz  ±2KH2 


30  Ohms  Max,  Impedance  at  Resonance 


$3.99 


Within  ±0.4%  from  -lO^Cto  +80^C 
within  0.5%  for  10  years 
50V DC  Maximum 

$2,99 


CRYSTAL  AND  CERAMIC  FILTERS 
lOJMHz  narrow  band  crystal  filter  type  2194F 
3db  Bandwidth,  15KHZ  minimum 
20db  Bandwidth,  60KHz  minimum 
40db  Bandwidth,  150KH2  minimum 

Ultimate  50db:  Insertion  loss  I.Odb  Max.,  Rfpple  I.Odb  Maximum 
Ct.  0  ±5pf.,  Rt,  3600  Ohms 

$5.95 


AMATEUR  RADIO  SSB/CW  RECEIVER  BOARD 

Design  credit  goes  to:  JAY  RUSGROVE.WI  VD,  refer  to  April/May  1978  OST 

P.C.B,        $7.95  each 

P.aS,  with  3'MPF102,  1-LM386V,  1'2N2222A,  1-9,1  V  IWZener,  1-2.5Amps  SOVolts 

Diode,  3-T36-6  Toroid  cores,  4-T37-2  Toroid  cores,  and  2-FT37-63  cores. 

All  for  only  $14-95 


MURATA  455  KHz  CERAMIC  FILTER 


CFM  455E 
6DB  Bandwidth 

±8DB  Min. 

Insertion  toss 
6DB  Max. 


Center  Frequency  455 
70DB  Bandwidth 
±15KHzMax. 

Input,  output 
Impedance  1500  Ohm 


3DB  Bandwidth  ±5,5KHz  Min. 
Spurious  Response 
70DB  Min. 

$6.99  each 


MURATA  455  KHz  CERAMIC  FILTER 


CFU455H2 

40DB  Bandwidth 
±9DB  Max. 

Input,  output 
Impedance  20O0  Ohm 


Center  Frequency 
455  ±  IKHz 

Spurious  Response 
25DB  Min. 


6DB  Bandwidth 
±3DB  Min. 

Insertion  loss 
6DB  Max. 

$2.00  each 


y^  He&^^r  Setvice — see  p&ge  259 


183 


North  32nd  Straat/Unit  #  1    Phoanix,  Arizona  85008  (802)  856-9423 

Wa  accapt  chackSi  MaatarCh8rga»  and  Viaa 

Prices  subject  to  chaitge  without  notice 


CRYSTALS 


10, 


CERAMIC  FILTERS 


SFE  10.7MA  RED  {must  specify  when  ordering) 

3DB  Bandwidth 

280  ±  50 KHz 

50DB  Bandwidth  Insertion  loss 

±750KH2  7  ±  2DB 

Input,  output 

Impedance  330  Ohms  $3.99  each 


Center  Frequency 
10.700MHz  ±30KH2 

Spurious  Response 
(8  Ohm,  12MH2) 


tOJMHz  CERAMIC  FILTERS 

SFE  10.7MA  WHtTE  (must  specify  when  ordering) 

3DB  Bandwidth 

280  ±  50KHZ 

50DB  Bandwidth  Insertion  loss 

±750KHz  7  ±  2DB 


Input,  output 

Impedance  330  Ohms 


S3  J9  each 


1 

MHz 

1.6896 

MHz 

2.52 

MHz 

3.33 

MHz 

3.579545 

MHz 

3.80 

MHz 

4 

MHz 

5 

MHz 

5.896800 

MHz 

1 

MHz 

10.240 

MHz 

10.695 

MHz 

12.80 

MHz 

13.102 

MHz 

14.317800 

MHz 

17.2800 

MHz 

18 

MHz 

24.88320 

MHz 

47.050 

MHz 

47.150 

MHz 

47.250 

47.350 

47.450 

47.550 

47.650 

47.750 

46.850 

46.950 

15.750 

20.3200 

26.250 

81.920 

147 

315 

500 

3007 

3009 

3011 

3013 

3707 


$4.99  each 


Center  Frequency 
10.760MHz  +30KHZ 

Spurious  Response 
(8  Ohm,  12MHz) 
55DB  Min. 


LtNEAR  I.C.'s 

MHz    LM111H  $5.11 

MHz    LM124J  2.55 

MHz    LMISgAJ  3.00 

MHz    LM202H  3.50 

MHz    LM205H  2.50 

MHz    LM211H  3.75 

MHz    LM211D  4.50 

MHz   LM301A  .25 

KC      LM304H  1.00 

KC      LM307A  .25 

KC      LM308H  2.50 

KC      LMSIOH  .90 

KC      LM311V  .70 

KG      LM312H  2.70 

KG      LM319H  1.50 

KC      LM318H  1.25 

KC      LM324N  1.45 

KC      LM339N  .75 

KC      LM342N15  1.50 

KC      LF355H/B  3-00 

LM376V  1.50 

LM377N  2.40 

LM380-8  1 .00 

LM380-14  1.75 

LM380-14  1.75 

LM381N  1.7S 


LM386V 

$1.55 

LM387V 

1.00 

NE526A 

3.00 

NE531T 

5.00 

NE527A 

3.00 

NE555V 

.39 

NE555H 

4.00 

NE560N 

4.25 

NE556N 

1.00 

NE565 

1.30 

NE566V 

2.00 

NE566H 

2.50 

NE567V 

3.00 

LM709N 

.25 

LM71 1 H 

.25 

LM723H 

.50 

LM723N 

.50 

LM741V 

.25 

LM741H 

.25 

LM747N 

.50 

LM1310N 

2.00 

LM 1458  V 

.60 

LM1514J 

2.00 

LM2901 N 

2.00 

184 


v^ 


North  32nd  8trfl«t/Unit  #1    PhiMnix,  Arizona  85008  (602)  856-8423 

Wo  accopt  chackBi  MaatarCharga,  and  Visa 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 


MICROWAVE  DIODES 

1N21 

1N21B 

1  N2t  D 

1N21WE 

1N23WE 

1N446 

1 N3655A 

1  SI 544 A 

1M7e 

MV 18630 

MBD101 

HP5085-8328/1N5711/12 

MV834 

MV1624 

MV2109 

MV2201 

6020183  38 

8K1 003-1 B 

5082-8348 

50822593 

5082-621 6MP 


1.25 

1.90 

2.W 

^00 

2.10 

8.00 

4.00 

4.0O 

4.00 

10,40 

1.99 

1.99 

1.35 

1.42 

1.00 

1.00 

25.00 

25.00 

25.00 

25.00 

10,00 


28  PIN  LOW  PROFILE  LC.  SOCKETS 


V49 
39c  each 


50-99 
30c 


100-999 

25e 


USED  AA  NtCAO  BATTERIES 

Untested -AS  IS 

3  to  a  pack 

$1.17  a  pacK 

(that's  only  39«  per  balteryf) 


TRIMMER  CAPS 

2'30pf  or  5-50pf 
45f  each  or  10/$3,50 
Not  sold  mixed 


ELECTROMOTIVE  TRIMMER  CAPS 

308  130^1000pf 
310  300-1500pf 
$1.00  each 


RF CHOKES 

SdOMM  iSOMa 


79c  each 


VARIABLE  CHOKES 

10-85UH  500MA  Coil 
$1.99  each 


MOTOROLA  RECTIFIERS 
MR752 

6Amps  200PIV 
55f  each  or  100  or 
more  3Sc  each 


2N630B  NPN  12SWatts 
VCB700,  VCE350, 
HFE12-60  min.  3Amps 
$1.99  each 


1N966B15VZENER5% 
10/$1.00         100/$6.00 
1000/930.00 


FAJRCHILDPHOTO 
TRANSISTORS 
FPE100 
$1:99  each 


PISTON  CAPS 


.85-7pf 
.8-l8pf 


~$1.99ea, 
1.99  ea. 


NEW  AMPHENOL 
UG646/U 
90°  UHF 
$1 ,85  each 


PHOTO  CELLS 
VT700  and  VT800 


USED  GOULD  WICKEL- 
CADMIUM  BATTERIES 

9.SVDC  ®  .225 AH 

2V*  in.  long  by  1  in.  rnd, 

$1.99  each 


USED  NICKEL^CADMIUM 
BATTER>ES 

¥»  in.  high  by  Vi  In,  round* 
8  batteries  to  a  pack 
$1.99  a  pack 


TANTALUM  CAPS 
Cut  and  formed 
3.3yf  @  15VDC 
15/$1.00,  10Q/$5.00 


CLOCK  OSCILLATORS 

Q-Tech  QT6G1 
1MHz 
14  pin  dip 
$6.99  each 


TMC  Systems 
No.  XO  2004 
108KHZ 
$6.99  each 


TMC  Systems 

No.  XO  2004 
2.128MHz 
$6.99  each 


MOTOROLA 
K1100A/6104B 

24.07342  MHz 
14  pm  dip 
$6.99  each 

MOTOROLA 
K 1091 A 
14.04MHz 
14  pin  dip 
$6.99  each 

TOSHIBA  K 
P-T0-19C 
25.000MHz 
$6.99  each 

GREENRAYIND. 
Y1234AF6 
11MHz 
$6.99  each 

MONITOR 


No,  3725^9 

7.692MHz 
$6.99  each 


GOLD  14  pin  and  16  pin 
WIRE  WRAP  l.g 
SOCKETS  30«  each 


#^  ReAd&f  Bervfce—sev  page  259 


185 


2822  North  32nd  Street/Unit  #1    Phoanix,  Arizona  85008  [602)  856-9423 

Wa  accapt  chacks,  MaatarCharga,  and  Viaa 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 


R.F.  CONNECTORS 

New  Am  phenol 

yG273^U 

UHF  male  to  BNC  female 

$2.00  each 

New  UG 1094 


BNC  female 

09t  each  or  10/S6,5O 

NEW  DM1 


Dual  male  UHF 
$1.29  each 

NEW  UG83B/U 

UHF  male  to  type  N  female 

S5.00  each 

NEWUG255MJ 

8NC  male  to  UHF  female 

$3.00  each 

NEW  VHF  BARREL  PL25a 
$1.20  each 


BNC  female  to  BNC  female 
$a.00  each 

NEW  PL363 


UHF  female  Barrel 
2  in.  long 
$2.50  each 

PLESSEY 

Model  94375yL6997-AE10 
$1,99  each 

AUTOMATIC 

Model  94375/L699S-AEXX 
1.99  each 

AUTOMATIC 

Model  L-6901'C05929 
$1.99  each 

SEALECTRO 

Model  50  624-9 188-3 1/AI-1 07 
$2.29  each  ' 


WIRE  WRAP  WIRE 

10.000  ft.  per  roll 
Insulation  Milene 
AWG3Q  Color:  Blue 
$69,96  per  roll 


METER  MOVEMENTS 

Simpson  Meter 

0-1MADC 

Model  1327 

Cat  #17210 

0-150  cycles 

deviation 

ay*  in,  x3%  in. 

$4.99  each 

NEW  Pride  Electronic  Meter 

tMADC 

0-1000  RF  walls 

output 

3V4  in.  X  4V4  in. 

$3.99  each 


NEW  UG146A/U 

UHF  female  to  type  N  malfe 
SS.OO  each 

NEW  UQ201A/U 


BNC  female  to  type  N  male 
$3.00  each 

UG274A/U 
BNC  T' 
$3.00  each 

NEW  UG1 77/U 
Hood  39t  each 

M35e 


UHF  "T" 
$3.00  each 

NEW  UG349BfU 

Type  N  female  to  BNC  male 
$4.00  each 

UG27 

SO**  Type  N 
$1.99  each 


CRIMP  TYPE 

Amphenol 
No.  225398-9 
BNC  female 
€9€  each 

Amphenol 

No.  2-330830-2 
UHF  male 
S9f  each 


POWER  SUPPLIES 

Poweriec  Model  2B5-3 

Output  4,5VDC-6.3VDC  @  3Amps 

5  in.  high  x  4  in.  long  x 

1  Vi  in.  deep 

$1 9.95  each 

Standard  Power  Incorporated 

NEW  model  SPS-1 20-5 
5VDC  @  12 Amps 

7  In.  long  k  5  in.  high  x  7  in.  deep 

$69.95  each 


USED  TRANSFORMERS 
BGH9 

6,3VCT  @  lOAmps 
$3.99  each 


Triad  F-108U 

Stancor  P6378 
12V  &  8Amps  or 
24V  @  4Amps 
$9.95  each 

Triad  F-49U 
36V  @  3Amps  and 
36V  @  3Amps 
$9.99  each 

Triad  F23U 
10VCT  O  7 Amps 
$9.99  each 

Triad  F54X 

35VCT  @  1.5 Amps 
$3.99  each 


186 


2822  North  32nd  8tr0«t/Unit  #1   Phoenix.  Arizona  85008  (802]  856-8423 

Wo  accept  checks,  MaaterChargo,  and  Viae 

Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice 


NEW  TRANSFORMERS 


SIGNAL  DU-2 


Primaries 

0-104-110-120 

0-104-110-120 

Secondaries 

0-104-110-120 

0-104-110-120 


S69.99  each 


TRIAD  F18X         Primary  11 5VAC 

Secondary  6.3VCT  @ 
$4.95  each 
PT1627         12V  @  250  MA 

$1.99  each 


TRIAD  F94X        Universal  Voltage 

$3.99  each 
SM5B-ATC-1035-7545         24VCT  @  300MA  and  IV  @  lAmp 

$2.99  each 


TERMS: 


COD: 


POSTAGE: 


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ORDERING  INSTRUCTIONS 
TERMS  AND  CONDITIONS 


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checks  accepted.  Money  order  or  cashier's  check  in  U.S.  funds  only.  No  COD 
available  to  any  foreign  country.  Letters  of  credit  are  not  acceptable. 

COD's  by  UPS  will  be  charged  a  S2.00  handling  charge  plus  shipping,  COD  by 
mail  will  be  charged  $  !  .00  handling  charge,  plus  COD  charges  by  post  office, 
plus  shipping. 

Minimum  shipping  by  UPS  is  $2.00  plus  35(1  insurance  per  $100-00»  Please 
allow  extra  shipping  charges  for  heavy  items.  Shipping  of  light,  small  items  by 
mail  (to  fit  in  insulated  envelopes)  is  $  1 .00,  not  insured. 

Ail  parts  returned  due  to  custom^  error  will  be  subject  to  a  I  5%  restock 
charge. 

Claims  must  be  made  within  ten  ( 1  0)  days  after  receipt  of  parcel.  All  requests 
must  include  invoice  number  and  date. 


DEFECTIVE  MATERIAL;  Claims  must  be  made  within  ten  ( 10)  days  after  receipt  of  parcel.  All  requests 

must  include  defective  material,  invoice  number  and  date. 


PRICES  are  subject  to  change  without  notice.  Prices  supersede  all  previously  published.  Some  items  offered  are 
limited  to  small  quantities  and  are  subject  to  prior  sale,  ^ 

I  I 


$10.00  MINIMUM  ORDER  plus  shipping.  ORDERS  LESS  THAN  THIS  MINIMUM  WILL  BE  RETURNED  UNPROCESSED. 

NO  EXCEPTIONS. 


1^  fl#atfe/  Ser^tcs —  se*  pag^  259 


187 


First  Look 
at  Latest  Radio  Laws 

the  official  work 


Read  from  right  to  left. 


John  W.  Bailey  KBSAO 
Houft  9,  Box  279 
Sour  Lake  TX  77659 


1A1I  rules  and  regula- 
•  tions  are  printed  in  re- 
verse order.  They  should 
be  read  from  right  to  left 
for  maximum  comprehen- 
sion. 

2.  Any  section  of  Part  97 
conducive  to  good  operat- 
ing procedures  will  be 
changed  on  the  next  FCC 
docket 

3.  The  FCC  encourages 
all  amateurs  to  improve 
their  skills  toward  the  goal 
of  being  allowed  to  oper- 
ate in  the  27,405* 
28,000-MHz  band. 

4.  Propagation  charac- 
teristics of  HF  signals  are 
influenced  mainly  by  the 
distance  (in  meters]  be- 
tween the  transceiver  and 
the  nearest  wall. 

5*  Propagation  forecasts 
may  be  ignored,  as  they  are 
formulated  by  those  who 
understand  the  subject. 


6.  Minimize  interference 
to  other  services  by  discon- 
necting the  microphone  [or 
key)  from  the  transmitter. 
Note  that  in  some  cases, 
additional  shielding  may 
be  required, 

7.  Wideband  F3  emis- 
sions are  not  allowed 
below  50  MHz. 

8.  Wideband  F3  emis- 
sions are  not  allowed 
above  50  MHz. 

9.  Average  power  is  1.5 
times  unmodulated  power, 
which  is  4  times  the 
modulating  power  n.717x) 
as  related  inversely  to 
PEP/average  ratio  of  2  to  1 
or  4  to  1,  as  the  case  may 
be. 

10.  Resistors  and  induc- 
tors are  identical,  and 
those  of  like  values  may  be 
interchanged  (see  Ohm's 
Law).  Capacitors  react  in- 
versely and  must  be  in- 
stalled backwards, 

11.  Ohm's  Law  is  an  un* 
proven  theory  which 
changes,  depending  on 
whether  one  reads  QST  or 
73.  Note:  QST  takes  the 
conservative  view. 


12.  In  ACs  (audio  cir- 
cuits), black  wires  must  be 
connected  to  black  wires 
and  red  wires  must  be  in- 
ductively coupled  to  red 
wires  of  the  same  gauge, 

13.  Circuits  oscillate 
because  of  insufficient 
neutralization  of  tuned  cir- 
cuits. This  leads  to  de- 
generation of  the  entire  cir- 
cuit. Such  a  condition 
may  be  prevented  by  care- 
ful  adherence  to  #12 
above. 

14.  Vacuum  tubes  are 
sacred  instruments  of  the 
gods  and  should  not  be  ad- 
justed internally  under  any 
circumstances. 

15.  Transistors  [and  ICs) 
are  instruments  of  the  devil 
and  should  be  left  alone, 

16.  Semiconductor 
diodes  are  the  source  of 
many  electronic  problems, 
as  they  pass  current  in  only 
one  direction, 

17.  Toroidal  inductors 
create  a  magnetic  field  and 
are  very  useful  in  picking 
up  small  items  dropped  in- 
to the  rig  In  normal  opern 
tion,  these  devices  attract 


metal  By  reversing  the 
leads  (and  thus  the  mag- 
netic field),  plastic  and 
mica  are  attracted. 

18.  Resonant  circuits  in 
rf  amplifiers  cause  a 
hollow,  tinny  sound  in  the 
transmitted  signal.  Key 
clicks  may  also  be  ob- 
served if  a  scope  is  at- 
tached. 

19.  The  transmission  line 
must  be  of  a  length  suffi- 
cient to  reach  from  the  rig 
to  the  antenna.  Insufficient 
length  leads  to  non- 
resonance  and  reduced  sig- 
nal output 

20.  If  an  antenna  stays 
up,  it  is  too  small,  (This  in- 
formation was  obtained 
from  other  sources  and  is 
subject  to  personal  verifi- 
cation.) 

21.  The  oscilloscope  is 
valuable  in  observing  radio 
phenomena  such  as  wave- 
length, resistance,  im- 
pedance, and  the  size  of 
the  outer  conductor. 

22.  ''You  can't  work  'em 
if  you  can't  hear  'em/'  (Il- 
lustrates the  need  for  a 
receiver  in  all  shacks.)  ■ 


188 


I 


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fr^  Resaef  SfFVfce—see  page  259 


189 


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191 


The  Induction  Relay: 
Self-Powered  Switching 

this  unusual  actuator  doesn't  require 
a  separate  control  voltage 


Watdo  T.  Boyd  K6DZY 
P.  O.  Box  86 
Geyservitie  CA  95441 


A  Standard  relay  requires 
a  separate  source  of 
low-voltage  current  to  pull 
in  the  armature,  usually 
supplied  by  either  a  step- 
down  transformer  or  a  low- 
voltage  dc  supply.  There's 
an  interesting  and  poten- 
tiaily  very  useful  way  of 
controlling  remote  equip- 
ment without  need  for  a 
separate  low-voltage 
source:  The  induction  relay. 


An  induction  relay  is  par* 
ticularly  appropriate  when 
a  mechanical  function  such 
as  opening  a  detent  is 
needed. 

In  Fig.  1,  a  laminated 
core,  such  as  an  otd  trans- 
former "E"  core,  is  wound 
with  the  main  or  primary 
winding  on  one  outside  leg. 
The  other  outside  leg  is 
sawed  off  and  used  as  the 
armature.  A  secondary 
winding  of  a  few  turns  of 
heavier  wire  is  placed 
around  the  center  leg  of 
the  '"E"  to  form  the  control 
winding. 

The  primary  winding  is 
connected  across  the  115-V 


SECOND'LWV   coil.,  FEW 


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SWITCH 


ACTUATIOli 
FOR 

ELECTRICAL 
CONTACTS.  Ofi 

hechaniii;aj^ 

HOVEHtNt 
OF  a  tATCti 


Fig^  1 


supply  line.  With  the  con- 
trol winding  open,  the  pri* 
mary  winding  induces  a 
magnetic  flux  that  flows 
through  the  path  of  least 
magnetic  reluctance,  the 
center  leg  of  the  "E",  leav- 
ing the  armature  unaffect- 
ed. When  the  remote  switch 
shorts  the  control  coil,  the 
major  portion  of  the  flux 
shifts  to  the  longer  circuit 
path  that  includes  the  ar- 
mature, pulling  it  in  to  close 
that  magnetic  circuit.  Thus, 
only  a  minimum  holding 
current  flows  through  the 
control  winding  and  exter- 
nal switch  circuit. 

The  value  of  the  open-cir- 
cuit voltage  is  not  impor- 
tant, but  can  be  determined 
easily  since  it  bears  the 
same  relationship  to  the 
source  voltage  as  the  turns- 
ratio  relative  to  the  pri- 
mary. In  essence,  the  signal 
transformer  is  incorporated 
in  the  relay  itself. 

Variations  of  remote  con- 
trol may  be  had  by  substi- 
tuting mechanical  linkages 
for  the  relay  contacts,  or 


by  using  both. 

Representative  winding 
data  might  be,  for  instance, 
400  turns  no.  26  or  28  for 
the  primary,  and  50  turns 
no.  18  for  the  control  wind- 
ing. Actual  numbers  are 
not  critical,  and  minimum 
needs  are  a  function  of 
core  cross-sectional  area. 
However,  the  number  of 
primary  turns  required 
would  be  roughly  one  and 
one-half  times  the  number 
on  the  original  transformer 
primary  winding  because 
the  core  area  is  reduced 
when  the  primary  winding 
is  transferred  from  the  cen- 
ter of  the ''E"  to  the  end.  If 
all  the  original  primary  wire 
is  rewound  onto  a  smaller 
coil  form,  the  number  of 
turns  will  come  out  just 
right. 

In  the  example  above, 
the  control  voltage  would 
be  about  14  volts,  open  cir- 
cuit,  just  right  for  a  no.  18 
bell  wire  pair,  provided  the 
run  (distance  from  relay  to 
shorting  switch)  is  not  ex- 
cessive, ■ 


192 


umn-vi 


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193 


To  really  master  code,  get  Pickering  Code  Master  instruction 
tapes.  TheyVe  easy  to  use,  easy  to  learn,  complete  and  reliable. 
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To  order,  send  your  check,  money  order.  Master  Charge  or  Visa 
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6724  Briargate  Drive 
Downers  Grove  ft  60515 


The  Further  Adventures  of  Keycoder 

—  simplified  wiring  for  the  toroidal  cores 


In  the  July,  1976,  issue  of 
73  Magazine,  there  was 
an  article  about  Keycoder 
I,  a  Morse  code  generator 
using  a  tYpewriter-style 
kevboard.  This  article  by 
WA9VCS  caught  my  eye.  I 
had  seen  other  circuits  in 
the    past,    but    this    one 


seemed  simpler,  Besides, 
I'd  just  about  had  it  with 
paddies  and  electronic 
keyers.  t  tried  single  pad- 
dles, dual  paddles,  finger 
keying,  dot  memories,  dash 
memories,  iambic,  etc. 
Even  with  the  Accu-KeyerJ 
I  made  too  many  mistakes. 


TIE  K>»ilT 
FQll  44 
HIRES 


L^iWIUES-' 


Z2  WiftE^ 


TO  9RQU>»P  TMHtr  Itev  SWITCHES 


Fig.  7.  Typical  wiring.  Note  that  only  five  characters  are 
shown  here,  for  simplicity. 


$CR 
tATHOOe 


•  •!!£  POINT 


mmt 


1 


ALL  _WU«fiERS, 


J 


PC»   TAilft 


Ffg.  2.  Eiiminale  unnecessary  duplicate  wiring  wkh  tie- 
points.  Follow  Table  1  to  complete  the  wiring. 


So  this  would  be  the 
answer. 

Let  me  point  out  that 
progress  is  very  slow  in  my 
ham  shack,  and,  so,  the  Oc- 
tober, 1976,  issue  of  73 
Magazine  arrived.  Here 
was  another  article  by 
WA9VGS  describing  a 
CMOS  version  of  the  Key- 
coder  L  This  one  was  still 
simpler;  no  power  supply 
was  needed  — just  a  9-volt 
battery.  I  was  determined 
to  build  one! 

By  late  1978, 1  got  around 
to  itf  I  built  not  just  one 
(with  a  few  modifications, 
of  course),  but  several 
more,  for  friends.  Two 
other  friends,  AB9J  and 
WB9ROU,  also  built  them. 
We  all  think  they  are  the 
greatest 

Since  just  about  every- 
one   is    familiar   with    the 


aforementioned  Accu-Key- 
er,  a  comparison  is  in  or- 
der: The  Accu-Keyer  takes 
7  ICs  plus  an  ac  power  sup- 
ply, miscellaneous  parts, 
and  a  fairly  expensive  pad- 
dle; the  CMOS  Keycoder 
takes  7  ICs,  miscellaneous 
parts,  a  9-volt  battery,  and  a 
keyboard,  A  new  keyboard 
can  be  obtained  for  about 
the  price  of  a  paddle.  But 
even  surplus,  used,  or 
homemade  keyboards  will 
give  excellent  results.  So, 
for  less  than  the  cost  of  an 
Accu-Keyer,  you  can  have 
a  code  typer  Keyboards 
should  become  very  pop- 
ular for  CW  even  for  those 
who  don't  own  computers. 
Now,  if  I've  convinced 
you  to  build  a  code  typer, 
here  are  some  ways  to 
simplify  the  keyswitch  wir- 
ing. Whether  you  build  the 


Ffg.  3.  Wiring  for  opposite  polarity  (SCR  line  at  T7).  Follow 
Table  2  to  complete  the  wiring. 


196 


TTL  or  CMOS  version,  or 
any  other  using  five  to  eight 
toroidal  transformers,  these 

principles  can  be  applied. 

First,  to  refresh  your 
memory,  keyboard  encod- 
ing is  done  with  the  very 
simple  but  clever  idea  of 
passing  wires  through 
toroidal  cores.  This  idea  has 
been  around  so  long  I  for- 
get where  it  originated. 
Each  core  has  a  secondary 
winding  of  about  ten  turns 
which  sets  (or  resets)  an 
associated  flip-flop  when  a 
wire  passing  through  the 
core  [the  primary)  is  pulsed. 
A  wire  going  outside  the 
core  has  no  effect 

Phasing  Is  Important 

The  pulses  produced  on 
the  secondaries  must  be  the 
correct  polarity  for  your  cir- 
cuit Phasing  (or  polarity) 
of  windings  can  be  deter- 
mined experimentally  dur- 
ing construction.  Some  de- 
signs may  have  enough 
"ringing"  in  their  secondary 
circuit  that  they  will  work 
either  way.  My  circuit 
boards  were  built  with  T1 
on  the  left  and  T7  on  the 
right.  My  SCR  line  was 
brought  out  just  to  the  left 
of  T1.  Each  keyswitch  wire 
was  started  at  the  SCR  line 
and  run  toward  T7,  passing 
through  and  outside  the 
proper  cores  to  encode  that 
particular  letter,  and  then 
run  directly  to  the  corre- 
sponding keyswitch.  This 
was  not  difficult  with  #30 
magnet  wire,  but  resulted  in 
as  many  as  23  wires  going 
through  some  cores. 

Simplification 

By  using  tie-points  for 
some  or  all  of  the  char- 
acters, it  is  possible  to 
reduce  the  number  of  wires 
considerably:  one  wire 
through  T1,  two  wires 
through  T2,  four  wires 
through  T3,  and  eight  wires 
through  T4.  If  you  put  a 
connector  between  the  cir- 
cuit board  and  the  key- 
board, the  connector  ter- 
minals can  be  the  tie-points. 
Looking  at  the  original  wir- 
ing table,  or  Fig.  1,  it  is  seen 


that  about  21  wires  pass 
through  T1 .  These  could  all 
be  tied  together  between 
T1  and  T2  with  no  change  in 
operation  — so  replace 
them  with  just  one  wire! 
The  bundle  of  wires  passing 
through  T2  [about  22]  can 
be  broken  into  two  groups: 
One  group  came  through 
T1,  and  the  other  group 
came  around  T1  from  the 
SCR  tie-point  So,  only  two 
wires  are  needed  passing 
through  T2.  By  the  same 
logic,  only  4  need  pass 
through  T3;  8  through  T4. 
By  the  time  you  get  to  T5, 
the  saving  is  still  4  wires. 

Fig.  2  shows  the  pre-wir- 
ing,  using  tie-points  for  14 
characters.  Notice  that  tie- 
point  ''#"  is  not  a  character 
3Ut  just  a  tie-point  designa- 
tion. This  pre-wiring  can  be 
done  with  plastic  insulated 
wire.  That  means  a  lot  less 
scraping  of  magnet  wire. 
Table  1  lists  the  routing  of 
the  remaining  wires.  These 
may  go  to  additional  tie- 
points  or  directly  to  the  cor- 
responding keyswitches. 

I  would  advise  you  to  get 
your  complete  circuit 
board  wired  and  opera- 
tional before  starting  the 
keyswitch  wiring.  Keep 
power  on  the  circuit  and 
have  a  sidetone  oscillator 
connected  to  the  output. 
This  allows  you  to  check 
each  wire  before  soldering 
to  be  sure  it  produces  the 
correct  character.  It  also 
will  show  up  any  mistakes 
in  my  list  as  well  as  printer 
errors  fsuch  confidence!], 
and  it  gives  you  the  last 
check  on  correct  phasing. 

Now,  if  your  phasing  is 
reversed  or  you  wish  your 
SCR  line  to  enter  from  the 
17  end.  Fig.  3  shows  pre- 
wiring for  18  characters. 
Route  the  remaining  wires 
according  to  Table  2. 

My  hope  is  that  this  arti- 
cle will  encourage  many  of 
you  to  build  code  machines 
and  that  my  wiring  wi 
make  it  just  a  little  easier,  I 


Reference 

1.  Garrett,  "The  WB4VVF  Accu- 
Keyer,"  QST,  August,  1973. 


^^^^^   Character 

Through 
Cores: 

~^To  Tte-Polnl 

^^H 

T5 

# 

^^m 

T5 

N 

^^H 

T5 

1 

^^H 

T5 

SCR 

^^m 

T5 

W 

^^m 

T5 

E 

^^H 

T5 

A 

^^m 

T5 

Q 

^^B 

T5 

S 

^^H 

T5 

D 

^^B 

T5 

K 

^^H 

T5 

T 

^^m 

T6,  T5 

W 

^^H 

T6,T5 

u 

^^B 

T6,T5 

s 

^^H 

T6,T5 

SCR 

^^B 

T6 

SCR 

^^B 

T6 

« 

^^m 

T6 

T 

^^B 

T6 

M 

^^B 

T6. 

O 

^^B 

T6,T5 

0 

^^m 

T6 

n 

^^H 

T6 

E 

^^B 

T6 

K 

^^B 

T6,T5 

« 

^^m 

T6 

0 

^^H       PERIOD 

T7,T6 

R 

^^H       COMMA 

T7,  T6,  T5 

T 

^^B 

T7 

U 

^^m 

T7,  T6 

S 

Table  7.  Wiring  for  Fig.  2  (SCR  line  at  11).  Co  \ 

switch  or  terminal  through  cores  indicated  fror 

left 

Ctwracter 

Through 
Cores: 

To  Tie-Point 

B 

T1 

H 

C 

11,  T3 

H 

D 

T1 

S 

F 

T3 

H 

Q 

T1,T2 

S 

J 

T2,  T3 

V 

K 

T1 

U 

L 

T2 

H 

P 

T2,T3 

H 

Q 

T1,T2 

V 

R 

T2 

S 

X 

11 

V 

Y 

T1,T3 

V 

Z 

11, 12 

H 

6 

Ti 

5 

7 

T1,T2 

5 

8 

Tl,  12.  T3 

5 

9 

T1,T2.T3,T4 

5 

AR 

T2,T4 

5 

AS 

T2 

5 

ST 

Tl,T5 

5 

KN 

T1,T3,T4 

5 

/ 

T1,T4 

5 

PERIOD 

T2.  T4,  T6 

« 

COMMA 

Tl,  T2,  T5,  T6 

« 

? 

T3.T4 

« 

SK 

T4,T6 

U 

I 

1 


Table  2,  Wiring  for  Fig,  3  (SCR  tine  at  77},  Co  from  key- 
switch  or  terminal  through  cores  indicated  irom  left  to 
fight 


197 


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iasic  and  Advanced  Techniques 
Domestic »  DX  and  Specialty  Contests 
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For  some,  only  the  best  is  ^)od  enoimh. 


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199 


73  Magazine  Staff 


All  About  Ground  Rods 

—  getting  connected  to  Mother  Earth 


Ground  rods  are  usual- 
ly used  in  amateur  in- 
stallations for  grounding 
purposes  related  to  light- 
ning protection.  However, 
they  are  also  the  only 
choice  one  may  have  v*^hen 
using  a  short  vertical 
antenna  which  requires  a 
good  ground.  The  use  of 
buried  radials  is  certainly 
preferable  to  establish  a 
ground  screen  for  a  ver- 
tical antenna,  but  an 
elaborate  radial  system 
may  require  more  space 
than  is  available,  or  it  may 
be  impossible  to  lay  down 
such  a  screen  because  of 
obstacles.  Usually,  vertical 
antennas  are  used  because 
of  space  restrictions.  Hav- 


ing the  best  ground  for 
them,  even  if  it  is  only  a 
grounciing  rod,  cannot  help 
but  improve  their  efficien- 
cy. 

Whatever  the  applica* 
tion  one  may  have  for 
ground  rods,  it  is  useful  to 
take  a  detailed  look  at  how 
they  work.  The  effective- 
ness of  ground-rod  usage 
can  vary  widely  depending 
on  how  they  are  installed, 
and  sometimes  a  few  sim* 
pie  measures  can  vastly  im* 
prove  their  performance. 

Basic  Principles 

One  of  the  basic  factors 
affecting  ground  rod  per- 
formance is  the  nature  of 
the    soil    in    which    it    is 


I 
I 

t 
I 


\ 


S.  _^ 


Fig,  7,  One  can  visualize  a  ground  rod  as  being  surrounded 
by  shells  of  soil.  The  shells  nearest  the  rod  mainly  provide 
the  rod's  connection  to  the  earth. 


placed.  The  relative  resis- 
tance of  a  ground  connec- 
tion using  a  ground  rod  can 
vary  from  2  Ohms  in  a  clay- 
type  soil  to  over  2700 
Ohms  in  a  very  sandy  soil. 
As  shown  in  Fig  1,  it  is 
mainly  the  resistivity  of  the 
soil  closest  to  the  ground 
rod,  however,  that  deter- 
mines the  overall  effec- 
tiveness of  the  ground  con- 
nection. Ninety  percent  of 
the  total  grounding  effec* 
tiveness  is  determined  by 
the  soil  characteristics 
within  a  radius  of  about  6 
feet  around  the  ground 
rod, 

There  is  nothing  one  can 
do  about  the  nature  of  the 
soil  in  a  given  location,  of 
course,  but  a  general 
awareness  as  to  whether 
the  soil  has  a  high  clay  con- 
tent, is  a  mixture  of  moist 
clay  and  sand  (loam),  or  is 


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mostly  sand  and  gravel, 
will  act  as  a  general  guide 
for  the  elaborateness  need- 
ed for  an  effective  ground 
rod  installation. 

The  moisture  present  in 
a  given  soil  can  have  a 
marked  effect  on  its  resis- 
tivity. Fig.  2  gives  an  il- 
lustration of  this  for  com- 
mon red  clay  soil.  Note 
how  sharply  the  resistivity 
increases  when  the  mois- 
ture content  of  the  soil 
falls  below  20%.  Again,  in 
reality,  there  is  not  much 
one  can  do  to  control  this 
factor,  but  it  is  useful  to  be 
aware  of  it  since,  depend- 
ing on  seasonal  rainfall 
conditions,  the  effective- 
ness of  some  ground  con- 
nections  using  ground  rods 
can  vary  widely. 

Temperature  is  another 
factor  influencing  ground 
rod  performance.  Offhand, 


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Fig.  2:  The  percentage  of  moisture  in  a  soil  can  have  a 
significant  effect  upon  its  resistivity. 


200 


The  MICROLOG  Programmable 

for  Morse  &  RTTY . . . 


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in  RTTY 


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DEGREES.  F" 


Fig,  3.  Temperature  also  can  have  a  sharp  effect  on  soil  re- 
sistivitY^ 


one  might  be  inclined  to 
think  that  the  colder  it  gets, 
the  better  the  ground  rod 
should  perform,  since  we 
associate  coldness  with 
rain  or  snow.  The  opposite 
is  true,  however,  when  just 
cold  temperatures  are  con- 
sidered When  the  earth 
freezes  to  any  depth,  the 
water  in  the  soil  freezes, 
moisture  is  lost,  and  the 
resistivity  of  the  soil  in- 
creases. Fig.  3  shows  the 
sharp  effect  decreasing 
temperature  can  have  on 
soil  resistivity.  So,  again, 
seasonal  weather  changes 
regarding  temperature  can 
severely  affect  ground  rod 
effectiveness  in  some 
localities  which  suffer 
severe  cold  seasons.  About 
the  only  preventive  mea- 
sure one  can  take  is  to 
drive  the  ground  rod  below 
the  frost  line  whenever 
possible 

The  depth  to  which  a 
ground  rod  is  driven  also  is 
important,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
4,  This  illustration  shows 
the  calculated  ground  con- 
nection resistance  with 
regard  to  the  depth  of  a 
ground  rod,  under  what 
might  very  broadly  be 
termed  "average"  soil  con- 
ditions. The  illustration 
assumes  uniform  moisture 
and  soil  resistivity  at  all 
depths.  In  reality,  soil 
resistivity  usually  de- 
creases with  depth  since 
the  few  feet  near  the  sur- 
face are  subject  to  alter- 
nate   wetting   and   drying, 


depending  on  rainfall, 
while  the  moisture  content 
of  deeper  soil  is  more 
stable.  For  ground  rods 
more  than  a  few  feet  long, 
therefore,  performance  is 
usually  better  than  that  In- 
dicated by  Fig.  4. 

The  greatest  reduction 
in  ground  connection  resis- 
tance is  obtained  by  driv- 
ing a  ground  rod  to  be- 
tween 6  and  8  feet  down. 
Although  there  may  be  par- 
ticularly moist  soil  condi- 
tions in  certain  locations 
and  at  certain  times  of  the 
year  where  a  3-foot  rod  is 
effective,  this  generally  is 
not  the  case.  Note  also  that 
the  illustration  is  based  on 
a  ground  rod  fully  driven 
into  the  ground.  Many 
casual  ground  rod  installa- 
tions leave  from  Vj  to  Vi  of 
the  rod's  length  above  the 
surface  of  the  soil. 

Finally,  another  factor 
that  one  might  consider  is 
the  diameter  of  the  ground 
rod  used.  Intuitively,  one 
would  think  that  the  larger 
the  diameter  of  the  ground 
rod  used,  the  better  the 
earth  connection.  As  it 
turns  out.  however,  diam- 
eter plays  a  negligible  role 
in  improving  the  ground 
connection.  This  has  been 
confirmed  by  various  tests 
done  by  the  former  Bureau 
of  Standards  and  the  Un- 
derwriters Laboratories, 
Whether  one  uses  a  Vi", 
1",  or  even  larger  diameter 
rod  can  be  based  on  me- 
chanical  strength  factors, 


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Fig.  4,  Cround  connection  resistance  for  a  single  ground 
rod  driven  to  different  depths. 


therefore  — that  is,   a   size 

large  enough  to  be  driven 
into  a  particular  type  of 
soil  without  bending. 

The  metal  the  rod  is 
made  out  of  is  not  impor- 
tant except  for  the  factor 
of  corrosion.  Steel  rods  are 
commonly  used,  although 
if  one  can  obtain  Copper- 
weld  grounding  rods,  they 
are  ideal  for  the  purpose. 
They  have  a  steel  core  for 
strength  and  an  exterior  of 
copper  for  corrosion  resis- 
tance. 

Measuring  Grounding 
Resistance 

it  is  not  necessary  usual- 
ly to  measure  the  actual 
grounding  resistance  pro- 
vided by  a  ground  rod  as 
long  as  good  practices  are 


used  in  installation  of  the 

rod.  tf  one  is  curious  about 
the  approximate  grounding 
resistance  achieved,  how- 
ever, it  can  be  measured 
fairly  easily  by  the  three- 
point  method  shown  in  Fig. 
5.  In  this  illustration,  A 
represents  the  actual 
ground  rod  and  B  and  C 
represent  two  temporary 
ground  rods  of  two-  to 
three-foot  lengths.  The 
temporary  rods  should  be 
placed  about  6  feet  from 
the  actual  ground  rod  and 
from  each  other.  The  resis- 
tances between  rods  are 
measured  and  used  in  the 
formula  shown  to  obtain 
the  grounding  resistance  of 
rod  A  One  can  try  doing 
the  measurements  with  an 
ohmmeter,  but  usually  bet- 


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fig.  5.  By  installing  two  lemporarY  ground  rods  and  taking 
sonie  resistance  readings,  one  actually  can  measure  the 
ground  connection  resistance  of  a  ground  rod. 


202 


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SURFACf    OF   GRt»UND 


[* 10*- — hJ 


anouND  ncD 


Fig.  6.  Construct /on  of  a  trench  around  a  ground  rod  to 
bold  a  chemical  treatment  The  rod  should  be  at  least  six 
feet  into  the  ground,  although  the  treatment  will  improve 
the  performance  of  shorter  rods  also.  Dimensions  are  not 
at  all  critical. 


ter  results  are  obtained  if 
one  goes  the  old-fashioned 
voltmeter/millrammeter 
route,  using  some  low  volt- 
age ac  or  dc  as  a  voltage 
source. 

Improving  Ground  Rod 
Performance 

There  are  several 
methods  one  can  use  to  im- 
prove ground  rod  perfor- 
mance if  it  is  felt  that  a  sim- 
ple ground  rod  installation 
is  inadequate.  One  of  the 
simplest  methods  is  to  use 
multiple  ground  rods.  If 
the  rods  are  spaced  6  to  10 
feet  apart,  they  act  very 
much  like  resistances  in 
parallel.  So,  two  rods  will 
effectively  cut  the  ground 
connection  resistance  in 
half,  and  so  on.  It  is  very 
important  to  maintain  the 
spacing  betw^een  the  rods. 


^NOt^T   TUIIM4j 


30  LB   WErONT 
CONCRETE.  METAL 
waS5,   ETC  4 


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Fig,  7,  A  home-brew  tool  for 
driving  ground  rods.  [See 
text] 


A  few  rods  clustered  close- 
ly together  will  be  no  more 
effective  than  a  single  rod. 
A  practical  maximum  num- 
ber of  rods  to  improve  a 
ground  connection  by  the 
use  of  multiple  ground 
rods  probably  would  be  4 
to  6. 

The  ground  lead  from 
each  rod  should  be  run 
directly  to  the  base  of  the 
vertical  antenna  in  the 
center  of  the  ground  rod  ar- 
ray. There  should  also  be 
one  directly  underneath 
the  base  of  the  antenna  to 
act  as  a  central  ground  rod. 
There  might  be  some  value 
also  to  running  intercon- 
necting wires  between  ad 
joining  ground  rods,  but 
this  is  not  as  important. 

Another  fairly  simple 
method  to  Improve  a  sirv 
gle  or  multiple  ground  rod 
installation  is  to  treat  the 
area  around  the  rod  chem- 
ically, as  shown  in  Fig.  6. 
This  is  not  complicated  to 
do  since  one  does  not  have 
to  dig  a  very  deep  trench 
around  the  rod.  The  treat- 
ment material  can  be  mag- 
nesium sulphate,  copper 
sulphate,  or  even  ordinary 
rock  salt.  All  are  about 
equally  effective;  the  only 
advantage  of  magnesium 
sulphate  is  that  it  is  the 
least  corrosive. 

Note  that  the  treatment 
material  does  not  have  to 
touch  the  ground  rod -nor 


should  it.  With  the  passage 
of  time,  the  treatment 
material  will  seep  towards 
the  rod  and  corrode  it, 
however,  and  ram  will 
wash  it  away.  The  result  of 
all  this  is  that  within  a  pe* 
riod  of  perhaps  2  to  3  years 
both  the  rod  and  the  treat- 
ment material  may  have  to 
be  replaced.  On  the  other 
hand,  one  accomplishes 
quite  a  bit  by  using  chem- 
ical treatment.  Typically,  a 
ground  connection  resis- 
tance of  over  1000  Ohms 
can  be  lowered  to  less  than 

100  Ohms. 

Another  method  to  im- 
prove ground  rod  perfor- 
mance that  is  useful  in 
some  cases  is  to  drive  the 
rod  particularly  deep.  This 
method  probably  doesn't 
have  much  applicability 
when  an  antenna  ground  is 
considered,  since  it  is  soil 
resistivity  and  grounding 
nearer  the  surface  that 
mostly  affects  antenna  per- 
formance.  Also,  it  is 
naturally  hard  to  accom- 
plish in  many  soils  without 
specialized  equipment. 
Nonetheless,  in  some  soils, 
particularly  sandy  ones 
which  start  to  have  a  clay 
base  further  down,  it  can 
be  very  effective  from  the 
viewpoint  of  lowering  the 
ground  connection  resis- 
tance.  For  example,  by  us- 
ing a  20-foot  section ized 
ground  rod  as  compared  to 
a  6-foot  one,  the  resistance 
might  be  reduced  by  a  fac- 
tor of  6  or  more. 

Installing  Ground  Rods 

Any  number  of  methods 
of  installing  ground  rods 
have  been  devised,  and  this 
is  pretty  much  an  area 
where  one's  own  ingenuity 
has  to  come  into  play.  The 
sledgehammer  approach 
will  suffice  in  a  great  many 
cases.  Another  method 
which  some  amateurs  have 
found  successful  with 
hollow  tubing  used  as 
ground  rods  is  to  insert  a 
garden  hose  in  the  tubing 
and  let  the  water  pressure 
wash  away  the  soil  slowly 
as  the  tubing  is  pushed  into 


the  ground 

Another  approach  to 
consider,  especially  if  one 
is  going  to  drive  several 
rods,  is  to  construct  a  sim- 
ple home-brew  driving  toot 
such  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  7. 
This  tool  is  made  around  a 
central  weight  mass  of 
about  20  pounds.  A  short 
piece  of  tubing  is  affixed 
on  one  side  and  a  longer 
piece    of    tubing    on    the 

other  side  The  tubing  is 
chosen   so   that   it  is   just 

large  enough  to  slip  over 
the  ground  rod=  The  length 
of  the  two  sections  will 
depend  on  the  length  of 
rod  —  three-  and  one^foot 
sections,  for  instance,  are 
used  for  a  6-foot  ground 
rod.  In  use,  the  long  end  of 
the  tool  is  slipped  over  the 
ground  rod  and  used  ini- 
tially to  pound  the  rod  into 
the  ground.  As  the  rod  gets 
driven  further  in,  the  short 
side  of  the  tool  is  slipped 
over  the  rod  and  used  to 
complete  pounding  the  rod 
into  the  ground.  The  ad- 
vantage of  this  tool  fs  that 
the  tubing  over  the  ground 
rod  prevents  the  rod  from 
bending,  and  the  pounding 
force  exerted  by  the  tool  is 
exactly  in  line  with  the  axis 
of  the  ground  rod. 

Ground  Rod  Connections 

All  the  effort  exerted  in 
placing  a  ground  rod  can 
be  wasted  if  a  dependable 
low-resistance  connection 
is  not  made  to  the  rod.  The 
ideal  case  would  be  to 
have  all  metals  the  same:  a 
copper-plated  rod  using  a 
copper  clamp  and  copper 
wire.  Such  items  and  fit- 
tings can  sometimes  be 
purchased  through  elec- 
trical contractor  supply 
houses.  In  most  cases,  how- 
ever, one  will  be  using 
dissimilar  metals  for  the 
rod,  clamp,  and  ground 
wire.  In  this  case,  one  must 
be  sure  only  that  ail  con* 
necting  surfaces  are  clean 
and  tight.  Covering  the 
ciamp  and  rod  junction 
with  some  weatherproof- 
ing  compound  also  would 
be  advisable.  I 


204 


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and  you  are  only  one  hour  away  from  solving  all  those  difficult  bench 
problems,  from  sertmg  the  frequency  of  a  aodfo  signal  to  within  I/IO0I  a 
HZ,  to  checkfng  the  frequency  of  a  486  MHZ  mobile  radio.  Whether  you 
are  servicing  a  VTR,  troubleshooting  a  PLL  circuit,  the  56O0A  is  the  right 
coonler  with  accuracy  that  will  meet  any  FCC  land  mobile^  broad- 
cast. Of  telecommunications  requirements.  On  the  bench  or  in  the  field 
th©  5600A  will  do  the  job  you  need.  The  5600A  includes  a  self  contained 
battery  holder  providing  instant  portabiHtyorweofferalOhourrecharge' 
able  battery  pack  option.  Other  options  include  a  audio  multiplier  which 
allows  you  lo  resolve  a  1/1000  of  a  HZ  signat  and  finaffy  a  25db  pream- 
plifier with  an  adjustable  attenuator  making  the  5600A  perfect  for 
communications.  TV  servicing,  industriai  testing  or  meeting  your  QSO 
on  the  correct  frequer^cy  Byety  time. 


FACTS  ARE  FACTS:  With  the  introduction  of  the  560OA.  The  sun  has  s^ 

I 

on  the  competition.  This  may  sound  like  a  bo(d  statement  on  the  part  d 
DSI  BUT  FACTS  ARE  FACTS-  No  counter  manufacturer  except -DS 
offers  a  Full  Range  50  HZ  to  612  MHZ  counter  with  -  9  Digits  —  0.1  h; 
resolution  —  2  PPM  lO""  to  40  ^  C  proportional  oven  —  RF  pre-amp- 
600  MHZ  prescaler  —  three  selectable  gate  limes  —  oven  ready;  stendb 
and  gate  time  indicator  fights  as  standard  features  —  For  only  $149-95  k 
and  $179.95  factory  wired.  In  fact  the  com  pet  i  I  ton  doesn't  even  com 
close  unless  you  consider  $200*00  to  S800.00  close.  With  DSI  having  th 
best  pric^  to  quality  features  ratio  in  the  industry,  no  wonder  weV 
become  one  of  the  world's  largest  manufaclurers  of  high  quality 
quency  counter  instrumentation. 


R  INFORMATION  —  DEALER  LOCATION  —  ORDERS  —  OEM 

CALL  800-854-2049  ^CALIFORNIA  RESIDENTS  CALL  800-542-6253 


MfKfel 


5600A-K 


5600  A'W 


5500 
Wired 


Prlcff 


$149.95 


$179  95 


99.95 


$149  95 


FrDquency^ 
ning«  Typ 


SOHz-SSOMHz 


50Hi*550MHz 


50H2-550MHr 


Accurtcy 

Ov«r 

TgffiPBfBJuri 


Proportional  Oven 
2  PPM  !0'-40**C 


TCXO 

1  PPM  17* -40*^0 


TCXO 
1  PPfki  17*-4{J"C 


S«filitlvCty  T/p 


100Hx-2SMHx 


5-lOMV 


10-1 5MV 


2SMV 


50-2iOMHz 


5-10MV 


10-16MV 


2CIMV 


afiO^IKlMHji 


5-5QMV 


r&-50MV 


75WV 


:N:umber 

or 

Rvjielouti 


9 


8 


B 


H«qulr«fTi«nH 


Mt5  VACor 
a.2-14,5  VDC 


'115  VAC  Of 
8  2*14  5  VOC 


•IIS  VAC  Of 
a2-14.5VDC 

or  NICAD  PAK 


H 


S4» 

w 


3V*"  X  BW  X  9" 


r.^"  X  5"  )C   5'^" 


r  X  3'^"  xSH" 


560QA  wrred  taclory  bum&d  m  1  f^^t  hrmt^a  wsironry 


3550  OWNERS 

You  can  add  the 

35P.2  .22  PPM 

10''  to  W  C 

proportional  oven 

to  your 

existing  3550 


S'fiOlKA  hif  90  day  limiiiHS  wtiumntf 


1 

^  *  ^ 

irTwsw  oMrwl 

L  r  :J 

Factory  Instatted 


DSI  INSTRUMENTS,  INC. 

9550  Chesapeake  Drive 

San  Diego,  Calrfornia  92123 

(714)  565-8402 

TIRliS;  MC  -  VISA  -  AE  -  C^wcK  -  MO  -  COO  In  U  S^  FurMis 
Raase  &tisi  tO^  to  i  meJtmufn  of  $tQ  00  iot  ^ipprnq.  hsn^iiing 
And  in  prance    Ordtr?  qutside  of  USA  A  Canaifa.  pleasa  ddtl 
$20,00  additionitf  to  cov&r  air  shipmeni.  California  r«s^d^ts 
«dd  €%  Sales  Tax. 


•Willi  AC-9  Aoaptof 

5600A  Kit $1 

5600A  Wired  1 

/Aw"^  AO  AOBptor 

T600  BNC  Ant ,, .. 

BUILT-IN  OPTIONS 

BA56  Rechargeable 

10  Hr  Bat.  Pack  

AM56  Audio  Multiplier 

,001  Hz  Resolution 

PA56  25clB  Preamplifier 
with.  AttaauatQ£»^-.^  ^  -^- 


49.9! 
79.9! 
7,95 


*  «  •  » 


29.95 

I 

34.95 
.95 


TRUE  RMS  -  3V2  DIGITS  -  DMM  -  .1%  BASIC  ACCURACY 


TRUE  RMS  DIGITAL  MULTIMETER 


LC5 


III 


FACTORY  WIRED 

AVAILABLE 
JANUARY  1980 


RANGES 

AC  TRUE  RMS  TO  1000V  —  200mv,  2v,  20v,  200v,  tOOOv 
DC  VOLTAGE  TO  1000V  —  200mv,  2v,  20v,  200v,  lOOOv 
DC  CURRENT  TO  2  Amps  —  200/ia,  2ma,  20ma  200ma,  2A 
RESISTANCE  TO  20  Megohms  —  200,  2k,  20k,  200k,  2mg,  20mg 


AN    UNPRECEDENTED    DSI    VALUE    .    .    . 

in  a  high  quality,  LSI  Design,  ,1%  basic  accuracy,  3^^ 

digit  DMM  and  because  it's  a  DSt  innovation,  you  know 
it  obsoietes  all  competitive  makes,  both  in  price  and 
iperformance. 

No  longer  do  you  have  to  settle  for  small  readouts, 
short  battery  life,  a  kit  with  a  bag  of  parts,  a  black  box 
with  20  Resistors  that  need  adjustment  every  time 
you  need  to  recalibrate,  because  you  only  budgeted 
$100.00  or  $150.00  for  a  DMM. 

The  Model  LC  5000  is  factory  assembled  and  tested  in 

the  USA.  DSI  has  designed  in  Precision  Laser  Trimmed 


Resistor  Networks  to  provide  maximum  accurac 
resulting  in  long  time  periods  between  recalibration 
and  a  simple  two  adjustment  cafibration  procedure. 
The  LC  5000  incorporates  a  fused  input  circuit  to  help 
prevent  damage  to  the  DMM.  The  large  .5  inch  LCD 
Readouts  are  easy  to  read  even  in  the  brightest  sun- 
light and  allows  for  very  low  battery  drain,  normally 
only  two  battery  changes  a  year  is  required.  The 
LC  5000  is  the  perfect  lab  quality  instrument  on  the 
bench  or  in  the  field  —  you  can  depend  on  DSI  LC  5000 
to  meet  all  your  needs.  Buy  Quality  —  Buy  Performance 
—  Buy  Reliability  —  Buy  DSL 


iltj  ;■  I  ^  1  ;!•]  :l  Ji  FA  IM^ 


CALL  800-854-2049 


CALIFORNIA  RESIDENTS  CALL  800-542-62 


SOOO  mnffed  lKie<v  owneo-m  t  year  Ufnasa  wsfranTjf,  Pr^n  «ncM 
wBmsti^emiom'  wtffnH  to  chAn^t  HNlnotft  notks  m  obiigiMlon 

TliUiS:  MC  -  VISA  -  AE-  Ctieck  —  MO,  -  COD  in  OS  Fundm 
add  1 0S  to  a  rna^fnuffli  at  Si  0.00  for  shipping,  tmti6iinq 
ana  tnsunnc^.  Onim^  oytsid*  of  USA  &  CaJiadft,  pleaaa  aik} 
,00  iddilEaruil  to  co^«f  air  shipment  California  r^idents 
m  6%  Sales  Tax. 


¥154 


DSt  INSTRUMENTS,  INC 

9550  Chesapeake  Drive 

San  Diego,  Caiifomia  92123 

(714)  565-8402 


Model  LC  5000 $149.95 

LCBA  -  Rechargeable 
Battery  Pack  Includes 
AC  Battery  Charger  .  $24.95 


Transistor  Tester 


VOM 


Diode  Protected  •  Fused  •  Gold  Plated  Selector  Switch 


\^ 


j^< 


rr''~\ 


I 


Jl  j#^/?i»rUi«»'«*    *^ 


SidQitl*  U 


SI  AD.' 


a 


ItW    *-* 


VF  370 


,  jM'niAF 


DC  VOLTAGE 

DC  CURRENT 

AC  VOLTAGE 

i\  RESISTANCE 

AF  OUTPUT  —  DB 

20kll  PER  VOLT 

HFE  DC  AMP  FACTOR 

ICEO  LEAKAGE 


MODEL 
YF-370 

COMPARATIVE  VALUE  49« 


YF-370 *29.95 

Shipping,  Handling  and  Ins. . .  *3.00 


SPECIFICATIONS 


lieasur«fTt«nl 


DCV 


ACV 


DC  A 


a 


dB 


fCEO 


HFE 


Wmmusmfmnl  Rarig«i 


0-  AV  -  .5V-  Z5V- 
10V  -  50V  •  250V  -  1000V 


0  -  10V  -  50V  -  250V  - 
1000V         30Hz  to  30kHz 


0  -  50^1  A  -  2,5ma  -  25ma 
*  .25 A 


2  to  20mn 

Range  x  1  x  lOx  Ik  x  1 0k 


10db-^22dbforlOVAC 


0-  150mA  X  Ik     0-  15ma 
XIO  0-  150m  X  1 


0-  1000  @x  10 


li 


In 


Ac  cu  racy 


z  3%fs 


+  4%  fs      I 


±  3%  Is 


±  3%  arc 


r  4%  fs 


±  3%  arc 


±  3%  arc 


Every  YF-370  is  factory  assembled,  tested,  and 
includes  drode  protected  meter  movement  with 
a  fused  input  and  an  extra  fuse.  The  switch  assem- 
bly has  double  wiping  gold  plated  contacts  to 
assure  years  of  trouble-free  service.  At  this  low 
price  buy  two.. .one  for  the  car  and  one  for  the  shop. 


ms'^E"  ^ioix^ 


CALL  TODAY  TOLL  FREE:  (800—654-2049)  CtfH.  Rm. 
CALL  (800—542-6253)  TO  ORDER  OR  RECEIVE  MORE 
INrOWMATlOW  ON  DSTt  FULL  PRODUCT  LINE  OF 
FREQUENCY    COUNTCIM    RANGING    FROM    10HZ 

TO  1.3GH2. 

TERMS:    MC  —  VJSA  —  AE  —  Check  —  MO—  COD  In  U.S.  Funds 

Orders  outside  ot  USA  &  Canada,  please  add  $5.00  additional  to  cover 
air  shipment.  CalHornia  fesidents  add  6%  Sales  Tax. 


DSi  INSTRUMENTS,  INC. 


9550  Chesapeake  Drive    Safi  DJego,  California  92123     (714)  565-8402 


lS*c 


AC— DC  Operation 

BNC  Inputs  1  Meg  Direct  50  Ohms  Presci] 

8  Large  .4"  LED  Readouts 

Auto  Decimal  Point  &  Zero  Blanking 

1  Year  LlmHed  Warranty  Parts  &  Labor 
100%  Factory  Assembled  in  U.S. A. 


*149 

MODEL  500  HH 
50  Hz  —  500  MHz 

Witnoul  Battery  Capabifily 


95 


WODEL  100  HH 
50  Hz  — 100 


00 


$99 


Wtthoul  B^ 


95 


1 


SAVE  ^5 

Wllh  Battery  Capability 

MODEL  500  HH  ..$169,95 
MODEL  100  HH  ..$119.95 
Includes  AC-9  Battery  E*«rninaior 


The  100  HH  and  500  HH  hand  held  frequency  coun 
represent  a  significant  new  advancement,  utili 
the  latest  LSI  design  .  .  .  and  because  It's  a  DSI  I 
vation,  you  know  it  obsoletes  any  competitive  make 
both  in  price  and  performance.  No  longer  do  you  ha 
to  sacrifice  accuracy,  ultra  small  readouts  and  po 
resolution  to  get  a  calculator  size  Instrument.  Bo 
the  100  HH  and  500  HH  have  eight  A  inch  LED  dig 
—  1  Hz  resolution  —  direct  in  only  1  sec.  or  10  Hz 
,1  sec.  —  1  PPM  TCXO  time  base.  These  counters  a 
perfect  for  all  applications  be  it  mobile,  hilltop,  marrr 
or  bench  work.  (goo- 

854-2049)  (800—542-6253) 


WANiUfACTUTDIH 


DSI  "M'^TRUMENTB 


DSI  ihJ^FRUMENTS 


CSC; 


OI*TOEtECT^ONlCS 


FREQUENCY  COUNTER  CONSUMER  DATA  COMPARISON  CHART 


MQJJEl. 


^0C^  MM 


500  HH 


MAJ(-550 


QPT-TOOO 


LIST 
PRICE 


t  nM 


1 149. 35 


|i3@cr 


FfllQUENCT 

HANat 


5OH2-IOOMH1 


(Wy^Hz 


<AiHz 


TYPE  OF 
TIME  BASE 


TCXO 


<o 


\0 


ACCURACY  OVEII 
TEMPERATURE 


IT"  -  4U*C 


\PPM 


TPPM 


a  PPM 


'  -  ^PM 


flO^'C 


2  PPM 


2  PPM 


a  PPM 


Ifisr   l».^%  ir»"rE«'>STfJ   «r>ii  pr 


•f  mfV^  *"  ir»s  at^'f 


-ine  B,i  faiwar-ca  .n  mffiiry'^j-^^yjpr  i  iits^raiurt  ;a"a  fflii*r  r:i6*lT>ienUt  iM^ptrarir-p  in  |Lai:!> 


100  HH . . ,  $  99,95      W/Battery  Pack      S1 19.95 
500  HH . ,  ,$149.95      W/Battery  Pack, .  $169.95 


fubject    [, 


"Ml-  iT 


^' '^^  pMcea  mcMc  factory 

-3.. 


t^D75 


DSI  INSmumENTS,  INC. 

9560  Chesapeake  Drive 
San  Di^'rT'^  California  92123 

>,f  !-;  56&-8402 


SENS1T1VITV 


100  Ht  ' 
25  MHz 


2^  MV 


60  MHz 
350  MMx 


*,i  ft 


2a  Mv 
a  uv 


250  MH2  • 
450  MHz 


NA 


30  MV 


MV 


DIGITS 


Ho. 


S 


a 


a 


SIZE  IN 

INCHES 


.1 


PRE-SCALE  INPI 
RESOLUTION 


.1  GEC 


ivJy  r«r 


100  Hz 


1 


1  SE( 


TO 


Id  Hi 


100 


^  T  KHz  *  50  MHz        *  ri^r*:n*ma1  Sp«:H!<Ti««  r/,r-. 


T-500  Ant 

AC-9  Battery  Eliminator 


$  7J 

$  7J 


TPftMS:  MC  '  Vf«IA  -  AE  -  Chdck  -MO     ^^^  ■«  t* ^  c  .Hi 


^^^^difa 


mam^s^ 


OSCAR  Orbits 


I 


Courtesy  of  AMSA  T 


The  listed  data  tells  you  the  time  and  place  that  OSCAR  7  and 
OSCAR  8  cross  the  equator  \n  an  ascending  orbit  for  the  first  time 
each  day.  To  calculate  successive  OSCAR  7  orbits,  make  a  list  of 
the  first  orbit  number  and  the  next  twelve  orbits  for  that  day.  List 
the  time  of  the  first  orbit.  Each  successive  orbit  is  115  minutes 
later  (two  hours  less  five  minutes).  The  chart  gives  the  longitude  of 
the  day's  first  ascending  (northbound)  equatorial  crossing.  Add 
29'  for  each  succeeding  orbit.  When  OSCAR  is  ascending  on  the 
other  side  of  the  world  from  you,  It  will  descend  over  yoo.  To  find 
the  equatorial  descending  longitude,  subtract  IBS'"  from  the 
ascending  longitude.  To  find  the  time  OSCAR  7  passes  the  North 
Pole,  add  29  minutes  to  the  time  it  passes  the  equator.  You  should 
be  able  to  hear  OSCAR  7  when  it  is  within  45  degrees  of  you.  The 
easiest  way  to  determine  if  OSCAR  is  above  the  horizon  (and  thus 
within  range)  at  your  location  is  to  take  a  globe  and  draw  a  circle 
with  a  radius  of  2450  miles  (4000  kilometers)  from  your  QTH.  If 
OSCAR  passes  above  that  circle,  you  should  be  able  to  hear  it.  If  H 
passes  right  overhead,  you  should  hear  it  for  about  24  minutes 
totaL  OSCAR  7  will  pass  an  imaginary  line  drawn  from  San  Fran- 
Cisco  to  Norfolk  about  12  minutes  after  passing  the  equator.  Add 
about  a  minute  for  each  200  miles  that  you  live  north  of  this  line.  If 
OSCAR  passes  15**  east  or  west  of  you,  add  another  minute;  at  30% 
three  minutes;  at  45%  ten  minutes.  Mode  A:  145.85%95  MHz  uplink, 
29.4^29.5  MHz  downlink,  beacon  at  29.502  MHz.  Mode  B: 
432J25*.175  MHz  uplink,  145.975-.925  MHz  downlink,  beacon  at 
145.972  MHz. 

OSCAR  8  calcufations  are  similar  to  those  for  OSCAR  7,  with 
some  important  exceptions-  Instead  of  making  13  orbits  each  day, 
OSCAR  8  makes  14  orbits  during  each  24-hour  period.  The  orbital 
period  of  OSCAR  8  is  therefore  somewhat  shorter:  103  minutes. 


To  calculate  successive  OSCAR  8  orbits,  make  a  list  of  the  first 
orb!!  number  (from  the  OSCAR  8  chart)  and  the  next  thirteen  orbits 
for  that  day.  List  the  time  of  the  first  orbit.  Each  successive  orbit  is 
then  103  minutes  later.  The  chart  gives  the  longitude  of  the  day's 
first  ascending  equatorial  crossing.  Add  26*  for  each  succeeding 
orbit.  To  find  the  time  OSCAR  8  passes  the  North  Pole,  add  26 
minutes  to  the  time  it  crosses  the  equator.  OSCAR  8  will  cross  the 
imaginary  San  Francisco-to-Norfolk  line  about  11  minutes  after 
crossing  the  equator-  Mode  A:  145*B5-.95  MHz  uplink,  29.4-29.50 
MHz  downlink,  beacon  at  29.40  MHz,  Mode  J:  145.90-146.00  MHz 
upHnk,  435,20-435.10  MHz  downlink,  beacon  on  435.090  MHz. 


OSCAR  7  OfbilftI  IfifQrmat^on 

D5CAR  fi  Orbital  Inlonrulion 

Ofbjt 

Date 

Tlm« 

Long^ilud* 

Orbit 

Dste 

Tima 

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Reprinted  from  the  Federal  Register, 


Amtl^ur  Radio  Service;  MtiKtfying 
Proc^ures  for  Notifying  the 
CommiBAlofi  of  Hmmm  mnd  UaMrvg 
Ad<irQ«»  Changes:  and  To  Give  a  5- 
Year  Ucana«  Term  to  All  Lk^ns«s 
fasued 

AQiNCV:  rederal  Communications 

Commission. 

action:  order. 


SUMliAflv:  The  CammLssmn  amended 
II  971 3  and  97.47  lo  ddele  provisiant 
which  allowed  AmaieurUcensaes  to 
notify  ihe  CGmmis^Jon  of  name  and 
majimg  addreas  chflOge*  by  letter,  AM 
fulure  Amateur  licienie  modifica lions 
must  be  requested  by  Tiling  the 
appropriate  application  form-  The 
Commiae^iori  abo  amtmded  §  97.5ti  to 
pmvldp  ihet  all  Amatmir  licenses  will  be 
given  u  five-year  term, 
OATiS:  The  effeclive  date  of  the  Order  is 
November  12. 1979, 
II0PRESSES:  Federal  Cummumcationi 
Commission.  Washing Itin.  DC  20554- 
FOR  FURTHER  tNFOfiMATkON  COMTACt! 

Maurice  J.  DePopL.  Private  Radio 
Bureau.  f202)  254-6684. 
SUPPLEMENTARV  IKFOHMAHOPC 

Order 

Adopted:  September  27,  1978. 
Released:  October  5h  1979. 

By  ihe  Commifision:  Commissioner 
L«e  absent. 

Ill  matter  of  amendment  of  55  S7.13- 
97.4?  and  97.5S  of  the  Commission's 
rtde*. 

1^  Sections  97.13  and  97-47  of  the 
Commisaimi"s  rules  ael  forth  the 
proceduren  lo  be  followed  by  amateyr 
licensees  who  wish  to  renew  or  modify 
their  amateur  radio  license.  In  each 
insfance,  Ihe  request  mu»t  be  made  by 
submitting  an  FCC  Form  610  (or  BIO-B  in 
the  case  of  a  club  or  military  recreation 
station}  to  Ihe  CommUaion's  office  in 
Gfitly&tiurg.  Piemiaylvanta.  However, 


these  rule  sections  also  provide  that  a 
diangp  m  the  licensee's  name  or  mailing 
addreta  may  be  accomplished  by 
notifying  Ihe  Commbsion  by  tetter, 

Z.  The  provision  concemin^ 
not!  Heat  ion  by  letter  has  apparently  led 
to  confusion  on  the  part  of  many 
amateur  hcenseea  and  has 
imnecegsarily  increased  the  workload  of 
Ihe  Commission's  epp  It  cation  process  ir>g 
alaff  Most  letter  requeila  for  address 
nhange  fail  to  s}>ecify  thai  it  is  only  the 
licensee'i  mailmg  add  rets  which  has 
change*.  Therefore,  the  »1aff  is  required 
to  ascertain  whef^her  or  nol  the  station 
location  has  also  changed.  In  the 
tnafority  of  cases,  the  sfation  location 
has  indeed  changed,  fn  such  a  situation, 
§  97.47  requires  a  formal  modification  of 
the  license,  Therefore,  It  is  necessary 
that  the  licensee  file  an  application. 

9-  In  order  to  ell  m  in  ale  the  confusion 
among  amateur  liceniiees  as  to  when  an 
application  need  be  filed,  and  to  lessen 
the  burden  on  the  processing  staff.  Ihe 
Commission  is  amending  5|  97 J 3  and 
97,4?  to  delete  the  proviBions  concerning 
letter  notice.  Henceforth,  alt  amateur 
license  modifications  must  be  nequealed 
by  submission  of  the  approph^te 
application  fonn. 

4,  The  Commission  is  also  amending 

I  97,50  to  provide  ihnt  modified  licenses 
will  be  issued  for  a  flve-ynar  term 
commencing  on  the  dale  of  the 
modification.  Currently,  that  section 
pitJVJdes  that  modified  licenf^es  shall 
liear  the  same  expiration  date  as  ihe 
license  being  modified 

5.  Since  the  emendments  herein 
ordered  are  prccedural  m  nature,  they 
are  excepted  by  Sect  ton  &53(b]  of  ihe 
Administrative  Procedure  Act  from  the 
requirement  of  priDr  ptibhc  notice  and 
comment, 

fi,  Accordingly,  il  is  ordered  effective 
November  12  .  1979,  that  Pari  97  of  th© 
Commission's  rules  is  amended  as 
shown  in  the  Appendix  altacheii  hereto. 


Authority  far  this  Actioti  is  found  in 
Sections  4[!}  and  303  of  the 
Communications  Act  of  1934,  a^ 
amended. 

7,  For  further  in  form  a  lion  on  these 
rule  changes,  contact  Maurice  [  DePonL 
254-HS8B4. 

|Secs.  4.  303.  4a  slat ,  «s  amended.  tOES,  10SI 

I47USC  istwajj 

Federal  CnrnmunJcdtior^  CcmimJissicui- 

WilMsffli  |.  Tricartco. 

Secretary. 


Appendix 

Part  97  of  Chapter  I  of  Title  47  of  the 
Code  of  Federal  Regulations  is  a^mended 
as  follows: 

$97J3    t Amended] 
1.  In  §  97  J3.  paragraph  (e)  is  deleted. 


5  97,47    {Amended  I 

Z,  In  $  £^^.47,  perBgruph  (c|  is  deleted. 
3.  Section  97. sy  is  amended  to  read  as 
follows: 

1 17  Jf    l.ie*n«e  tonn. 

fa)  Amateur  operator  Ucenscf  are 
normally  valid  for  a  penod  of  l!ve  y«ar* 
froin  the  date  of  issuance  of  a  new» 
■lodirted  or  renewed  license. 

(bj  Amateur  station  licenses  are 
normally  valid  for  a  period  of  Bve  years 
from  the  date  of  issuance  of  a  new, 
modified  or  renewed  liciimBe,  All 
amateur  station  licenses^  regardless  of 
when  issued,  will  expire  on  the  same 
date  as  the  licensee's  amateur  operator 
license, 

(c)  A  duplicate  license  shall  bear  Itie 
same  e%pir<ition  date  as  the  Ucans«  for 
which  tt  Is  a  dupltcaLe. 


Ham  Help 


I  would  like  to  meet  other 
amateurs  who  are  avid  brtdge 
pfayers.  Perhaps  we  could  form 
a  net  and  discuss  bridge  hands, 
conventions,  tournaments,  and 
the  possibiltties  for  bridge- 
playing  computer  programs 
over  the  air.  I  am  an  experienced 
tournament  player,  but  would 
be  happy  to  talk  to  anyone  inter- 
ested. 

n/likeMarmer  KBaOH 

2749  Symphony  Way 

Dayton  OH  45449 

Tm  a  disabled  amateur  and 
could  really  use  some  help  with 
the  following; 

1. 1  need  someone  to  use  my 
acetate  film  and  their  transfers, 
Hnes,  etc  to  make  negatives 


from  which  I  can  expose  sensi- 
tized PC  boards  myself-  Any  lay- 
out from  my  specs  wouid  be  ac- 
ceptable: their  name,  call,  or 
whatever  can  go  on  the  board* 

2. 1  also  need  manuals  for  the 
BC-1306,  RT-70,  and  VRC-19.  ) 
especially  need  a  ''Surplus 
Schematic  Handbook"  to  copy. 
It  is  black  with  red  letters  and  a 
white  schematic  on  the  front. 

3.  I  am  looking  for  a  Knight^kit 
signal  tracer  (circa  1 960)  with  an 
rf-af  probe. 

4. 1  also  need  someone  to 
construct  projects,  at  cost  or  a 
little  over,  from  my  diagrams 
and  thelr/my  parts. 

John  C,  White  WBGBLV 

560  N.  Indiana  St. 

Porterville  CA  93257 


211 


^^m^mm 


1979  Index 


AMPUFIERS 

70-Watt  Shoes  for  the  1O502 — . 

Amplify  Your  6-Meter  Fyn. 


.  WA1 POY 
_ . . N4QH 


AKTENNAS 

A  Renr^olely-Tuned  Matchbox. W4PSJ 

How  To  Bury  Coax. , . . .  W4MEA 

Mobile  Antenna  ingenuity WA8ATE 

The  NCX-Match WA6NCX/1 

Brew  Up  a  Beam  for  Two * VE3BSM 

What  About  an  Active  Antenna? WSJ  J 

Try  a  Bt-Loop  Artlenna * .  W7CJB 

Antenna  Bonanza  for  10 W6LVT 

An  8-Element.  All-Driven  Vertfcat 

Beam.... W1DBM 

A  Visit  to  Antenna  Specialists. W2NSDn 

Secrets  of  Guyed  Towers WBSBQO 

Feed-Horn  Mounting  Made  Easy. WBSDQT 

Shortened  Antennas  for  75  and  80 W4AEO 

Build  This  Simple  220  Yagi ,....,,,,  N8AJ A 

GIANT  Wire  Antennas , ,  WD8CBJ 

The  9-Elemenl  Duoband  DX 

Attention-Getter , ,  K4FK,  N4DG 

Here's  a  "Twist", K4TWJ 

A  Fortified  2m  Whip W9AMM 

Ageless  Wonder:  the  Collinear  Beam W1 FK 

So  You  Want  to  Raise  a  Tower WA7DPX 

The  Revolutionary  Organic  Antenna. Gaddie 

DDRR  DJpole  for  VHF ......  W6VX 

Compact  Beams  for  20  or  15, ...... . W8HXR 

*'Weeping  Willow"  Vertical  for  40 WA60YS 

Try  the  Potted  J. , * . . .  Staff 

The  Tri-Poiarized  VHC  Antenna, .,,.......  K8UR 

The  80  Meter  Coax  L. , AA4AG/DA1 KV 

Four  Bands  on  a  Bamboo  Pole.  .,..**,»..  W0VM 
Digital  Readout  Rotator  Control. ........  K8TMK 

The  Big  Bopper WOVDJ 

Center  Insulator  for  your  Next  Antenna AC5P 

The  Miserly  Mobile  PVC  SpeciaL AA4RH 

The  BlacK  Art  of  Antenna  Design. ....  *  Reynolds 

Building  Long  Yagis  for  UHF . . .  WBDMR 

Sloppiness  Will  Get  You  Nowhere WA5TDT 

The  Small  But  Mighty  Arboreal  AeriaL ....  K5JRN 
What  Do  You  Do  When  Your 

Rotator  Dies? W5J J 

The  Chicken  Delight  Beam K8S0 

The  W4HCY  Antenna  System. ... W4HCY 

A  3-Band  Mast-Mountable  Miniquad. . .  WA6UHU 
Bargains  in  Remote  Antenna  Switches. .  * ,  W5J J 
The  Space-Saving  Square  Vee 
Antenna W7DJ8/6 


ce 

CB  to  10— part  XVt:  a  CW  conversion. . . .  W4GBB 
CB  to  10— part  XVII:  SBE  and  Pace  rigs. . .  K3SZN 

CB  to  10— part  XVI II:  several  PLL  rigs. K9PS 

CB  to  10— part  XIX:  Lafayette  SSB 

rtgs WB0LLP/5 

CB  to  10— part  XX:  converting  the 

Royce  1 655 N8AMR 

CB  to  to— part  XXk  the  Johnson 

Viking  352. WA60YS 

External  Relay  Control  for  Converted 


128 

Sep 

60 

Nov 

38 

Jan 

40 

Feb 

42 

Feb 

32 

Mar 

88 

Mar 

44 

Apr 

58 

Apr 

102 

Apr 

132 

Apr 

30 

Jul 

34 

Jul 

44 

Jui 

58 

Jul 

66 

Jul 

72 

Jul 

92 

Jul 

96 

Jul 

98 

Jul 

100 

Jul 

104 

Jul 

118 

Jut 

126 

Jul 

144 

Jul 

150 

Jul 

106 

Aug 

116 

Aug 

126 

Aug 

60 

Sep 

72 

Sep 

136 

Sep 

52 

Oct 

112 

Oct 

40 

Nov 

56 

Nov 

116 

Nov 

148 

Nov 

149 

Nov 

1M 

Nov 

178 

Nov 

182 

Nov 

185 

Nov 

80      Dec 


56 

156 

30 

60 

72 

82 
140 


Jan 
Jan 
May 

Jun 

Nov 

Nov 

Nov 


The  Memorlzer  Goes  to  MARS. ........  KH6JMU 

10«  Mod  for  the  22S. ... K6XT,WB5SXT 

A  Better  MicoderTM KG6JIF 

An  Intelligent  Scanner  for 

the  HW'2036. WA9TAH 

PTT  For  Ten-Tec's  Linear DAI  NFWD6AXL 

Comfort  Mods  for  the  Mark  II WA4HUZ 

Who  Needs  SSB?, * K8JS 

The  Heath/Kenwood  Connection WB5QGI 

User  Report:  the  IC'245, , . .  W8YA 

Improving  the  Sablfonics  2000. ... N8AMR)4 

Customize  Your  HT144B W2KGV 

Charging  up  the  WE-800. K7CMS 

The  Ramsey  2m  Amp  Kit , N8RK 

An  Improved  Display  for  the 

TR-7400A  ,*..,....... * WA6AVJ 

The  Resistance  Substitution 

Box. , WA2SUT/NNN02VB 

Death-Defying  PL  Mods  for  the 

KDK  2015 ,..,.-, . .  W8GQL 

Add  Solid-state  Braking  to  the  PX. . . . .  WB2DTY 

Frosting  for  the  FT-901DM. K4TWJ 

Mods  for  the  Mark.  *,,**..- K9EiD 

Little  Extras  for  the  Century  21 KN4JJG 

A  Powerful  Pius  For  Your  TR-2200A. . , , .  W6R0N 
Testing  the  DSI  3600A  Frequency 

Counter *..... WA6ITF 

A  Better  Heathkit  '■Cantenna" W5ZG 

Maximum  Security  for  the  22S .  K8KW 

The  Triton  IV  Goes  QRP W1  FK 

An  LED  Display  for  the  HW-2036. , WA4B2P 

CW  Fans:  Give  Superior  Selectivity  to 

your  Atlas  Rig WB9WWM 

FSK  Fix  for  the  820S , , W1PN 

New  Rig  for  10  FM. K4TWJ 

Preserve  Your  Sanity  with  this  Midland 

509  Mod .,,... WA6MPG 

Touchtoning  Your  Memorizer. , , . . .,,,,*,,  AD1B 

The  TR-7500  Goes  Inverted WA2JKN 

Ready  for  the  New  Repeater 

Subband? WA6FWQ 

New  Product:  Swanks  Astro  150  SSB 

Transceiver WB8BTH 

Turn  Off  Repeater  Windbags. .........  WD5HYQ 

The  Memorizer  Flies  Inverted.  ..*,,, W1 WUO 


CONSTRUCTION 

A  Solution  to  the  Home-Brew  Housing 

Shortage. ...,♦♦,.  WffllHI 

Protect  Your  Home-Brew  Panels VE26VW 

Tools  and  Techniques  for  Wire- 
Wrapping  , , W6SWZ 

Scrounger's  Special:  Used  Dental 

I  OO  l5....«**»4^...«.#.-^^^«.,....,, ..  W  r\ f  V  T  A 


CONTROL 

TheTwofer , _ K3JML 

Major  League  TT  Controller K3NCL 

Foiling  the  Mad  Kerchunker KSMATmSEE 

Power  Line  DXCC  (Distant  Control 

No  More  Rotary  Switches. , WA2FPT 

Another  Approach  to  Repeater 

Control W7JSW 

A  Simple  2m/10m  Grossband  Repeater 
System K9EID 


38 

Mar 

56 

Mar 

116 

Mar 

150 

Mar 

68 

Apr 

78 

Apr 

118 

Apr 

128 

Apr 

96 

May 

138 

May 

46 

Jun 

94 

Jun 

100 

Jun 

108 

Jun 

112 

Jun 

40 

Jul 

140 

Jul 

50 

Aug 

52 

Aug 

64 

Aug 

96 

Aug 

108 

Aug 

124 

Aug 

48 

Sep 

64 

Sap 

36 

Oct 

90 

Oct 

114 

Oct 

38 

Nov 

144 

Nov 

146 

Nov 

160 

Nov 

162 

Nov 

32 

Dec 

144 

Dec 

150 

Dec 

38 
80 

Jun 
Jun 

126 

Dec 

176 

Dec 

78 

140 

66 

Jan 
Jan 
May 

34 
118 

Sep 
Sep 

54 

Oct 

44 

Dec 

COUNTERS 


Project  Update. 


V      4      *      P 


K20AW      148      Jun 


CLOCKS 

A  Digital  Clock  with  Analog  Readout W9IEA 


COMMERCIAL  GEAR 

Happiness  is  a  WE-600. K3JML 

The  Vacationer. WA2ALT 

*1  Love  My  Ten-Tec!" - WA0JIH 

RAM  Scan  Your  KDK. WB2JHN 


138      Dec 


28 

Jan 

29 

Feb 

^2D 

Feb 

26 

Mar 

«   «   «   ^  * 


CW 

The  MINI-MOUSE  Key..... 

The  Soft  Touch  Keyer. ,.,..., 

Five-Chip  Auto  IDer. . . . . , 

This  Station  Plays  Beautiful  CW, , 

The  Cure  for  Migraines. 

Build  a  CW  Memory 

Tricky  QSK. ........ 

CW  with  a  Nordic  Flair.. 


^  *  *  • .  t . 


WA6EGY 

120 

Jan 

.....  WA3PKU 

128 

Jan 

.  Bartholomew 

28 

Fdb 

....  WB9WRE 

84 

Feb 

Harper 

92 

Feb 

WA1ZFW 

106 

Apr 

, Blasco 

124 

Apr 

,....,,.,  K2V J 

146 

Apr 

212 


PROM  IDer  for  Longer  Callsigns,  ..,„„,  W4VGZ 

Poor  Man's  CW  Memory WBiRYN 

Add-On  Keyboard  for  Your  Keyer , ,  K4BZD 

The  One^Note  Pipe  Organ WB7CMZ 

In  Quest  of  Perfect  Break-In WB7CM2 

The  Double-Sawbuok  QRM 

Annihifator  — WA5QAP 

Son  of  Keycoder ,  * ,  W4RNL 

The  Further  Adventures  of  Keycoder. .  * . . ,  AD9K 


DIGITAL 

An  8-Bit  DPDT  Digital  Switch W1SNN 


GADGETS 

Explore  the  World  of  VUF, ,...,...,.,..,  W3QV2 
The  S.H.A.FX. K5CW 

Buiid  a  $10  Digital  Thermometer . , . . .  McGlellan 

Adam-12  Revisited. . , .  N8AMR/4 

Two  Meter  Tone  Alert WA3ENK 

Sneaky  Car  Security  System, . . .  WB8SWH/W8VL 

Oh,  My  Poor  Quad!, . .  _ , , .  K2CL 

Don*l  Get  Burgledl. , , . , . , , Fletcher 

Batteries  Dead? .,,,,, , _ .  Staff 

A  $6  Phone  Patch. ,..,,_.,_.  WA6RJK 

The  Filcher  Foiler  Revisited Davis 

An  Audio  Morse  Memory. ...... . .  WB6WQN 

Car  Battery  Charger W1DWZ 

Immortality  for  Vacuum  Tubes?,  •  * K5KXM 

The  Hot  Mugger  XI. . , , WB9Q2E 

Universal  Afarm  Circuit. Staff 

A  Speedy  Spinner  Mod. , W2RZJ 

A  Variable  Bandpass  Active  Filter W3KBM 

Help  for  the  Hearing-Impaired * .  W4VRV 

Tales  of  Speech  Processing,  ,.,.„....  WA4JHS 

Wire-Wrap  on  a  Budget . . . , K4LPQ 

Make  Life  Easier. . .  _ W4CQQ 

A  Low-Cost  Circuit  Board  Holder, , Steele 

Turn  Signal  Timeout. , K10TW 

How  to  Toot  Your  Own  Horn. WA4CLG 

Inexpensive  Scope  Tuner. VE7CGK 

Protect  Yourself  with  a  GFl. _ WA6PEC 

Three  Baluns  for  a  Buck. W6SJQ 

The  Big  Blinker. ,......,. AD5X 

Morse  Converter  for  DM  Ms WA6AXB3 

A  Three-Digit  Timer  for  TTL  IINterates K3VTQ 

A  Versatile,  Variable  Active  Fiiter. . . . , .  WA8HEB 

Build  a  $5  Coax  Switch. ..,..., waHXR 

The  Induction  Relay:  Self^Powered 


Switching... 


#-..#«  +  + 


• « » *  * 


*'*■** 


HISTORY 
The  W7GAQ  Key  Coflection 

The  History  of  Ham  Radio— pari  Vlfl, 

'The  Voice  of  Wolf  Creek" 

The  History  of  Ham  Radio — part  IX. . 
The  History  of  Ham  Radio— part  X. , , 


..,.K7NZA 

W9CI 

W6CK 

......  W9CI 


HUMOR 

DX  Fantasy. •  • VE3FLE 

Chamber  of  Horrors WB6WFI/LB 

Einstein  Was  WrongJ . , . , Phenix 

Hamdom's  Evar^gelicai  Crusade, , , WB8TCC 

First  Look  at  Latest  Radio  Laws ,  K65AD 


IC 

Experimenting  with  Tones. W2FPP 

A  Single  IC  Time  Machine . ,  K6SK 

Experimenter's  Corner:  The  MM5369N Patten 


I/O 

Design-a-Notcher . , . , WA4HUU 

The  Cosmac  Connection:  Part  1, ...... .  VE3CWY 

Nofse  Bridge  Basics N6RY 

The  Morse  Master, WB9TNW 

An  8080  Repeater  Control  System- 
part  I ............................. , N3I C 

The  Cosmac  Connection:  Part  Z ...... .  VE3CWY 


34 

May 

142 

Jun 

60 

Aug 

120 

Aug 

106 

Sep 

50 

Oct 

106 

Nov 

196 

Dec 

130      Oct 


32 

Jan 

34 

Jan 

52 

Jan 

80 

Jan 

90 

Jan 

94 

Jan 

56 

Feb 

60 

Feb 

78 

Feb 

122 

Feb 

136 

Feb 

144 

Feb 

156 

Feb 

160 

Feb 

163 

Feb 

50 

Mar 

40 

Apr 

42 

Apr 

56 

Apr 

62 

Apr 

108 

Apr 

126 

Apr 

92 

May 

142 

May 

72 

Jun 

110 

Jun 

138 

Jun 

102 

Jul 

50 

Sep 

52 

Sep 

136 

Nov 

66 

Dec 

146 

Dec 

K60ZY      192      Dec 


38 

100 
54 
56 
44 


109 
144 
116 
148 
188 


62 

148 
68 


100 
102 

108 
114 

94 
106 


May 
May 

Jun 
Aug 
Sep 


Mar 
Mar 
Oct 
Dec 
Dec 


Feb 
Feb 
Sep 


Jan 

Jan 
Jan 
Jan 

Feb 
Feb 


Learning  the  Code. Waldie 

Books  for  Beginners WA7NEV 

An  8080  Repeater  Control  System- 
part   II ,...,,.,.......  N3IC 

Try  a  Log  Periodic  Antenna. , WA12AC 

The  Micro  Magic  Pi  Designer. Boeike 

Winning  the  QSO  Name  Game. .,,.,,  WA3MWM 
An  8080  Repeater  Control  System- 
part  III , N3IC 

The  Micro  Duper. , WB2MIC,WA2R2R 

An  8080  Disassembler. Raskin 

An  8080  Repeater  Control  System- 
part  IV N3IC 

RTTY  Transceive  for  the 

KIM-1 WB8VQD,WB3GCP 

Keyboard  Konvenience, WA7NEV 

DXCC  in  OneSitting.,..,._ WA4FYZ,N2CR 

Now  You  Can  Possess  instant 

Recall . , , , , , , , ,  WB5UTJ/N5AUX 

Microcomputer  RTTY  , , .  a  Software  TU. . .  N1  AW 

Baudot  Hard  Copy  For  Your  SWTPC K4HBG 

Computerize  That  Mailing 

Ust ..,,„,,,,,  WB5UTJ/N5AUX 

Build  the  KIM  Keyer.  > . . KOEI 

No  More  TRS-80  Cassette 

Woes , ,  * ,  WA9PUUK9POX 

The  MIcrosizer:  Computerized  Frequency 
Control ........,..,,......,....«.,  N4ES,W4BF 

My  TRS^SO  Is  Here  ...  Now  What? W3KBM 

Teaching  Your  Micro  to  Count. K6EW 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Diodes  of  the  Dead K5JNR 

I  aKe  me  rieoge. ..,, , , .. . , .,. ,  ■ ..  *., , , .  ixotvi  r^j  ^ 

One  Step  Further. . . . , Staff " 

High  Seas  Adventure— ham  style — 

A  Touch  of  Class , WA4CUD 

The  2  Meter  ECM  Caper W2JTP 

The  Last  DXpedition. K3FDL 

The  Amazing  Active  Attenuator. VE2BVW 

Reaching  for  the  Top. Nl  PL 

Keyboard  SerializatioTi ... 

New  Coax  Cable  Designations. . 

On  the  Razor's  Edge. , , 

Lightning ! W8HXR 

House  Hunting  for  Hams WB9URA 

At  Last!  A  Really  Simple  Speech 

Processor. , , .,....,,.  W9UTtWB90EG 

New  Life  for  Tube-Type  Dippers K4LJA 

You  Can  Watch  Those  Secret  TV 

Channels , KOJB,  KdFQA 

Blueprint  for  Biofeedback 

Experimentation WD5BNL 

The  Amazing  Audio  Elixir ..,,,,,.....  N6WA 

Confessions  of  a  Teenage  H  Per Peter 

Extremely  Low  Frequency  Radiation:  Cause 

for  Worry? , WB2NEL 

Freedom  Fighters  on  Forty KA5M 

The  MARC  Success  Story .,..,.,...  K9EID 

Exploring  Uncle  Sam's  Bookstore WB3DRF 

Audio  Booster  for  Mil-Surplus 

Receivers. McClellan 

Ham  Radio  Marriage  Manual WB5YVE 

Muffin  Fan  Manial ........  ^ . WA6NCX/1 

Operation  SantaL  , , , WD8LPN 

Oo-lt-Yourself  Carrying  Case  for 

Wilson  HTs ,,,...  K2GMZ 


. . .  Bosen 
. . . .  WSJ  J 
.W5WY/1 


Rack  "Em  Up**, 


.    *    I    i    . 


....  VE2BVW 


MOBILePORTABLE 

Ignition  Noise  and  2m  FM W3QG 

Power  Up  for  Mobile  Operation . . , .  WB9SKX 

Tennamatic:  An  Auto-Tuning  Mobile  Antenna 

1^  jF  iW  %  C7  il1>.KHH-l>-'**«BHH-«-'l--feBHBil>*r-BHB      ■»»■)*««  VT  VI      I       V    T      V   V 

Get  a  Piece  of  The  Rock. .........  W9JVF/ZB2C2 


110 

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82 

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.ft/ 
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32      Aug 


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OPERATING 
SOS!  Ship  in  Trouble W1BNN      132     Jan 


213 


Minicontests , . , Stockinf,W0VM 

Alaskan  Adventure , . . .  WB5WDG 

Legalized  ASCII !  The  Quad^S  Systeml.  * . .  W2FJT 

Disaster  Preparedness .,,,.. N4AL 

The  DXer's  Secret  Weapon W6BKY 

You  Ought  To  Be  in  Pictures K4TWJ 

Where  Have  All  the  kHz  Gone?. , . , ,  W8GI 

Vodka  Amongst  the  Penguins.  ,.,....,..•  W1 FK 

A  Close  Encounter  With  Voyager  I ,  K6PGX 

Marine-Band  Activity. , , .  WA2KBZ 

Hit  the  Panic  Button !.,*,. AA6C 

Beams  vs.  Linears:  Which  Shoutd  You  Buy 
First''  N40E 

A  No-Nonsense  Operating  Table Anderson 

Are  Repeaters  Ripping  Us  Off? KB2JN 


OSCAR 

Autotrak  II 

Has  Anyone  Seen  OSCAR  7?. .., 


•  • « * 


W9CGf 
.  Mayse 


POWER  SUPPLIES 

Try  A  Little  KISS K8A0 

The  All-Wrong  Power  Supply. ...,,, WA3EEG 

Custom*Designed  Power  Suppiies, ,.,..,  K2GEJ 

Power  X  2., _,  Miller 

Power  Plus!, , W6YUY 

A  New  Approach  To  Nlcad  Care *...,.  WOLM 

Trickle-Cost  Trickle  Charger WSJ  J 

12  Volts,  5  Amps,  3  Terminals,  .*....,.,  WA4FYZ 

A  Junk-Box  HT  Charger WB9JLY 

Simple  Dual-Voltage  Supply W4VG2 

The  Many-Talented  723 WBfflSKX 

More  Power  to  You. ...  K9MLD 

Build  a  Simple  HT  Charger. W6SMJ 

Gadzooksi  A  Variable  0-260  V  Ac 

Supply. ,, We8JCQ/LU1  AKO 


RECEIVERS 

Building  an  Economy  Receiver ....  WB4NEX 

Dual-Band  Smokey  Detector W1SNN 

Add  Digital  Display  for  $50 K4IQJ 

High-Pef formance  Receiver  Add-Ons, . ,  * .  W5DA 


RTTY 

The  ST-5  Pius K5QY 

Digital  RTTY  is  Simple. WB5NYX 

A  Rock-Solid  AFSK  Oscillator WB4MBL 

Simple  RTTY  IDer G3MEJ 

Double^Duty  Decoder  Project ....  WAIUFBS 


SATELLITE-OTHER  THAN  OSCAR 

Attention,  Satellite  Watchers! WB8DQT 

The  Satellite  TV  Primer W5KHT 

Low-Cost  Receiver  for  Satellite  TV N6TX 

Variable  Tuning  for  WEFAX  Receivers N6TX 


SSTV 

Computerized  Slow  Scan  , , ,  Revisited. . .  K6AEP 
Come  On  In— The  Viewing  Is  Fine. K4TWJ 


SURPLUS 

Trends  in  Surplus. ......... WA2SUT/NNN0ZVB 


TEST  GEAR 

The  Italian  Freq  Generator K7YZZ 

Are  Your  Op  Amps  Opping?. . . .  _ W3K8M 

,..VE2BVW 


'      »      I     1     It     ^     r     + 


A  Self-Contained,  Fully-Automated,  Transistor- 
ized Fuse  Tester. G3TAI 

Build  An  Economy  Zener  Checker ...  W4RBL 

Build  the  Mini-Probe, , , Rister 

Build  a  Hybrid  Capacity  Meter WA4HUU 

Compact  Continuity  Tester. ....,,,,....,.  Miller 

Ultra-Simpie  CMOS  Logic  Probe WB9PHM 

Antenna  Tu ning  Joy  Revisited , , .  *  W9CGI 


138 

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174     Dec 


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32 

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66     May 


Jan 

Jan 
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Feb 
Feb 
Feb 
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Apr 
Jun 
Jul 


Bargain  Zener  Classifier. . WDSAAM 

Build  a  Wide-Range  Rl  Resistance 

Bridge. .... K4KI 

It's  a  Wattmeter . , .  If  s  an  Swr  Bridge . . , 

It's  Swattmeterl *  K4LBY 

Something  New:  the  MVM; , Ogushwitz 

Sound  for  the  CMOS  Logic  Probe. WB9PHM 

*'Heyl  That  Sounds  Like 

.01  uFr\ W4KIX.W4RYY 

Build  this  S50  Mini-Counter. McClellan 


THEORY 

Hooray  for  LC  Filtersl Ogushwitz 

Electronics  Education  by  Mail  Order, . . , . .  N6UE 

Time-Domain   Ref lectometry Staff 

The  Hardhearted  Rf  Detector .^. , .  N4ES 

Impedance  and  Other  Ogres.  **,.,,,,,,*.,.  Staff 

The  Active  Fitter  Cookbook , . ,  VE2BVW 

Exorcise  Those  Unwanted  Frequencies Staff 

The  10-GHz  Cookbook .,.,.,, . , .  K6iOL 

Tips  for  VOM  Users. *  ♦ . » *  .*  * Staff 

How  Do  You  Use  ICs?— 

part  XI WA2SUT/NNN0ZVB 

Modern  Solid-State  Equipment  Design:  A 

Better  Way. W4RNL 

Beware  of  the  Dreaded  Phantom 

Ground WA2SUT/NNN0ZVB 

What  the  Hell  is  a  Decibel?. ...........  WA5EBB 

How  to  Home-Brew  Your  Own  Crystal 

Filters Staff 

Analog  Telemetry  Techniques. K4IPV 

Working  with  FETs— 

part  L WA2SUT/NNN0ZVB 


Want  to  Upgrade?  Take  a  Tip  from  a  Ham 

Who  Did!. KB6FC 

A  Microwave  Primer. W1 SNN 

Working  with  FETs— part  11. .  WA2SUT/NNN(SZVB 

License  Upgrading— A  Plan  of 
Attack                                                        WB2RVA 
Working  with  Transistors! ! ]  "wA2SUt/nNN0ZVB 
Alt  About  Ground  Rods, ., Staff 


TOUCHTONE 

Tone  Decoder  Improvements. WA1LMV 

One-Chip  Tone  Decoding. ...,,.._._,  WB0VGI 

A  Sensible  CMOS  TT  Decoder. N6WA 

DTMFR  for  your  Repeater _  , .  K4ALS 


TRANSCEIVERS 

Proper  FM  Transceiver  Adjustment VE3AVY 

The  Incredible  Shrinking  Transceiver K4DHC 


TRANSMITTERS 

Yes,  You  Can  Build  this  Synthesizer, , , ,  WB2BWJ 
A  Fresh  Start  for  your  Old  Tx KE4Y 


VHF 

Synthesize  Your  Ash  Tray 

How  to  Nab  a  Jammer. 

Easy-to-Build  220  Transverter. . . , 

Introducing  the  2m/220  Connection. . 
An  Inflation  Fighter  for  220. 


»    V    v    i    ■ 


.  WB9VWM 
.WB0CMC 
. .  WA7SPR 
.  .WB4HXE 
.  WA3HWG 


46 
100 

42 

74 
138 


126 
172 
178 
33 
46 
50 
S4 

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52 

68 
4& 

56 
68 


66 
€8 
54 

84 
132 
200 


30 
72 
96 

102 


44 

too 


58 
52 


64 

80 

142 

48 

54 


Ham  Help. 


Aug 

Aug 

Oct 
Nov 
Nov 


170     Nov 
58      Dec 


Jan 
Jan 
Jan 
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Feb 
Feb 
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Jul 
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60     Nov 


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Sep 


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Nov 


Feb 
Feb 

Oct 
Nov 

Nov 


I  need  a  manual  for  a  Heathkit 
model  IM-32  VTVM.  I  will  gladly 
reimburse  reasonable  duplicat- 
ing and  mailing  expenses,  or  I 
will  duplicate  on  receipt  and 
send  back  by  return  mail. 
Thanks. 

Lawrence  Young  ViflYVW 

54  Samuel  Ave. 

Pawtucket  Rl  02860 


I  have  a  Pride  HFL*125 
Bilinear  Amplifier  and  I  need  a 
schematic  and  information  on 
the  finals.  Specifically,  what 
replacement  numbers  could  I 
use?  I  will  pay  for  the  postage 
and  copy.  Thank  you. 

Fritz  Zingel  KA2FCG 

341  72nd  St,  Apt.  B 

North  Bergen  NJ  07047 


214 


^tiis^mmes 


UGULATtn  rowti  SurriY 

±  )  ZV.  6  amp.  or  can  be  connecied  In  parallel  for  1 2V  1 2 
amp.  Vottage  ddjustablc  10  I4V,  l^^gulmion  ,01  %,  5"  k 
h'  X  16'  .  5HPT.  WT,  Z3f.  PRO^  tJOOOea, 


tlV.  t  anp.  ADfUSTAftlE.  lO-  I4V  cmrem  rimlted  SHORT 
PROTECTED.  0„V.  PROTECUOW.  5  '  it  S  '  *  9"  .  SHPT   WT 
I5f.  PRICI;  iJOOOe^. 


^fieerm/u/e^ 


•7 


mmou 

ViMiMMS 

llllHi|)|>1 


l2ff}JSllwiSi 


1206  S.  Napa  Street  •  Philadelphia  PA  19146 

PENNA.  RESIDENT  PLEASE  ADD  6%  SALES  TAX  ALL  PRICIS 
ARE  F.O.B.  OUR  WAREHOUSE.  PHILA  .  PA  ALL  MIRCHAN- 
0(S£  ACCURATE  AS  TO  DESCRIPTION  TO  THE  BEST  Of  OUR 
KNOWLEDGE  YOUR  PURCHASE  MONEY  REFUNDED  If  fs»OT 
SATISFIED  MIN  ORDtJI  S  I  0  00. 


STATEMENT  OF  OWNERSHIP,  MANAGE 
MENT  AND  DRCULATION  jRaquked  by 
39  US.C.  36a5(.  1,  Title  ol  ptiblicattan,  73 
Magazine.  2.  Dale  of  filing,  S©pt  25. 19T9. 
3    F iieqM^ncy  ol  is^ue.  Man  ih  ly ,  A ,  No.  ol 
tssyes  published  annuatly,  12^  G    Armu^r 
AitHcnption  price.   $16.  4    LDcatiCMi  ol 
lifiGwn  otfice  or  pubEicaiFon  ^ereei;,  City^ 
Counlf.    Stale    and   ZfP   Codej  CKot 
prinlefs}.  73  ^rw  Street,  Pelefborouflft, 
HiHsbOro  Counly.  H  H  03458.  S<    Loi^alkHi 
of  (fw  li^^dquartttf  £  ot  sen«ral  business 
orl^ces  ot  ttw  pubNshers  CNOL  pTlnlersK  73 
Pine   Street,    P&t&rborouQh,   HfRaboro 
Counly,  N,H.  P34SQ.  6    Names  and  com- 
plele  addresses  ol  pubiisliet,  cidilor  and 
managing  edllor    PuDJish&r  (Narnie<  and 
Address),    Wayne   Green.    Plf>&   Street, 
F^terboroogh,  N  H  <}945a  Eduor  (Name 
and  Address},  Wayne  Green,  Br«  Streel, 
Pvtartxiroiigfi,    N  H    0345a.    Managing 
Editor  (HaiTie  a^nd  Address),  Jacli  Bunwti, 
Ptfie  Streei,   Peteftwfough,  N  H    03«SB. 
7.  Owner  |M  Owiied  by  a  conwfation,  its 
naina  arvd  addrisa  must  be  stated  and 
aJao  immedialaty  ttiflreunder  I  he  narne$ 
and  addresses  of  slockhoJdars  ownmp  or 
holdln-g  1  percen!  sr  more  of  total  amouni 
at  Btoch   II  nal  ownKj  by  9  COrporahon. 
th#  names  gind  i^dd  resses  of  1  he  indi  «^  tdual 
mirt^ofs  must  be  given.  It  owned  by  a  part- 
nefship  or  oUtAf  unin^xHrpcraTiHl  firm.  Its 
v\i»i[^!^  and  ^dress.  «$  w^  as  trial  ot  eoc^ 
tnd^vid^iaL,  must  be  givefU  Name.  73,  Inc^ 
Petetborough,   N,H    0345ft.  W    Sanger 
6rdtfl,   nt.    3,    LittlelOft,   N.H     0356 T 
iBL  Known  bortdholilers.  mortgagees,  and 
O^ttiSf  security  tTOld«rs  cwnmg  or  hoMing  1 
percent  or  mora  ot  toial  amount  of  bonds, 
mortgagees  or  olher  securltlsQ  (It  there 
are  hdne.  so  stale)  Nan^e,  none.  9    For 
completion    by    no^profU   organizalJons 
^ui^korlzad  to  mail  a  I  spectai  rates  (Sec- 
tion 13E.1ZZ.PSM)  The  purpose,  luncttoo, 
«na  nonpfvlil  alaluftcl  this  organitaikKi 
«fid  me  exempt  slatio  for  Fedofai  income 
taai  purpases  iCh«dh  on^  Nol  applKcMiie. 
IQ.  ^tent  arvd  nature  of  circutation.  ^ 
Average  No. CiSipivS  eacfr  FSSue  duHng  p<e- 
Ctcting  T  t  montti3.  t Yl  Actual  N  o  copies  of 
single  issue  published  nearest  to  tiling 
datti  A.  Total  No    copies  printed  (Nsl 
Press  Run)  (X)  87,000  (Y)  86,000.  B.   Paict 
^ircylatlon  1    Sale^  through  dealers  and 
carriers,  street  vendors  and  counier  sales 
m  13.50000  13.450.  Z    Mail  sybSCfiptiC»ns 
m  67.50D  (Y)  S6,TaO.  C.  Trtat  pa^d  circula- 
tiOii  (Sum  of  1091  and  1003  pC)  fit  .000  {Y) 
iOJiDDL  Ol  Fuse  diStrftMjtion  by  mail,  ca^- 
iMr  Of  oHier  maans   samples,  comipVjh 
mofitary.  and  other  tree  copiem^)  1J!00(Y) 
IJOD  £    Total  diatnOution  (Sum  ot  C  and 
Dt  (X(  a^^OQ  (Y)  a  1,400  F    Copies  not 
distributed  t.  Ottlc«  use,  left  over,  una& 
countad.  spoiled  after  printing  (X]  4,300  (Vj 
4,050.  2.  Returns  from  news  aflen-ls  (X) 
500  <¥1  550,  G    Toial  (Sum  ol  E,  Ft  and 
2-  shouM  equal  net  press  run  sttown  in 
A)  m  a7.00D  m  BBJOOO.  it,  t  equity  that 
Ihfi  stal^nentB  m«dehy  rneatove  areoDr<^ 
rect  arid  conq^lvie.  Signature  and  Iftle  Of 
editor.  pubitBhef«  businsss  nien«g«r«  or 
Owr>er.    Rot»ft   fl.   LaPdinte.    Buamess 
Man^gef 


RF  Speech  Processors  for  Drake  TR-7,   TR-4s,  T-4Xs 


Special  8 -pole  IF  crysinl  flitting,  followed  by  highly- 
effective  active  hard  limitirvg;  the  k«y  to  intelligibility  and 
talkpiawBr.  TR-7  fHocasior  provides  room  for  an  additional 
accessory  filler.  All  solid  (late  pin-dnxk  switching  TUT. 
TR-4  uniti  feature  selttdt^ile  l&pole  receive.  Modc^l  7-^ 
for  TR  7:  $2msm,  MoiM  4^P  for  T-4X:  S2E5.00. 
TR-4  unit  arajlafale  at  a  lat«r  data. 

Mike  Equalizer  Pre -Processor 

Companion  to  abo^e  uniti,  but  good  between  any  mike 
■nd  rig.  Can  reduce  dtitortion,  improve  crispness,  mtet- 
ligjbilrty.  Eauty-adjimlabla  fingla  mntrol  taitors  both  high 
and  law  frequencies  to  optimize  f&sportse  of  any  micro- 
phone^ Contaim  inMut,  gain,  equalization  contrab. 
Model  SE  t:  S6&.00. 


NEPyi  RF  CLIPPERS 


j^SIZS 


Sherwood  Engineering  Inc 

1263  South  Ogden  St. 
Denver.  Calo.  a0210 
^303)  722-2257 
Money  back  if  not  satisfied 

Add  $3  ftvr  Erfder  |liipp*ng; 


U' 


Dealer  Inquiries  Welcome 


THE  FIRST  CHOICE  IN 

REPEATER  CONTROL 

The  Power  and  Flexibility  of  Microprocessor  Technology 

AUTOPATCH,  REVERSE  PATCH,  SMART  ID,  ACCESS  CODE 
MUTING,  MORSE  CODE  ANNOUNCEMENTS,  FLEXIBLE 
FUNCTiON  TIMEOUT,  COURTESY  TONE,  LINKING, 
CONTROL  OP.  FUNCTIONS,  TWELVE  USER  FUNCTIONS, 
,„  AND  MUCH  MORE. 

Coll  or  wrife  for  ipecificaHons: 


I 


MICRO  CONTROL  SPECIALTIES         (617)  372-3442 

p'MM  23  ELM  PARK  GROVELAND,  MA.  01834 


NEW  MFJ  SOLID  STATE 

24  HOUR  DIGITAL  CLOCK 

Eliminate  converting  to  GMT.  Pleasant  BLUE  easy-on-eyes 
display*  Bright  .6  inch  digits.  ID  timer.  Alarm,  snooze,  lock 
functions.  Power  out,  filarm  on  indicators.  Assembled. 

PlBasant  Blum  Dimptmy 
is  easy-on-Bycs, 

Bright  .6  inch  digits. 
Built-in  ii>  timer. 


The  MFJ-101  Is  a  new  afl  solid  state  Z4  rtoyr 

ilal  clack.  Just  set  it  to  GMT  and  forget  about 
con\/erting  to  GMT, 

Pleassnt  bluf  -6  inch  digits  (like  TS  62QS)  are 
easy  Drv-ayes  ami  bright  encKj§h  lo  see  deaf 
across  your  room. 

ID  timer  alerts  yow  every  9  minutes  after  you 
tap  ID/doze  button. 

Set  alarm  to  remind  you  of  SKED  or  strrpfy  to 
wake  you  up  in  morning.  Has  aiarm  on  indicator. 

Fast/slDw  %%\  buttons  make  setting  time  and 
alarm  simple 

Lock  hinctiofi  prevents  missetting  tfme^alarm. 
Digits  flasti  it  power  ts  interrupled.  Ruggeif  lildck 
plastic  case.  Brush  aluminum  frofit/lDp  panel 

UL  approved.  110  VAC.  SD/60  HZ  switch  for 
USA,    Europe.   Japan   and   other  cotmtnes.    Use 


220/240  VAC  with  optional  AC  adapter.  6x2)^3  in. 

Order  from  MFJ  and  try  it  -  no  obligation.  It 
not  deiighied.  return  i1  within  30  days  for  refund 
(less  shippjpg).  One  "^^m  limited  wan^anty  by  MFJ. 

Oi^r  iodiv.  Calf  totl  free  800  647-1800  Ct^rye 
VISA.  MC  or  mad  check,  money  order  for  S29.95 
plus  $3.00  shipping/handliflg  fw  MFJ  101. 

Don't  wait  any  longer  to  enjoy  the  convenience 
Of  reading  GMT  time  directly. 


CALL  TOLL  FREE  . . .   800-647-1800 


Call  SOI  323-5869  for  tectinical  ififonnation,  Of 
der/repatr  slatus.  Also  call  601  323-5869  outsi«fe 
cominenial  USA  and  in  Mississippi         »^M52 

MFJ  ENTERPRISES,  INC. 

BOX  4g4^  MISSISSIPPI  STATE.  MS  39762 


p^  Read&f  Service— see  page  259 


215 


Social  E/ents 


Ustiags  in  this  column  are 
provided  free  of  charge  on  a 
space-avaitabie  basis.  The 
foifowmg  information  should  be 
inoiuded  in  every  announce* 
ment:  sponsor,  event,  date, 
time,  place,  city,  state,  admis- 
sion charge  (if  any),  features, 
tatk'in  frequencies,  and  the 
name  of  whom  to  contact  for 
further  information.  Announce- 
ments must  be  received  two 
months  prior  to  the  month  in 
which  the  event  taiies  place. 

HAZEL  PARK  Ml 
DEC  2 

The  Hazel  Park  Amateur 
Radio  Club  will  hold  its  14th  an- 
nual swap  8i  shop  on  December 
2, 1979,  from  8:00  am  to  2:00  pm, 
at  the  Hazel  Park  High  School, 
Hazel  Park.  Michigan.  Admis- 
sion is  $1.00  at  the  door,  and 
main  prize  tickets  are  also 
$1.00.  There  will  be  food,  plenty 
of  free  parking,  and  door  prizes. 
Featured  wi  II  be  computer  dem- 
onstrations of  the  Apple  II,  PET, 
TRS-80,  and  more.  Talk-in  on  .52 
simplex.  For  information,  send 
an  SASE  to  the  Hazel  Park  Ama- 
teur  Radio  Club,  Robert 
Numerick  WB8ZPN,  23737 
Couzens,  Hazet  Park  Ml  43030, 


LORAIN  OH 
DEC  8 

The  Northern  Ohio  Amateur 
Radio  Society  will  hold  its  an- 
nual Christmas  banquet  on  Sat- 
urday, December  8,  1979,  at 
Gargus  Hall,  Lorain,  Ohio.  There 
will  be  many  excellent  door 
prizes  and  an  RCA  TV,  Regency 
scanner,  and  liquor  prizes  will 
te  given  away  at  a  benefit  raffle 
{tickets  are  $1.00).  Tickets  for 
the  banquet  are  $9.00  and  avail- 
able on  an  advanced^sale-only 
basis.  The  deadline  is  Decem- 
ber 6, 1979.  Talk-in  on  146,10/ JO. 
For  tickets  and  complete 
details,  send  check  or  money 
order  to  NOARS,  PO  Box  354, 
Lorain  OH  44052. 


SOUTH  BEND  IN 
JANE 

A  hamfest  swap  ^  shop  will 
be  held  on  January  6,  1960,  at 
New  Century  Center,  on  US  31 
by  the  river,  South  Bend,  In- 
diana. Tables  are  $3,00  each. 
Food  service,  automobile  muse- 
um, and  art  center  are  in  the 
same  building  as  the  hamfest. 
Talk-in  on  146. 52/, 52,  .13/ 
73,  .34/J4,  147.99i.39,  .87/.27, 
and  .69/,09.  For  Information, 
write  the  Repeater  Valley  Ham- 
fest committee,  Wayne  Werts 
K91XU,  1889  Riverside  Drive, 
South  Bend  IN  46616,  or  phone 
(219)-233'5307. 


RICHMOND  VA 
JAN  13 

The  Richmond  Frostfest  III, 
sponsored  by  the  Richmond 
Amateur  Telecommunications 
Society,  will  be  held  Sunday, 
January  13,  1980,  at  the  Bon  Air 
Community  Center.  There  will 
be  a  home-brew  contest  with 
four  awards:  most  original  idea^ 
best  electrical  work,  best  me- 
chanical work,  and  most  deserv- 
ing work,  and  prizes.  FCC  ex- 
ams start  10:00  am  and  com- 
pleted  Form  610s  must  be  re- 
ceived in  the  Norfolk  Office  of 
the  FCC  at  870  North  Military 
Highway.  Bank  of  Virginia 
BIdg.,  Norfolk  V  A  23502,  no  Jater 
than  January  9th.  Admission  is 
$3.00,  indoor  flea  market  tables 
are  $3.00,  and  tailgaters  are 
$2.00.  Talk-In  on  ,28/.88  and 
,34/,94.  For  further  information, 
contact  the  Richmond  Amateur 
Telecommunications  Society, 
PO  Box  1070,  Richmond  VA 
23208, 

SHARON  PA 
JAN  IS 

The  third  annual  Mercer 
County  Amateur  Radio  Club 
seminar  will  be  held  at  the  Holi* 
day  Inn,  West  Middlesex,  Penn- 
sylvania, off  1-80,  from  9:00  am 
to  5:00  pm.  Come  to  hear  speak- 
ers on  your  favorite  amateur 
radio  topics.  Advance  admis- 
sion is  $2.00.  Tbere  will  be  door 
prizes.  For  further  details,  write 
K3U^,  PO  Box  673,  Sharon  PA 
16146. 

ARLINGTON  HEIGHTS  IL 
JAN  27 

The  Wheaton  Community 
Radio  Amateur  Club  will  hold  its 
Wheaton  Hamfest  Portable 
Nine  on  Sunday,  January  27, 
1980,  at  the  Arlington  Park  Expo 
Center,  Arlington  Heights  Race 
Track,  Arlington  Heights,  Il- 
linois^ Doors  will  open  at  3:tX) 
am  sharp!  300  free  flea  market 
tables  will  be  available,  plus  100 
commercial  booths.  There  will 
also  be  hourly  door  prizes.  Tick- 
ets are  $3.00  at  the  door  and 
$2.00  in  advance.  For  informa- 
tion, send  an  SASE  to  WCRA, 
Box  QSL,  Wheaton  IL  60187, 

LIVONIA  Ml 
FEB  17 

The  Livonia  Amateur  Radio 
Club  will  hold  its  10th  anniver* 
sary  Swap  *n  Shop  on  Sunday, 
February  17, 1980,  from  8:00  am 
to4:00pm,  at  the  Churchill  High 
School,  Livonia,  Michigan. 
There  will  be  plenty  of  tables, 
door  prizes,  refreshments,  and 
free  parking  available,  plus  re- 
served table  space  of  12-foot 
minimum.  Talk-in  on  146.52.  For 
further   information,   send   an 


SASE  to  Nell  Coffin  WA8GWU 
c/o  Livonia  Amateur  Radio  Club, 
PO  Box  2111,  Livonia  Ml  48150. 

DAVENPORT  lA 
FEB  24 

The  Davenport  Radio  Ama- 
teur Club  will  hold  its  ninth  an- 
nual hamfest  on  Sunday,  Febru- 
ary 24,  1980,  from  6:00  am  to 
4:00  pm,  at  the  Davenport 
Masonic  Temple,  Highway  61 
(Brady  Street)  and  7lh  Street, 
Davenport,  Iowa.  Tickets  are 
$2.00  in  advance;  $3.00  at  the 
doof-  Tables  are  $3.00  each,  no 
limit,  with  a  $2.00  additional 
charge  for  ac  electrical  hook- 
up. Talk-in  on  146:28/.88  WOBXR 
repeater.  Advance  tickets  can 
be  purchased  by  writing  to  club 
treasurer  Clarence  Wilson 
WA0OEW,  1357  W,  36th  Street, 
Davenport  lA  52806. 

LANCASTER  PA 
FEB  24 

The  Lancaster  Hamfest  will 
be  held  on  February  24, 1980,  at 
the  Guernsey  Pavilion,  located 
at  the  intersection  of  Rtes.  30 
and  896,  east  of  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania.  General  admis- 
sion is  $3.00,  except  children 
and  XYLs*  Doors  will  open  at 
8:00  am.  All  inside  spaces  are 
available  by  advance  registra* 
lion  only  and  are  $3.00  each  for 
an  8-toot  space,  which  includes 
a  table.  There  will  be  free  tall- 
gating  in  a  specified  area  out- 
side, if  the  weather  permits. 
There  will  be  a  two^hour  Dutch 
Country  tour  by  an  advance  reg- 
istration of  $4.00,  Food  will  be 
served  at  the  hamfest.  Also, 
there  are  excellent  restaurants 
and  accommodations  in  the 
area.  Talk-in  on  .01/.61.  For  in- 
formation, write  Sercom,  Box 
6082,  Rohrerstown  PA  17603. 

STERLING  IL 
MARS 

The  Sterling-Rock  Falls  Ama- 
teur Radio  Society  will  hold  its 
20th  annual  hamfest  on  Sun- 
day, March  9,  1980,  at  the  Ster- 
ling High  School  field  house, 
1608  4th  Ave,,  Sterling,  Hlinois. 
Advance  tickets  are  ST50:  door 
tickets  are  $2.00.  Over  $2,000 
worth  of  prizes  will  be  given 
away.  A  large  indoor  flea  market 
will  be  restricted  to  radio  and 
electronic  items  only.  There  will 
be  plenty  of  free  parking,  lots  of 
bargains,  and  plenty  of  good 
food.  Talk-in  on  .25/. 85 
(WR9AER).  For  tickets,  write 
Don  Van  Sant  WA9PBS,  1104 
5th  Avenue,  Rock  Falls  1L61071. 

VERO  BEACH  FL 
MAR  15-16 

The  Treasure  Coast  Hamfest 
will  t>e  held  on  March  15-16, 
1980,  at  the  Vero  Beach  Com- 
munity Center,  Vero  Beach, 
Florida.  Featured  will  be  prizes, 
drawings,  and  a  QCWA  lun- 
cheon. Admission  Is  $3.00  per 
family  in  advance;  $3.50  at  the 
door.  Talk-in   on    146.1 3/. 73, 


146.04/ .64,  and  222.34/223.94. 
For  information,  write  PO  Box 
3088,  Vero  Beach  FL  32960. 

FORT  WALTON  BEACH  FL 
MAR  22-23 

The  Playground  Amateur 
Radio  Club  will  hold  its  10th  an- 
niversary  swapfest  on  Saturday 
and  Sunday,  March  22*23, 1980, 
from  8:00  am  to  4:00  pm  each 
day,  at  the  Okaloosa  County 
Shrine  Fairgrounds,  Fort 
Walton  Beach,  Florida, 

TIMONtUM  MD 
MAR  30 

The  Baltimore  Amateur  Radio 
Club  will  hold  its  greater  Balti- 
more Hamboree  and  Computer* 
test  on  March  30,  1980,  at  the 
Maryland  State  Fairgrounds^ 
just  off  !-83,  2  miles  North  of 
1-695,  Timonium,  Maryland. 
There  will  be  plenty  of  space  for 
dealers,  displays,  tables,  and 
commercial  exhibits.  Special 
events,  lectures,  and  demon- 
strations will  be  held.  Food  ser- 
vice will  be  provided.  There  will 
be  acres  of  space  for  tailgate 
sales.  Door  prizes  will  tte  award- 
ed throughout  the  day.  Admis- 
sion is  S3.00  and  tables  are 
$5.00.  Talk-in  on  the  BARC  re- 
peaters, 146. 07/. 67  and 
146.34/.94.  For  additional  infor- 
mation, tickets,  and  space 
r^ervations,  please  write  to 
Joseph  A.  Lochte,  Jr.,  2136  Pine 
Valley  Drive,  Timonium  MD 
21093,  or  for  a  recorded  mes- 
sage, dial  (301)-HAM-TALK. 

ST.  CLAIR  SHORES  Ml 
APR  13 

The  South  Eastern  Michigan 
Amateur  Radio  Association  will 
hold  its  22nd  annua!  hamfest  on 
April  13,  1980,  from  8:00  am  to 
3:00  pm  at  South  Lake  High 
School,  21900  E.  Nine  Mile  Road 
(at  Mack  Ave.),  St.  Clair  Shores, 
Michigan. 

ST,  LOUIS  MO 
MAY  24^25 

The  ARRL  Midwest  and  Cen- 
tral Divisions  will  hold  their 
amateur  radio  and  computer 
hobbyist  convention  on  May 
24-25,  1980,  at  the  Cen/antes 
Convention  Center,  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  Featured  will  be 
prominent  speakers,  informa- 
tion forums,  equipment  dis- 
plays and  demonstrations,  and 
an  indoor  flea-market  sale.  Fri- 
day night,  May  23rd,  will  be 
^*Amateur  Radio  Night"  at 
Busch  Memorial  Stadium, 
where  the  St.  Louis  Cardinals 
will  play  the  San  Diego  Padres. 
On  Saturday  night,  May  24th» 
the  convention  banquet  and 
dance  will  be  held  on  the  river- 
boat  Admiral.  On  Memorial  Day, 
May  26th,  there  will  be  an  all- 
day  visit  to  Six  Flags  Over  Mid* 
America.  For  more  information, 
write  to  Gateway  Amateur 
Radio  Association,  Inc.,  Box  68, 
MartssalL62257. 


216 


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Ham  Help 


We  are  interested  in  contact- 
ing amateurs  wlio  are  Oral 
Roberts  Partners. 

Amateur  Radio  Outreach  Club 
Oral  Roberts  University 

Box  2564 
Tulsa  OK  74171 


1  am  in  need  of  schematics, 
operation  manuats,  service 
manuals,  etc.,  for  a  Knight  T-60 
transmitter  and  a  Lafayette 
99-2501  vfo.  1  would  also  like  to 


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If  you  have  a 
serloys  problem 
with  a  ham  firm,  send 
them  a  lettef  w^th  all 
Ihe  facts  in  detail,  plain- 
ly and  simply  . . .  and 
send  a  copy  to  Wayne 
Gieen  W2NSDf1,  Oo  73 
MAGAZINE,  73  protects  its 
readers  more  than  any  other 

magazine. 


find  an  EIco  722  vfo  and  an  Eico 
730  modulator,  preferably  with 
documentation. 

Peter  A.  Bergman  KA©CRX 

114  NW  6th  Street 

Rochester  MN  55901 


Anyone  not  wanting  to  keep 
the  postage  stamps  from  DX 
QSL  envelopes  can  send  them 


along  for  a  private  collection  my 
son  and  I  are  starting. 

Joseph  R,  Kovac  W3IVG 
705  W.  12th  Street 
Hazleton  PA  18201 


I  need  a  schematic  and/or  op- 
erating manual  for  a  Ulica  650 
6- meter  transceiver  and  a  sche- 
matic for  a  Utica  V650  vfo.  I  will 
pay  a  reasonable  price  or  can 
copy  and  return  if  necessary. 

John  W.  Daugherty  weSDEG 

7500  N,  Oliver 
Tucson  AZ  85704 


rm  looking  for  a  HeathRit 
HW-20  2-metef  AM  transceiver 
(the  Pawnee}  in  working  condi* 
tjon. 

I     Al  Gordon 

1726  Spreckefs  Lane 

Redondo  Beach  CA  90278 


I  would  like  to  contact 
amateurs  in  the  Chicago  area 
who  are  expenmenttng  with 
MDS  microwave  TV. 

Steve  Martin  WA9MQF 

178  Trailwood  Lane 

Northbrook  IL  60062 


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1^  fle^t^er  S&rviC9see  page  259 


217 


Corrections 


Several  minor  errors  crept  in- 
to my  article,  "Add  DigHal  Dis- 
play for  SSOr  which  appeared  in 
the  June.  1979,  issue  of  73. 

In  column  two  of  pa^e  28, 
5445  kHz  should  read  5455  kHz 
(twice),  and  4995  kHz  should  be 
4955  kHz. 

The  crystal  frequency  in  Fig, 
1  should  be  5455  kHz. 


The  "6"  or  "9'^  switch  posi- 
tion indications  in  Fig,  3  should 
read  **9"  or  ^*4", 

The  reset  tine  for  the  7490  Is 
missing  in  Fig.  3  and  should 
connect  to  pins  2  and  3  of  the 
7490,  Pin  3  should  not  be 
grounded. 

SI  and  S2  are  push  button 
switches, 

I  vvould  suggest  using  74LS 


components  in  the  counter 
since  they  should  substantially 
reduce  power  and  heat. 

I  have  had  many  requests  for 
circuit  boards,  but  unfortu- 
nately they  are  not  available  at 
this  time.  Also,  my  address  has 
changed  since  the  article  was 
published. 

Richard  C.  Jaeger  K4iQJ 

727  McKinJey  Avenue 

Auburn  AL  36630 

J.  C.  Pinckney  WB2VNM  has 
pointed  out  a  mistake  in  my  arti- 


cle ("Experimenter's  Corner: 
The  MM5369N")  which  ap- 
peared in  the  September  issue. 
In  the  article,  I  stated  that 
3.579545  MHz  divided  through 
three  MM5369Ns  gives  you  1  Hz 
every  1.88  years.  Joe  is  correct 
in  pointing  out  that  1  Hz  is  one 
cycle  per  second  and  that  what 
you  indeed  get  is  one  cycle 
every  1.88  years,  I  managed  to 
miss  that  correction  during  my 
proofreading  and  apologize  for 
the  error. 

Charles  B.  Patten 
Andrews  AFB  MD 


Nen^  Products 


frequencies  (±75  Hz).  A  minor 
annoyance  here  Is  that  these 
two  controls  do  not  possess  a 
detent  or  click-stop  to  indicate 
when  they  are  in  the  neutral 
position.  Both  controls  are 
always  active  and  cannot  be 
switched  off. 

Instead  of  the  usual  rf  gain 
pot,  the  Astro  150  has  an  i-f  gain 
control.  When  receiving  strong 
signals,  reducing  the  i*f  gain 
eliminates  much  of  the  normal 
background  noise.  Tbe  proper 
use  of  this  control  can  substan- 
tially reduce  the  fatigue  that 
sets  in  after  several  hours  of 
listening. 

The  front-panel  meter  does 
double  duty  as  a  conventional 
S-meter  and  as  a  power  output 
meter.  In  the  transmit  mode,  It 
functions  as  a  peak-reading 
wattmeter.  It  Is  accurately 
calibrated  at  the  factory. 

There  are  a  host  of  other  con- 
trols and  adjustments  which  are 
accessed  either  through  small 
holes  in  the  tfansceiver's  side 
panels  or  by  removing  the  top 
and  bottom  covers.  There  are 
separate  adjustments  for  VOX 
and  CW  delay  (when  semi- 
break^in  is  used),  VOX  gain, 
VOX  antitrip,  sidetone  level, 
S-meter  calibration,  AGO 
threshold^  and  microphone 
scan  rate. 

On  the  Air 

Getting  the  Astro  150  out  of 

the  box  and  on  the  air  is  a  five* 
minute  job.  It's  simply  a  matter 
of  plugging  in  the  power  supply, 
speaker,  and  mic  cables,  at* 
taching  the  antenna  of  your 
choice,  and  flipping  on  the 
power  supply  and  transceiver 
power  switches. 

When  you  first  apply  power, 
the  speaker  is  quiet  for  10-15 
seconds,  while  the  PLLs  lock 
on  The  frequency  display 
places  a  decimal  point  after 
each  digit  while  this  is  going  on 
so  you1l  know  what's  happen- 
ing. When  the  decimal  points 
blink  off,  the  speaker  springs  to 


life,  and  you're  set  to  go. 

It  took  me  a  couple  of  days  to 
evolve  my  own  favorite  tech- 
nique for  using  the  150's  tuning 
controls.  A  Swan  representative 
totd  me  that  others  have  come 
to  the  same  conciusrons  1  did,  I 
found  the  VRS  knob  best  suited 
for  fairly  large  excursions 
across  a  band,  say  25  or  more 
kHz.  Then,  when  I  was  in  the 
vicinity  of  my  desired  frequen- 
cy, I  switched  to  the  push- 
buttons  atop  the  microphone. 
At  first,  this  might  sound  like  an 
unwieldy  method  of  tuning,  but 
it  becomes  quite  natural  once 
you've  done  it  a  few  times.  The 
push-buttons  make  it  easy  to 
tune  up  and  down  from  your 
chosen  spot  while  leaning  back 
in  your  operating  chair  — a  sort 
of  remote  control. 

Dozens  of  contacts  on  every 
band  produced  many  good  com- 
ments about  the  audio  quality 
of  the  rig.  I  ran  most  of  the  time 
without  a  linear  amplifier  and 
had  no  problem  making  plenty 
of  OX  contacts. 

I  had  never  used  full  breaknn 
before  checking  out  the  150.  For 
most  operation,  I'll  probably 
stick  with  the  more  familiar 
semi-break-in.  When  using 
OSK,  one  hears  what's  hap- 
pening on  the  frequency  be* 
tween  each  dit  and  dah.  Thus, 
it*s  possible  to  hear  QRM  white 
you  are  stiil  transmitting  and  to 
cut  your  transmissbn  short,  in 
order  to  avoid  competing  with 
the  QRM,  Of  course,  experi- 
enced traffic  handlers  often 
find  QSK  a  must.  When  both  the 
sending  and  receiving  stations 
are  so  equipped,  the  receiver 
can  immediately  interrupt  the 
sender  if  he  misses  a  portion  of 
the  message.  I  find  QSK  opera- 
tion to  be  a  little  bit  distracting 
after  years  of  operating  CW  in 
silence.  The  break-in  on  the 
Astro  150  performed  flawlessly. 

Conclusion 

The  Astro  150  (and  151)  car- 
ries a  suggested  price  of  $925, 
making  it  the  least  expensive 
synthesized  H¥  rig  I've  seen. 


The  PSU-6  Power  Supply/Speak- 
er is  $179.95.  The  rig  is  worlds 
apart  from  the  majority  of  trans- 
ceivers available  today,  both  on 
the  outside  and  on  the  inside. 
Swan  has  taken  a  very  different 
approach  to  transceiver  design, 
starting  from  square  one  to  pro* 
duce  a  radio  that  takes  full  ad- 
vantage of  modern  digital  tech- 
nology. The  only  allegiance  to 
the  past  would  seem  to  be  the 
single  conversion  receiver, 
something  Swan  has  long  fa- 
vored. 

If  you  would  rather  operate 
than  twiddle  with  a  lot  of  knobs, 
and  you  want  to  go  with  thor- 
oughly modern  technology,  the 
Astro  150  is  an  awfully  attrac- 
tive value.  For  further  Informa- 
tion, contact  Swan  Electronics, 
305  Airport  Road,  Ocean  side  CA 
92054;  (7T4}-757~7525.  Reader 
Service  number  S44. 

Jeff  DeTray  WB8BTM 
Assistant  Publisher 

THE  WILSON  SYSTEMS,  INC., 
SYSTEM  33  TR18ANDER 

Until  now,  the  antenna  farm 
at  my  QTH  consisted  of  a  mono- 
band  yagi  for  20  meters  on  a 
Rohn  BX-32  tower  and  a  Wilson 
WV-1  vertical  roof-mounted  on 
the  roof  of  the  garage.  Both  an- 
tennas have  performed  well  for 
tjoth  CW  and  SSB  operation, 
but  with  the  increase  in  sunspot 
activity,  it  has  been  my  desire  to 
replace  the  monobander  with  a 
good  triband  yagi  beBvn.  Lot 
size  and  tower  limitations  have 
precluded  erection  of  the  larger 
••DX"  tribanders,  so  it  was  decid- 
ed to  investigate  the  three-ele- 
ment variety  of  beams. 

Consulting  with  other  ama- 
teurs who  own  tribanders  and 
comparing  the  published  swr 
curves  of  the  various  man- 
ufacturers, I  finally  opted  for  the 
Wilson  Systems,  Inc.,  System 
33  (formerly  System  Three). 
After  having  purchased  a  Wil- 
son WV-1  four-band  vertical,  I 
have  come  to  accept  that 
Wilson's  swr  curves  were  not 
only  the  most  desirable,  but 
also  the  most  believable.  The 
published  curves  indicate  that 
the  System  33  is  a  reasonable 
compromise  for  the  amateur 
who  wishes  to  work  both  the 
CW  and  phone  portions  of  the 


10-,  15^  and  20-meter  bands. 

Mechanical  ConstructlDn  and 
Assembly 

Ltke  the  WV^I  vertical,  the 
System  33  Is  well  constructed 
mechanically.  The  boom  is  14' 
4"  long,  T  in  diameter,  and 
comes  in  three  sections  which 
fit  together  and  are  held  in  place 
with  heavy-duty  zinc-plated 
mufflef  clamps.  From  the  con- 
sumer's point  of  view,  the  three- 
piece  boom  is  a  blessing;  it  al- 
lows for  a  compact  shipping 
carton  which  can  be  reasonably 
handled  by  UPS  (truck  ship- 
ments  of  other  t)eams  have  cost 
twice  as  much  to  ship  for  about 
the  same  weight  class). 

When  assembling  the  boom,  I 
would  advise  that  the  simple  ad- 
dition of  a  bolt  or  heavy  sheet- 
metal  screw  at  the  junction  of 
each  boom  section  be  made. 
This  should  be  done  in  order  to 
keep  the  boom  from  twisting  in 
heavy  winds,  as  the  muffler 
clamp  U-bolts  are  not  threaded 
far  enough  to  snug  the  sections 
together  adequately.  The  center 
section  of  the  boom  which 
clamps  to  the  mast  is  double- 
wall  aluminum  tubing  and  a 
striking  example  of  Wilson*s 
mechanical  overkill.  The  boom 
is  attached  to  the  mast  (not  sup- 
plied) with  a  %  "-thick  aluminum 
plate  and  8  heavy  muffler 
clamps* 

Unlike  other  moderately- 
priced  beams,  the  System  33"s 
elements  are  heavy-duty,  taper* 
ing  from  IV4"  where  the  ele- 
ments meet  the  boom  to  Va"  at 
the  ends.  The  dual-section  traps 
are  affixed  to  the  elements  at 
approximately  32  inches  from 
the  ends  of  the  elements.  De- 
spite their  large  size,  there  is 
very  little  droop  to  the  elements. 
Each  trap  is  clearly  Idenlified 
with  a  sticker  which  indicates 
director,  driven  element,  or  re- 
flector and  has  an  arrow  to  Indi- 
cate the  direction  toward  the 
boom  (little  chance  for  error 
here).  The  director  and  reflector 
are  attached  to  the  boom  with  a 
unique  one-piece  extruded 
aluminum  clamp  which  fits 
around  the  boom.  When  the 
clamp  is  tightened,  equal  pres- 
sure is  applied  in  all  directions 
around  the  boom  so  that  boom 


218 


20  Meters 

MHz  5wr 

14.025  1.3:1 

14.100  1.1:1 

14.200  1.1:1 

14.250  1.3:1 

14.300  1.5:1 


15  Meiers 

MHz  &wr 

21,025  1:1 

21. too  11:1 

21.275  1.3:1 

21.350  1.3:1 

21.445  1.4:1 


10  Meters 

M  Hz       swr 

28.025   1.1:1 

28,500    1,9:1 

20.600    2.1:1 


Tabh  T.  Swf  readings  for  the  System  33  adjusted  for  the  CW  par 
Hon  of  the  bands. 


BSfid  (MHz) 

14,  21,  &  28 

Maximum  power  input 

iegat  Itmit 

Gain  (dBti) 

edB 

Vswr  at  resonance 

1J:1 

Ifupedance 

50  Ohms 

FiB  rafio 

20  dB 

Boom  (o.d.  X  length) 

2"  X  14  4  ■ 

No-  ot  elements 

3 

Longest  eiement 

27'4" 

Turning  radius 

15'9" 

Majclmum  mast  diameter 

2"  o«d. 

Surface  area 

5,7  SQ.  ft. 

Wmd  load  ng  at  80  mpti 

114  lbs. 

Assembled  weight  (approx.) 

37  lbs. 

Shipping  weight  (approx.) 

42  lbs. 

Maximum  wind  survival 

100  mph 

Tabie  2,  Manufacturer's  specifications. 


flattening  does  not  occur.  The 
clamp  which  holds  the  spiit- 
dipole  driven  element  in  place  Is 
similar  to  the  clamps  used  on 
other  popular  beams  and  seems 
more  than  adequate  mechani- 
catty  and  electrically. 

Element  sections  are  joined 
by  one-piece  aluminum  clamps 
which  provide  for  good  electri- 
cal bonding  and  effective  me* 
chanical  holding  ability  be- 
cause the  element  sections  will 
dimple  slightly  when  tightened. 
The  dimples  will  prevent  ele- 
ment sections  from  sliding  out 
of  place. 

The  antenna  is  fed  at  the 
center  of  the  spHt-dipole  driven 
element  with  50-Ohm  coaxial 
cable  such  as  RG-8/U,  and  there 
are  no  matching  sections  to  ad- 
just or  stubs  to  tune.  Reso- 
nance is  set  by  adjusting  the 
length  of  the  driven  and  para- 
sitic elements  according  to  the 
dimensions  given  m  the  jnstruc- 

tion  manual.  A  balun  {1:1  imped- 
ance ratio)  may  be  used  If  one 
wishes,  but  it  is  not  necessary, 

Bectrical  Characteristics 

A  definite  advantage  of  the 
System  33  over  other  iriband 


beams  is  the  broadband  re- 
sponse of  the  antenna.  It  is  pos- 
sible to  work  almost  all  of  the 
CW  and  phone  portions  of  the 
three  bands  while  maintaining  a 
reasonably  low  standing-wave 
ratio.  My  primary  interest  is  CW 
and  the  lower  portion  of  the 
phone  band  for  DX  purposes,  so 
the  antenna  was  adjusted  for 
the  CW  setting.  Table  1  il- 
lustrates the  swr  response  for 
the  System  33  at  33'  above 
ground.  With  regard  to  swr,  the 
results  obtained  were  belter 
than  the  data  published  by  the 
manufacturer.  See  Table  1. 

Although  it  ha3  not  been  tried 
at  my  QTH,  \  believe  that  the  re* 
sponse  values  listed  m  Table  1 
could  be  improved  by  shorten- 
ing the  dimension  of  the  adjust- 
able part  of  each  element  by 
about  1  to  2  inches  less  than  the 
CW  setting.  Despite  the  some- 
what high  swr  on  ten-meter 
phone,  it  appears  that  the  beam 
is  more  broad  banded  than  most 
of  the  tribanders  1  have  had  the 
opportunity  to  own  or  work  with. 

Results  and  General 
Conclusions 

On-the-air  results  have  been 


New  Bearcat^  300  Service  Search. 


gratifying.  With  regard  to  for- 
ward gain,  results  indicate  that 
gain  is  at,  or  near,  the  published 
S-dB  value.  The  subjective  dif- 
ference between  the  System  33 
and  my  three-element  mono- 
bander  for  20  meters  is  minimal. 
The  front'tCHSide  ratio  is  exceh 
lent,  with  a  clear  null  heard 
when  the  antenna  is  positioned 
90  degrees  off  the  desired  head- 
ing. The  only  major  difference 
between  the  System  33  and  the 
monobander  is  in  the  area  of 
front-to-back  ratio.  The  fronl4o 
back  ratio  is  at  least  as  good  as 
other  t riband  beams,  though. 

All  things  being  consfdered.  I 
can  highly  recommend  the 
Wilson  System  33  for  its 
superior  mechanical  construc- 
tion, the  ease  with  which  it  can 
be  assembled,  and  Its  true 
broadband  response.  The  Sys- 
tem 33  is  an  excellent  value  and 
a  wise  choice.  Wilson  SystemSf 
inc.,  4286  S.  Pofaris  Aver}ue,  Las 
Vegas  NV 89103,  (702}-739-7401; 
toii-free  order  number  is  1-iBOO)- 
634S898.  Reader  Service  num^ 
ber  W33. 

Lawrence  W.  Stark  K9ARZ 
Saint  Charles  IL 

NEW  BEARCAr"  SCANNER 

HAS  OVER  2,000 
FREQUENCIES  IN  MEMORY 

The  development  of  a  new 
scanning  monitor  radio  with 
over  2,000  pre-programmed  fre- 
quencies, plus  50  user-program- 
mable channels,  has  been  an- 
nounced by  Electra  Company. 
Named  the  "Bearcat*  300  Ser- 
vice Search/'  the  new  radio  fea- 
tures the  convenience  and  sim- 
plicity  of  advanced  pro* 
grammed  scanner  technology. 
By  pushing  a  single  button,  the 
radio  will  search  the  actively  as- 
signed frequencies  for  the  ser- 
vice selected.  This  feature  com- 
pletely eliminates  the  need  to 
know  in  advance  the  frequen- 
cies for  the  most'listened-to 
services.  The  Service  Search 
has  1 1  different  services:  police, 
tire,  marine,  "ham/'  mobile 
phone,  emergency,  govern- 
ment»  forestry,  business, 
ground  transportation,  and 
even  air-to-ground  aircraft  chan- 
nels. In  all,  there  are  2,136  fre* 
quencies  pre-programmed  into 
the  Service  Search  memory  to 
ensure  that  the  active  channels 
for  any  local  area  are  covered- 

In  addition  to  Service  Search, 
the  new  Bearcat  scanner  also 
features  the  flexibility  of  a  user- 
programmable  memory.  The  fre- 
quencies for  up  to  50  channels 
can  be  stored  or  changed  In  this 
memory  by  simple  keyboard  en- 
try. These  frequencies  can  be  in 
any  mix  from  the  7  VHF  and 
UHF  frequency  bands  covered 
by  the  radio,  including  the  AM 
aircraft  band.  Lockout,  scan  de- 
lay, and  automatic  activation  of 
accessories  [such  as  an  alarm) 
can  also  be  individually  entered 
for  each  of  the  50  channels.  Ar- 


ranged in  banks,  these  chan- 
nels can  be  activated  or  locked 
out  in  groups  of  10  with  a  single 
push-button.  Many  other  op- 
erating features  are  also  in- 
cluded in  this  deluxe  radio,  in- 
cluding "search"  between  op- 
erator selected  frequency 
limits,  hold  and  resume  con- 
trots,  direct  channel  access 
without  the  need  to  "step 
through"  channels,  scan  speed 
control,  plus  provisions  for  a 
priority  override  channel. 

The  clean,  professional  look 
of  the  new  Bearcat  3O0  Service 
Search  scanner  features  a  die- 
cast  front  panel  which  is  ac- 
cented by  a  vacuum  fluorescent 
digital  display.  The  display,  with 
bright/dim  control,  offers  excel- 
lent readability  under  all  light- 
ing conditions.  It  not  only  dis- 
plays the  frequency  being  re- 
ceived, but  also  automatically 
shows  accurate  digital  time 
when  the  radio  is  switched  off. 
(if  desired,  the  time  can  also  be 
viewed  when  the  radio  is  receiv- 
ing calls  by  simply  pushing  the 
**time"  button.)  The  radio 
measures  127*"  wide  by  3'/i*' 
high  by  7"  deep,  permitting  easy 
shelf  or  vehicle  installations, 
Electra  Company  believes  the 
radio  will  add  a  new  dimension 
to  the  rapidly  expanding  market 
for  scanner  radios,  which  have 
already  penetrated  approxi- 
mately 5%  of  US  households. 
The  radio  is  expected  to  appeal 
not  only  to  sophisticated  scan- 
ner users,  but  also  to  those  who 
appreciate  a  unique  entertain- 
ment product  combining  com- 
plex technology  with  simplicity 
of  operation.  Complete  details 
are  available  from  Bearcat 
scanner  suppliers  or  by  writing 
directly  to  Eiectra  Company,  PO 
Box  29243,  Oumbertand  IN 
46229.  Reader  Service  number 
E40. 

CHECKING  OUT  THE  CLEGG 
AB  144  ALL-BAN OER 
I'm  a  sucker  for  every  new 
transceiver  add-on,  accessory, 
and  gadget.  My  most  recent  ac- 
quisition of  this  nature  is  the 
Clegg  AB-144  All-Bander  receiv- 
ing upconverter,  which  I  pur- 
chased for  use  with  my  two 
fixed*station  2-meter  multi- 
mode  transceivers. 

The  AB-144  is  a  novel  fre- 
quency-range extending  device 
that  should  be  of  interest 
to  amateurs  who  would  like  to 
expand  the  coverage  of  their 
VHF  set.  The  Clegg  unit  con- 
verts your  present  ham-bands- 
only  transceiver  to  a  continu- 
ous-coverage receiver  that 
spans  the  spectrum  from  LF 
(100  kHz)  to  30  MHz  with  no 
gaps.  Because  It  works  ahead 
of  the  set's  rf  and  i-f  stages,  it 
covers  this  frequency  range 
with  sensitivity,  selectivity,  tun- 
ing rate,  calibration  accuracy, 
and  mode  selection  (SSB.  AM, 
CW,  etc)  esseolialty  as  estate 


219 


iml    Tuning  Bang« 


1 

0,1-4  MHz 

z 

3.0-7  Mhlz 

z 

T.0-11  MH2 

4 

1t(M5MHz 

5 

14,0-lflMHz 

6 

XB.0'22fAHi 

7 

22.0-27  MHz 

0 

26.0-30  MHz 

Tabie  h  Tuning  ranges, 

lished  by  your  existing  rig. 

A tt hough  ihe  unit  was  not  yet 
available  when  the  first  ads  ap- 
peared in  early  spring^  it  took 
Clegg  less  than  one  week  to  get 
the  AB-144  to  me  by  UPS  when  I 
placed  my  order  this  summer 
Upon  unpacking  the  2*lb.  unit 
(which  came  in  a  securely 
wrapped  and  padded  box),  a 
quick  scan  of  the  3-page  operat- 
ing manual  provided  all  the  In- 
struction needed  to  connect  the 
upconverter  to  my  Yaesu  FT- 
221 R  transceiver, 

A  110-volt,  100-mA,  plug4n, 
ac-adapter-type  power  supply  is 
furnished,  arid  it's  more  than 
adequate  to  supply  the  12  V  dc 
@  30  mA  required  by  the  AB- 
144,  though  you  can  also  tap 
into  the  transceiver's  dc  supply 
if  you  like.  I  found  that  two  addi- 
tional connections,  in  addition 
to  the  power  supply  cable,  had 
to  be  made.  The  first  was  the 
output  line  to  the  transceiver, 
which  was  made  by  means  of  a 
short  length  of  RG-58  cable  ter- 
minated in  PL-259  connectors 
(user-supplied).  A  jack  Is  also 
provided  on  the  rear  panel  to 
connect  a  suitable  LF/HF  anten- 
na. (A  single  wire  will  normally 
do  fine,  or  i1  your  transceiver 
has  a  separate  antenna/receiver 
jack,  you  may  be  able  to  use  ft 
as  a  handy  spot  to  feed  In  the 
upconverter's  output.) 

Hooking  up  the  two  rf  cables 
and  the  power  cord  put  the 
AB-144  in  operation.  There  was 
one  final  step^  however.  I  took 
the  precaution  of  removing  the 
microphone  from  the  transceiv- 
er to  prevent  the  accidental 
pumping  of  2'^meter  rf  into  the 
AB-144— an  easy  thing  to  do  if 
you  later  forget  that  the  unit  is 
connected-  Although  the  up- 
converter is  internally  protected 
against  such  an  unfortunate  oc- 
currence, this  added  measure 
will  prevent  possible  damage  to 
either  piece  of  equipinent. 

I  found  that  the  Clegg  unit  did 
what  the  advertising  literature 
claimed  it  would  do.  It  nicely  ex- 
tended the  range  of  my  FT-221R 
down  to  100  kHz,  making  the 
purchase  of  a  high-quality  all- 
band  communications  receiver 
of  marginal  value,  especially 
considering  the  relatively  low 
cost  of  the  Ctegg  upconverter 
($129.95)  and  the  high  cost  of 
lop-qualily  receivers  in  today's 
market. 

Specifically,  the  specs  call 
for  0.3  microvolt  sensitivity  (on 
SSB  and  CW)  and  a  ±  3  kHz  ( ±  1 
kHz  typical)  frequency  calibra- 


tion accuracy.  Selectivity  Is 
equal  to  that  of  the  transceiver 
with  which  it  is  used.  While  I  did 
not  measure  the  sensitivity,  It 
seemed  to  be  at  least  equal  to 
my  Tempo  2020  on  the  ham 
bands  and  my  Yaesu  FRG-7 
over  the  full  range  of  1(K)  kHz  to 
30  MHz,  Calibration  accuracy 
was  found  to  be  close  to  the  ±  1 
kHz  figure.  Frequency  stability 
was  excellent;  no  trace  of  drift 
or  instability  was  noticed  with 
movement  of  the  cabinet. 

Overall  results  you  can  ex- 
pect to  obtain  with  the  AB-144 
depend  almost  completely  on 
the  transceiver  you  feed  with 
the  upconverter's  output.  When 
using  the  unit  with  my  FT-221R, 
which  is  also  equipped  with  an 
outboard  YC-221  digital  readout 
display,  it  was  a  real  conve- 
nfence  to  have  both  analog  and 
digital  frequency  display  on  all 
bands,  especially  the  crowded 
AM  broadcast  and  shortwave 
bands.  FM  and  SSB  reception 
was  excellent,  mainly  because 
the  Yaesu  transceiver  is  primari- 
ly designed  for  these  modes. 
CW  reception  was  broad,  as  ex- 
pected, due  to  the  transceiver's 
l-f    passband    characteristics, 
though  addition  of  a  sharp  ac- 
tive audio  filter  (such  as  those 
sold  by  MFJ,  Autek  Research, 
Datong,  and  others)  would  easi- 
ly narrow  the  effective  pass- 
band  for  better  CW  reception. 
AM    reception   results   were 
marginal    because   the    FT* 
221  R's  i-f  filters  are  designed  for 
SSB,    having    a    too   narrow 
2,4-kHz  bandwidth.  The  narrow 
AM  selectivity  results  in  some 
distortion,  bassiness,  and  low 
audio  recovery  on  received  sig- 
nals. While  AM  reception  was 
usable  on  my  transceiver,  this 
problem  might  prove  detrimen- 
tal to  avid  broadcast-band  and 
shortwave  listeners.  Again,  this 
is  not  a  problem  of  the  con- 
verter, but  of  the  transceiver 
with  which  it  is  used.  If  you  in- 
tend to  use  the  AB-144  with  your 
present  VHF   gear,   you    may 
want  to  modify  the  set's  i-f  pass- 
band    to   broaden    its   AM    re- 
sponse curve. 

It  also  took  a  littla  **getting 
used  to"  and  some  rapid  mental 
gymnastics  to  calculate  how 
each  of  the  eight  band  seg- 
ments are  upconverted  to 
144-148  MHz.  Each  band  is  4 
MHz  wide  (corresponding  to  the 
width  of  the  2-meter  band),  ex- 
cept the  first  band,  which  is  only 
3.9  MHz  wide— remember,  the 
set  only  goes  down  to  100  kHz, 
not  0  kHz,  The  bottom  of  each  of 
the  upconverter's  eight  bands  is 
heterodyned  up  to  144  MHz  by 
means  of  eight  separate  crystai 
oscillator  circuits;  the  conver* 
sion  process  Is  worked  upwards 
from  there.  For  example,  to 
receive  a  BC-band  station  at 
1060  kHz,  set  the  bandswitch 
on  the  AB-144  to  band  1  (.1*4 
MHz)  and  tune  the  transceiver 


Cf egg's  AB-144  AihBander, 


to  145.060  MHz.  Or,  to  receive  a 
3900-MHz  signal,  set  the  switch 
to  band  2  (3-7  MHz)  and  dial  fn 
144.900  MHz  on  the  transceiver. 
This  process  can  t>e  confusing, 
with  either  analog  or  digital 
displays  (especially  the  latter) 
until  you  get  the  hang  of  it.  The 
complete  tuning  ranges  are 
shown  in  Table  1, 

I  also  tried  out  the  AB*144 
with  my  KLM  2700  transceiver, 
which  has  both  a  vfo  (with  an 
analog  display)  and  a  digital 
readout  controlled  by  a  3-knob 
digital  synthesizer.  I  found  the 
analog  display  easy  to  work 
with  on  this  set,  especially 
since  the  2'meter  band  was  split 
into  four  1-MHz  ranges  which 
coincided  nicely  with  the  up- 
converter. But  the  digital  syrv 
thesizer — with  its  3-knob  tuning 
divided  into  l-MHz,  100-kHz, 
and  10"kHz  frequency  incre- 
ments and  its  resultant  inability 
to  directly  dial  in  frequencies 
other  than  in  10-kHz  steps 
—was  just  "too  much'"  to  get 
used  to.  However,  the  synthe- 
sizer  was  great  for  BC-band  DX* 
ing,  where  most  channel 
separations  in  North  and  South 
America  are  pegged  at  10  kHz; 
you  can  set  up  the  synthesizer 
and  whip  through  the  band  at 
exact  10-kHz  intervals  with 
ease  I 

SSB  and  CW  reception  was 
good  on  the  KLM  2700,  about 
the  same  as  on  the  FT'22TR, 
and  AM  was  a  little  better  on 
this  rig.  (Some  transceiver 
manufacturers  recognize  the 
AM  reception  problem  and 
make  available  information  on 
how  to  improve  reception,  KLM, 
for  example,  has  issued  a  teclv 
nicat  bulletin  on  the  2700  which 
shows  how  to  broaden  the  AM- 
mode  response  curve  for  Im- 
proved AM  signal  quality.  The 
modification  they  suggest  for 
the  2700  involves  only  two  com- 
ponents, a  resistor  and  a  capac- 
itor. I  installed  the  modification 
on  my  set  and  found  reception 
quite  acceptable  on  the  stan- 
dard and  shortwave  broadcast 
bands.)  Clegg  mentions  that  the 


AB-144  is  designed  for  use  with 
the  FT-225,  TS70€,  and  IC-211, 
in  addition  to  the  two  transceiv- 
ers with  which  1  used  my  unit. 

What  was  inside  the  attrac* 
tive5V4"  X  21/e"  x  6"  Ten-Tec- 
style  enclosure?  The  instruc- 
tion manual  didn't  provide  a 
clue,  and  no  schematic  diagram 
or  servicing  procedures  were  in- 
cluded (Clegg  warrants  the  unit 
for  1  year  and  expects  that 
you'll  send  the  device  back  to 
them  for  repair).  I  was  disap- 
pointed in  not  having  been  pro- 
vided a  diagram,  so  I  peeked  in- 
side and  found  a  small  rec- 
tangular circuit  board  holding  a 
10'translstor  circuit,  with 
separate  oscillators  for  each 
of  the  eight  bands.  Although  it's 
not  necessary  to  perform  any  in- 
ternal adjustments  or  align- 
ment unless  components  have 
been  replaced  and  repairs 
made,  I  managed  to  touch  up 
each  oscillator's  tuning  slug  to 
bring  the  frequency  calibration 
accuracy  under  1  kHz  on  all 
bands  and  to  slightly  peak  up 
the  unites  output.  In  examining 
the  AB-144,  1  found  workman- 
ship to  be  good  throughout 

Is  it  worth  it?  Yes,  especially 
when  compared  with  the  alter- 
natives of  buying  a  separate 
general-coverage  receiver  or 
another  of  the  recently- 
introduced  upconverters  de- 
signed to  capture  this  wide- 
open  market.  I  was  impressed 
by  the  Clegg  unit's  very  few 
birdies  and  images,  its  good 
calibration  accuracy  and  reset- 
tability.  and  its  reasonably  con- 
sistent performance  over  each 
band  and  from  band  to  band. 
You  do  have  to  be  careful  with 
overload,  however.  Cross- 
modulation  is  not  as  much  of  a 
problem  {though  there  was  a 
trace  on  some  close-by  BC  sta- 
tions), but  overloading  the 
transceiver  on  strong  signals 
was.  This  is  because  there  is  no 
tie-in  with  the  transceivers  age 
circuit.  This  means  that  you  do 
have  to  do  some  manual  rf  gain 
control  riding,  espcially  on  SSB 
and  AM,  for  best  results.  Also,  I 


220 


found  that  the  external  ac 
adapter  power  supply  furnished 
with  the  AB-144  produced  a 
small  amount  of  hum  on 
stronger  signals;  hooking  into 
the  transceiver's  dc  supply 
cured  the  problem.  Too,  I  would 
recommend  that  Ctegg  add  a 
small  LED  indicator  to  let  you 
know  that  the  unit  is  on;  unless 
youVe  hooked  into  your  set's 
power  supply,  it's  easy  to  forget 
to  turn  off  the  upconverter  when 
you  turn  off  your  rig. 

Finally,  you  need  to  be 
careful  not  lo  zap  the  converter 
with  a  healthy  dose  of  rf  from 
your  set,  as  I've  indicated.  In- 
stalling a  coax  switch  at  your 
transceiver's  output  connector 
will  allow  you  to  conveniently 
switch  from  converter  to  normal 
transceiver  operation.  A  coax 
relay  could  also  be  used,  but 
that  would  require  going  inside 
the  AB-144  to  arrange  switch- 
ing. 

All  in  all,  the  Clegg  people 
have  produced  a  handy,  useful 
accessory  to  be  used  with  the 
thousands  of  all*mode  VHF 
transceivers  in  operation  today. 
I  should  also  mention  that 
Clegg  has  now  introduced  a 
similar  upconverter,  known  as 
the  MD-28-9,  which  transforms 
your  ham-bands^only  HF  trans- 
ceiver or  receiver  to  a  wide- 
range  100-kHz-to-18-MH2  unit. 
With  this  unit,  the  received 
signals  are  heterodyned  to  the 
10-meter  band  rather  than  to  2 
meters. 

In  my  opinion,  the  AB-144  is  a 
real  fewe!  that  is  well  worth  its 
price  tag.  It's  an  especially  at* 
tractive  purchase  for  the  ham 


newcomer  who  entered  the  hob- 
by from  CB  radio  and  who  in- 
vested first  in  a  2-meter  rig, 
rather  than  a  shortwave  set. 
Besides  providing  a  good  aux- 
iliary receiver  for  my  shack,  the 
Glegg  unit  will  be  a  welcome  ad- 
dition on  my  vacation  trips  tq 
enable  me  to  monitor  HF  with 
the  2-meter  rig.  Cfegg  Com- 
munications Corp.,  19t1  Oid 
Homestead  Lane,  Greenfield  In- 
dustriat  Park  East,  Lancaster 
PA  t76Q1;  iJI  7)299  722t. 
Reader  Service  number  C3. 

Kan  T,  Thurtwr,  Jr.  W8FX;4 

Ft  Walton  Beach  FL 

RADIO  SHACK 
CORDLESS  TELEPHONE 

Now  available  from  Radio 
Shack  is  the  DuoFone  ET-300 
Cordless  Push-button  Tele- 
phone with  an  operating  range 
of  up  to  300  feet  from  the  base 
unit,  it  has  a  universal  dial  sys^ 
tem  for  compatibility  with  both 
electronic  push-button  and  me- 
chanical dial  telephone  sys- 
tems. 

The  ET-300  can  be  installed 
simply  by  plugging  the  base^re- 
charger  into  a  120  V  ac  outlet 
and  a  modular  phone  jack— no 
other  wiring  is  required 

A  special  feature  of  the 
phone  is  Auto-Red iai,  for  one- 
button  redialing  of  the  last  num- 
ber called  if  it  was  busy  or  did 
not  answer.  A  call  push-button 
lets  you  signal  the  handset  from 
the  base  with  a  tone  signal. 

To  answer  or  make  a  call  on 
the  cordless  handset,  flip  the 
talk  switch  and  raise  the  an- 
tenna. To  hang  up,  lower  the 
antenna. 


Trac*s  TB284  Deluxe  Message  Memory  Keyer 


The  base/recharger  is  8Vt"  x 
7Vi"  X  2V4"  and  includes  a  built- 
in  modular  jack  for  your  regular 
phone.  The  handset  is  2W  x 

For  further  information,  con- 
tact Radio  Shack,  1300  One 
Tandy  Center,  Fort  Worth  TX 
76102. 

TRAC  DELUXE  MESSAGE 
MEMORY  KEYER 

Trac  Electronics,  Inc,  has  in- 
troduced a  new,  completely 
CMOS,  state-of-the^art.  Deluxe 
Message  Memory  Keyer,  the 
Model  TE284,  Containing  alt 
CMOS  integrated  circuitry,  the 
Deluxe  Message  Memory  Keyer 
contains  three  choices  of  mes* 
sage  storage:  two-message  ca- 
pacity {50  characters  each), 
four-message  capacity  (25  char- 
acters each),  or  one  50-charac- 
tef  message  and  two  25-charac- 
ter  messages.  The  keyer  can 
record  at  any  speed  and  the 
message  can  be  replayed  at  any 
speed.  A  memory  operating 
LED  tells  when  the  keyer  is  in 
the  memory  function.  The  three 
choices  of  memory  operation 
make  the  Model  TE2e4  Ideal  k>r 
both  daily  QSOs  and  contests. 
In  addition  to  the  message  func- 
tions, the  keyer  contains  both 
dot  and  dash  memory  keying, 
iambic  keying,  5-60  wpm,  speed, 
volume,  tune,  tone,  and  weight 
controls,  as  well  as  a  sidetone 
with  speaker.  The  Model  TE284 
keys  both  negative-  and  posi- 


tive-keyed  rigs,  Trac  Electron- 
ics, inc.,  1706  Rand  Building, 
Buffalo  NY  t4203.  Reader  Ser- 
vice number  T18. 

ICM  INTRODUCES  NEW 

GROUND  STATION  SATELLITE 

RECEIVER 

A  new  low-cost  satellite  re- 
ceiver, covering  all  channels 
3.7-4  GHz,  is  now  being  manu- 
factured by  International  Crys* 
tal  Mfg.  Co,,  Inc.,  Oklahoma 
City, 

The  TV  4200  receiver  is  fully 
tunable  and  provides  standard 
dual  audio  outputs  of  6.2  and 
6.8  MHz,  with  other  outputs 
available.  The  receiver  has  a 
built-in  LNA  power  supply,  and 
output  ievefs  are  compatible 
with  video-monitor  or  VTR  input. 

For  further  information,  con* 
tact  Internatlonat  Crystal  Mfg. 
Co,,  Inc.,  10  North  Lee,  Okla- 
homa City  OK  73102.  Reader 
Service  number  148. 

RAPID  MOBILE  CHARGER 

With  the  current  trend  toward 
using  hand-held  transceivers 
for  mobile  operation,  keeping 
the  hand-held  batteries  charged 
has  become  a  problem.  DebTed 
Engineering  has  solved  this 
problem  with  a  new  line  of  12- 
volt-operated  rapid  chargers  for 
amateur  and  commercial  use. 
Available  exclusively  through 
Debco  Electronics,  the  rapid 
charger  units  are  equipped  with 
a  cigarette  lighter  plug  on  the  in- 


Radio  Shack's  ET300  Cordless  Telephone. 


tCM*s  sateliite  receiver 


221 


KTilmW^  fcj 


DebGO's  Rapid  Mobile  Charger. 


put  side  and  an  appropriate 
ciiarging  plug  on  the  output 
side.  Models  are  currently 
available  for  the  Tempo  S*1, 
Wilson  Mark  It,  and  Wilson  Mark 
IV.  The  charger  win  rapidly 
charge  a  fully  discharged  good 
battery  in  4-6  hours  and  may  be 
used  during  transmit,  receive, 
and  off  periods.  Furthermore,  it 
will  not  damage  batteries  if  left 
connected  for  prolonged  peri- 
ods of  time,  due  to  automatic 
shut-off  circuitry.  Debco  Elec- 
tronics, PO  Box  9169,  Cincinnati 
OH  45209.  Reader  Service  num- 
ber D68. 

HAMTRONtCS'  UHF  FM 
EXCITER  KIT 

Continuing  in  their  tradition 
of  making  professional  quality 
transmitter  and  receiver  mod- 
ules, Hamtronics,  Inc.,  has  an- 
nounced a  new  UHF  FM  Exciter 
Kit.  The  model  T450  is  rated  at  1 
Watt  for  continuous  duty,  which 
makes  it  an  ideal  unit  for 
repeater  and  control  link  sec* 
vice. 

Features  include  low-imped- 


ance dynamic  mic  and  receiver 
audio  inputs;  crtsp,  clear 
modulation;  tow  spurious  out- 
put; and  built-tn  test  points  for 
easy  alignment.  The  unit  is  de- 
signed on  a  3"  X  5V4"  PC  board 
and  uses  both  individual  coil 
shields  and  compartmental 
shielding.  Double-tuned  circuits 
are  used  for  low  spurious  out- 
put, and  decoupling  uses  ferrite 
beads  and  resonant  bypasses 
for  stability. 

For  further  information,  con- 
tact Hamtfonlcs,  tnc,  65F  Moui 
Rd.,  Hilton  NY  14468:  (7 16^392- 
9430.  Reader  Service  number 
H16. 

NEW  KEYER  USES 
OPTOISOLATORS 

An  advanced-design  elec- 
tronic keyer  employing  optoiso- 
latoTS  tor  key  isoiation  has  been 
introduced  by  Curtis  Electro 
Devices,  Inc.  Based  on  the  pop- 
ular 8044  single-chip  circuit,  the 
EK-480M  features  a  direct  meter 
readout  of  code  speed  in  wpm. 
Measuring  only  7"  x  4 Va"  x  2V3'\ 
the  unit  features  dot  and  dasti 


The  EK-480M  keyer  from  Curtis  EiectfO  Deyices. 


memories,  iambic  or  standard 
mode  operation^  internal  117  V 
ac  or  battery  supply,  internal 
sidetone  and  speaker,  front- 
panel  volume,  pitch,  weight,  and 
speed  controls,  and  an  acces- 
sory socket  for  soon-to-be-an- 
nounced message  memory,  In^ 
slructo-Keyer.  and  keyboard 
keyer  add-on  units.  The  unit  wili 
key  ±  300  V  dc  at  up  to  200  m A. 
For  additional    information, 


contact  Curtis  Eiectro  Devices, 
tnc,  Box  4090,  Mountain  View 
CA  94040;  (41 5y 494^7223.  Read- 
er  Service  number  C90, 

THEISOPOLETMCONT, 

We  should  have  noted  in  our 
October  issue  (p,  167)  that 
AEA*s  new  iSOPOLE™  is  in- 
deed a  VHF  an*enna.  Versions 
are  available  f  »r  2m  and  220 
MHz. 


Hamtronlcs'  UHF  FM  Exciter. 


Ham  Help 


I  have  recently  come  Into 
possession  of  an  Elmac  receiv- 
er, Model  PMR-6A,  I  have  not 
been  able  to  find  any  info  on 
this  unit.  I  do  not  have  the  power 
supply^  but  I  understand  that  it 
was  a  mobile  unit. 

I  need  a  schematic  for  the 
unit  and  a  list  of  the  voltages 
needed  for  operation  so  a  power 
supply  can  be  assembled.  1  will 
appreciate  any  help  and  will 
happily  reimburse  copying  and 
postage  costs  involved.  Thank 
you, 

Paul  Uhlig  KiMD 

1342  Estate  Ct. 

Wichita  KS  67208 

I  have  an  xtal  XCB-4  AM  CB 
radio  and  I  would  like  to  convert 


it  to  10  meters.  Has  anyone 
made  this  conversion?  Can  any- 
body help? 

John  S.  Lea  KA4EPB 
17401  N,W.  20th  Ave, 

Miami  FL  33055 

Carthage  High  School  is 
organizing  a  club,  and  we  des- 
perately need  any  junk  or  ar- 
ticles collecting  dust.  Anything 
would  be  appreciated:  books, 
magazines,  spare  parts,  wire, 
coax,  old  repairable  transmit- 
ters or  receivers,  etc.  We  wilt 
gladly  reimburse  postage  or 
shipping. 

Jerry  Reeves  WD5IMA 

Carttiage  High  School 

PO  Drawer  D 

Carthage  TX  75633 


I  am  in  need  of  a  circuit 
diagram  and  manual  for  an 
Allied  A-2515  receiver.  I  would 
certainly  pay  any  copying  costs, 
and  it  will  heip  a  future  ham  get 
on  the  air, 

Robert  Napoli  K2LG0 

Box  156 

Rlvertiead  NY  11901 

The  Wells  High  School  Ama- 
teur Radio  Club  is  a  new  orga- 
nization that  needs  help.  We 
have  a  group  of  interested 
students,  three  co-advisors,  and 
not  one  speck  of  equipment. 

The  group  is  now  raising 
money  for  an  equipment  fund 
and  working  on  a  vocational 
education  grant  application, 
but  we  are  wondering  if  some- 
one might  be  willing  to  either 
donate  old  gear  or  place  gear 
with  the  club  on  loan,  until  the 
club  can  afford  to  buy  its  own 
rig. 

The  club  would  be  more  than 


willing  to  pay  shipping  costs  or, 
if  practical,  ptck  up  equipment 
In  the  coastal  Boston/Portland 
area. 

David  W.  Rotthoff 

Amateur  Radio  Club 

Wells  High  School 

Wells  ME  04090 

I  would  like  to  find  out  about 
the  existence  of  any  Bible  study 
nets  or  round  tables  to  help  my 
study  of  the  word  of  God.  Thank 
you. 

Gary  L  Anderson  WBWWP 

1528  34th  St.  S.E. 

Cedar  Rapids  lA  52403 

I  would  like  to  hear  from 
someone  who  has  successfully 
interfaced  the  IF-1  regenerative 
repeater  {73,  November,  1978, 
p,  254)  to  an  ST*6000. 

A.  Ustal  WB4TRJ 

180  Arlington  Rd. 

West  Palm  Beach  FL  33405 


222 


DX 


from  page  30 

quency,  that  is,  on  the  frequen- 
cy of  his  last  station  worked. 
Either  a  remote  vfo  on  your 
transceiver,  RiT  (receiver  in- 
cremental tuning),  era  separate 
transmitter  and  receiver  is  re- 
quired. Any  of  these  setups  will 
accomplish  the  goal. 

First,  tune  in  the  DX  operator 
and  listen  while  he  works  one  or 
two  stations,  to  establish  In 
your  mind  what  hrs  operating 
pattern  is.  Books  and  articles 
have  preached  this  simple  rule 
for  decades.  When  your  radios 
are  warmed  up  and  tuned  up  (off 
the  air,  natural ly)*  get  ready  to 
put  your  transmitter  on  the 
proper  spot,  When  the  DX  turns 
ft  over  to  someone,  find  that 
someone  and  put  your  signal 
just  slightly  off  his  frequen* 
cy— off  a  matter  of  Hertz^  not 
kilohertz! 

That^s  all  there  is  to  It.  When 
you  call,  your  signal  should  be 
fight  where  the  DX  station's 
receiver  Is  tuned,  and  he  will 
hear  you  without  touching  his 
receiver  tuning  knob.  II  the  DX 
operator  is  getting  calls  by 
carefully  listening  for  "tail- 
enders,"  you  have  no  choice  but 
to  play  his  game  and  tail-end 
yourself.  Tall-ending  means  giv- 
ing your  call,  or  just  your  suffix, 
at  the  very  end  of  the  transmis- 
sion of  the  station  who  is  sign- 
ing  off  with  the  DX.  A  very 
skilled  operator  can  pick  out 
parts  of  callsigns  from  tail- 
enders  and  can  keep  a  string  go- 
ing without  ever  saying  "QRZ?" 
or  whatever.  Mostly,  however, 
tail-ending  degenerates  into  a 
mob  scene.  Never  use  the  tech- 
nique unless  the  DX  station  en- 
courages it.  and  even  then  only 
if  It  is  working. 

It's  difficull  to  not  feel  smug 
after  finding  a  piieup,  observing 
the  poor  slobs  who  caM  and  call 
but  never  figure  out  what  is  hap- 
penjng^  then  make  one  or  two 
quick  calls  yourself,  exchange 
reports,  and  tune  away  looking 
for  more  rare  QSOs,  while  the 
same  piieup  goes  on  and  on. 
There's  something  more  train- 
ing classes  should  teach:  It's 
called  using  your  head.  Put 
yourself  in  the  shoes  of  the  DX 
station  you  want  to  work.  Think 
like  he  does  and  you  will  in- 
variably  call  at  the  right  time  on 
the  right  frequency.  OthenAfise, 
you  can  call  all  night. 

160  METERS 

December  is  the  time  to  talk 
about  our  iowest  frequency 
band,  since  the  winter  months 
are  to  160  as  the  summer 
months  are  to  sporadic  "E"  skip 
on   VHF.    Many   modern    rigs 


cover  1.8  MHz,  and  the  amateur 
magazines  have  had  their  share 
of  tips  the  last  couple  of  years 
on  how  to  put  a  signal  on  160 
when  only  modest  real  estate  is 
availabte.  A  dipole  is  270  feet 
long,  a  fact  which  constrains 
most  of  us.  But  there  are  ways! 
Many  have  become  In- 
terested in  160  since  the 
hundred-country  barrier  was 
broken  a  coupfe  of  years  ago. 
As  we  recall,  W1  SB  actually  had 
the  magic  century  figure  some 
time  before,  but  a  few  of  the 
countries  were  "pre-War"  and 
didn*t  count  when  the  ARRL 
decided  to  offer  a  160  endorse- 
ment to  DXCC.  By  1979,  several 
have  made  this  achievement 
level.  Now  most  expeditions  to 
rare  spots  include  160^ meter 
coverage,  as  well  as  6  meters 
and  OSCAR.  When  one  has 
worked  his  i\\\  of  Europeans  or 
JA  stations  on  80, 160  becomes 
the  natural  band  to  which  to 
gravitate  for  more  thrills* 

DX  on  160  is  found  primarily 
in  the  "window;"  1825-1830,  Do 
not  transmit  in  this  segment 
unless  you  are  outside  of  the  US 
and  Canada.  The  DX  wiN  specify 
a  listening  frequency  around 
the  bottom  edge  of  the  band, 
1800-1805.  Pacific  island  sta* 
tions  such  as  Hawaii  will 
transmit  near  the  top  edge  of 
the  band,  as  will  JA  stations. 
Send  an  SASE  to  the  ARRL  and 
ask  for  their  special  chart  of 
160-meter  allocations,  which  in- 
cludes information  on  how 
much  power  you  can  use  at 
various  times  of  day  and  night 
in  different  regions  of  the  US. 

Six-Band  DXCC,  anyone?  (It's 
been  done!) 

MAILBAQ 

KV4F2  reminds  us  that  he 
was  the  first  operator  outside 
the  50  states  to  make  WAS  on 
160  meters;  PY1RO,  mentioned 
in  this  column  last  July,  was  the 
first  station  outside  North 
America  to  accomplish  the  feat. 
Herb  KV4FZ  has  also  confirmed 
100  countries  on  six  different 
bands,  160-10  meters, 

A  nice  letter  came  from  Cliff 
Sides  KX6SC,  who,  along  with 
Ed  Williams  KX6SA,  has  been 
keeping  the  Kwajalein  Atoll  ac- 
tive.  They  have  been  on  6 
meters,  with  consistent  open- 
ings  to  Japan,  Hawaii  (2000 
miles  NE  of  KX6),  Guam,  the 
Solomon  Islands,  Papua-New 
Guinea,  and  Jordan.  Some 
openings  to  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  have  also  occurred. 

Their  best  time  on  50  MHz, 
where  they  hang  out  around 
50.110,  has  been  0900  to  1200 
UTC.  If  you  can  hear  KH6  sta- 
tions this  winter,  you  may  work 


a  real  rare  one  if  the  skip  runs  to 
KX6. 

Here's  how  Cliff  summarizes 
the  low-band  openings: 

to  Meters:  Open  from  Kwa- 
jalein  sunrise  to  sunset 
{1800-0600  UTC);  Europe  comes 
in  first,  followed  by  stateside 
and  VK,  then  Japan  at  night  be- 
tween 0600  and  sunrise. 

16  Meters:  Open  sunup  to 
sundown,  very  similar  to  10. 

20  Meters:  Best  openings  to 
the  US  occur  between  0300  and 
0800  and  again  between  1100 
and  1500.  Europe  Is  very  good 
between  0500  and  2200. 

60  Meters:  Propagation  to  the 
US  peaks  about  1400,  Europe 
slightly  later.  East-coast  US  sta- 
tions have  the  best  shot  at  this 
part  of  the  world  at  their  sunrise 
on  the  east  coast,  about  1200 
UTC  in  the  winter. 

The  first  exp^ltlon  to  VK9 
(Cocos-Keeling)  in  some  time 
took  place  September  18  and 
19,  1979.  VQ9s  J  J,  KK,  and  MR 
(yes,  the  same  one  mentioned  in 
Novice  Corner)  started  out  by 
having  their  plane  delayed  24 
hours.  They  finally  arrived  on 
Cocos  Island  {about  1500  miles 
from  their  homes  on  Diego  Gar- 
cia) and  fired  up  at  0830  UTC  on 
the  18th. 

Their  next  problem  was  dead 
bands.  Our  active  sun,  responsi- 
ble for  the  excellent  propaga- 
tion on  the  bands  these  days, 
greeted  the  Cocos  group  with 
the  residual  effects  of  a  solar 
flare.  The  bands  came  back  to 
life  a  little  toward  the  end  of 
their  two-day  stay,  but  working 
them  from  stateside,  for  exan> 
pie,  was  no  picnic. 

In  30  hours,  the  trio  did 
manage  some  2200  contacts, 
almost  all  on  15  and  20  meters. 
For  those  who  missed  this  one, 
there's  good  news:  VQ9JJ  and 
VQ9TR  are  talking  about  going 
back  early  in  19B0,  with  a  beam 
antenna  this  time. 

August,  1979.  was  a  banner 
month  for  expeditions.  Manihiki 
(Northern  Cooks  chain)  Island 
was  represented  by  no  less  than 
two  different  groups,  K0SVW 
provided  a  report  on  one,  which 
signed  ZK1  AM.  Other  operators 
were  W0WP,  KOEVE,  and 
ZK1DR;  they  made  15,000  con- 
tacts on  80-10  meters.  V\/(&WP  is 
handling  QSLs,  which  were  sup- 
plied  by  Collins  Radio. 

ZK1AM  was  on  the  air  August 
18-25,  using  a  pair  of  IC-701S,  an 
FTDX-400,  and  loaned  TH3  Hy- 
Qain  beams  and  DenTron  ampli- 
fiers. Expenses  for  the  op- 
eration, including  a  six-day  boat 
ride  each  way,  totaled  twelve 
thousand  dollars,  which  was 
paid  by  the  participants.  If  your 
group  is  interested  in  seeing  the 
slide  show  and  talk  on  this  in- 
teresting adventure,  contact  Dr. 
Steve  Towie  KOSVW,  21 4  N.  34th 
Avenue  East,  Duluth  MN  55804. 

September's  Hurricane  David 
devastated    the    island    of 


Dominica  in  the  Caribbean. 
David  wiped  out  all  communica- 
tions there  except  for  amateur 
radio.  J7DAY  was  all  alone  for 
the  first  few  days  and  provided 
all  government-to-government 
communications  for  relief  op- 
erations. 

J7DAY  was  joined  by  KP2A 
(American  Virgin  islands)  and 
W0DX.  They  set  up  at  a  Red 
Cross  headquarters  first  as 
KP2A/J7  and  then  as  J 73 A. 
W4UY  joined  them  later.  As 
things  got  in  order,  J73A  was 
able  to  do  some  casual  op- 
erating; If  you  worked  them  and 
would  like  the  special  QSt  card, 
send  yours  with  an  SASE  to 
K2TJ. 

As  you  read  this,  the  tndlan 
Ocean-Africa  expedition  by 
N2KK,  K5C0,  and  N5AU  should 
be  in  full  swing.  Their  itinerary 
includes  3B7  and  3B9,  Glorioso 
and  Juan  de  Nova,  and  then 
Mayotte  and  5R8  (Malagasy 
Republic).  After  that.  N2KK 
hopes  to  get  into  Somalia  (60) 
solo. 

Dave  N2KK  is  a  professional 
photographer  who  has  traveled 
extensively  throughout  the 
world  (to  more  than  100 
countries).  He  will  be  taking 
many  photos  during  the  expedi* 
tion  and  wili  undoubtedly  be 
prepared  for  the  "convention 
circuit"  upon  his  return. 

If  you  worked  KP4AM/D 
(Desecheo)  last  spring,  you 
might  want  to  send  your  QSL 
now  to  David  Novoa  KP4AM,  PC 
Box  50073,  Levittown  PR  00950. 

VE3FXT  should  be  operating 
from  Thailand  by  now,  after  get- 
ting  in  some  air  time  from 
HS4AMA  while  awailmg  his 
own  callsign.  Also  active  from 
there,  of  course,  is  Fred  Laun 
HS1ABD.  Fred  listens  for  state- 
side and  Canada  on  3517  at 
11 30  daily. 

The  December  issue  of  CQ 
magazine,  a  publication  which 
has  been  quite  DX-oriented  over 
the  years,  is  the  first  under  the 
new  management  of  K2MGAi 
K2EEK.  and  W2LZX,  Among 
other  things,  CQ  has  sponsored 
the  Worldwide  DX  Contest,  the 
WPX  (prefix)  contest,  and  a 
160-meter  contest,  not  to  men- 
tion an  awards  program,  in- 
cluding the  USA'CA  (US 
counties)  award.  It  is  expected 
that  CO's  emphasis  will  con- 
tinue mostly  unchanged,  at 
least  for  the  time  being. 

With  the  departure  of  Chuck 
Stuart  N5KC  as  editor  of  this 
column,  new  authorship  begins 
with  this  Issue  of  T3.  Please 
send  your  input  c^o  73,  Peter- 
borough NH  03458.  And  thanks 
from  all  DXers  to  Chuck  Stuart 
for  the  excellent  work  he  has 
done  with  the  column  during  the 
past  year! 

Most  of  the  information  for 
this  column  came  from  The  OX 
Buitetin  (Vernon  CT  06066). 
Thanks. 


223 


Looking  14/est 


and  other  "radio  tricks"  and  in- 
creased  lawlessness. 

Where  Are  We  Headed? 

As  this  lawless  group  be- 
comes larger  and  more  power- 
ful, it  will  become  more  fear* 
less.  It  wilt  also  become  more 
sophisticated  in  the  "art"  of 
raising  hell  via  radio  tech* 
oology. 

Please  realize  that  the  driving 
force  of  this  group  is  an  ego  trip 
based  on  the  power  they  can  ap- 
ply to  other  parts  of  society. 
Also,  be  aware  that  this  sort  of 
ego  trip  can  never  be  satisfied. 
That  is  to  say,  once  they  have 
their  way  with  the  ham  bands, 
they  will  begin  to  turn  Iheir  eyes 
(egos)  to  other  targets. 

What  targets  might  these  be? 
What  with  scanners  in  abun- 
dance, targets  are  very  easy  to 
find.  What  about  mobile  radio 
services,  taxis,  fire,  police,  etc? 
I  can  imagine  thinking  like  the 
following: 

"Wouldn't  it  be  a  lot  of  fun  to 
study  the  fire  frequencies  and 
learn  how  to  get  around  their 
security  systems  and  send  half 
of  the  LA  Fire  Department  out 
on  a  wild-goose  chase?  Wow! 
That  was  fun.  Next  week^  let's 
fake  LAPO  into  another  Watts 
riot!"  Or,  -Let*s  talk  to  a  747  pilot 
coming  into  LAX  and  burn  his 
ears!" 

The  technology  is  not  too  dif- 
ficult for  this  group  of  lawless 
people.  They  already  know  how 
to  put  a  synthesized  2m  trans* 
ceiver  well  outside  its  design 
band  limits.  They  know  the  fre- 
quencies that  many  services 
and  individual  agencies  use. 
They  know  a  great  deal  more. 

I  don't  wish  to  be  disrespect- 
fyl  of  the  FCC  and  its  abilities, 
but  I  feel  it  would  take  quite  a 
while  to  nail  someone  who  is 
doing  the  things  I  project  above. 
Meanwhile,  the  FCC  receives  a 
tremendous  black  eye,  and 
society  wilt  pay  a  large  bill  in 
monies,  property,  and  maybe 
lives. 

What  To  Do? 

It  seems  to  me  there  are 
several  choices: 

1.  Do  nothing.  Result: 
•Eventual    anarchy   within 
the  whole  radio  spectrum. 
•FCC  in  total  disgrace* 

2.  Vigilante  action.  Resuft: 
•People  hospitalized, 

•  Houses  burned. 
•Innocent  parties  hurt. 
•"Good"  people  (vigilantes) 
sued  and  hurt. 
•FCC  gets  black  eye. 

3.  FCC  participation  in  restor- 
ing law  and  order  to  the  ham 
bands.  Result: 


•Stop  anarchy  before  it 
spreads  further  into  the 
non-ham  parts  of  the  spec- 
trum (where  the  FCC  would 
not  have  a  vast  army  of 
hams  to  help  with  the 
clean-up). 

•Cooperation  from  those  of 
us  hams  who  have  devel- 
oped RDF  skills  and  equip- 
ment. This  will  aid  the  FCC 
in  its  work, 

•Restoration  of  what  is 
probably  the  most  effective 
weapon  of  all -peer  pres- 
sure in  the  form  of  fear  of 
exposure  to  the  FCC. 
•  FCC  gains   respect   and 

stature. 

*  #  *  «   * 

The  only  question  left  is: 
"When  will  the  tide  begin  to 
change  back  in  the  direction  of 
collective  decency?"  Maybe  the 
shift  has  already  begun. 

BYE-BYE,  MISS  AMERICAN  PIE 
DEPARTMENT 

On  September  6th,  the  FCC 
acted  to  suspend,  pending  revo- 
cation  action,  both  the  opera- 
tor's and  station  license  of  Scott 
Lookholder  WB6LH8  of  Los 
Angeles,  California.  Earlier  this 
year.  Lookholder  had  entered  a 
guilty  plea  in  federal  court  on  a 
number  of  counts  in  an  indict- 
ment charging  him  with  the  use 
of  ''foul  and  abusive  language" 
while  operating  on  the  two- 
meter  amateur  band.  Allegedly 
using  the  callsign  W6JAM, 
Lookholder  spent  many  hours 
making  life  miserable  for  the 
usership  of  many  Los  Angeles 
area  repeaters,  especially  the 
ML  Lee  WR6ABN  repeater 

Ironically.  Lookholder  was 
even  a  member  of  the  DFing 
committee  set  up  to  catch 
W6JAM.  and  it  was  onty  due  to 
some  rather  phenomenal  detec- 
tive work  by  another  member  of 
that  same  committee  that  he 
was  caught  at  alL  Even  after 
they  were  sure  that  Lookholder 
was  their  man,  they  found  it 
hard  to  believe  and  spent  many 
hours  trying  to  disprove  their 
"find"  before  turning  their  evi- 
dence over  to  the  authorities. 

The  rest  you  already  know; 
Scott  Lookholder  was  given  his 
day  In  court,  admitted  to  the 
charges  against  him,  was  sen- 
tenced to  pay  a  tine,  and  was 
placed  on  probation.  He  was 
also  ordered  by  the  judge  not  to 
utilize  his  amateur  equipment 
during  the  term  of  the  proba- 
tion. However,  though  a  number 
of  fetters  were  sent  to  the  Com- 
mission by  area  amateurs  re- 
questing that  Lookholder's  li- 
cense be  pulled»  the  FCC  took 
months  to  act  on  the  matter. 
infuriated,  many  amateurs 
charged  the  FCC  with  running 


Congressman  James  Carman  (left}  with  Attorney  Joe  Merdfer 
N6AHU.  Both  care  a  lot 


scared  of  anything  that  even 
remotely  smetled  of  First 
Amendment,  Letters  to  the 
Commission  have  gone  unan- 
swered, including  my  own. 

In  the  meantime,  the  inaction 
by  the  Commission  on  this  and 
other  regulatory  violations 
issues  helped  worsen  an  al- 
ready highly  volatile  situation. 
The  kooks  have  realized  that  the 
FCC  is  seemingly  powerless  in 
this  type  of  matter  and  have 
made  a  field  day  of  it.  Filth, 
racial  slurs»  character  assassi- 
nation, and  hate  have  replaced 
normal  day-to-day  operation  on 
many  repeaters,  lt*s  even  been 
reported,  though  not  confirmed, 
that  at  least  one  "jamming"  club 
has  been  formed  to  further 
wreak  havoc.  Carrying  their  ban- 
ner of  "our  way  or  no  way/'  the 
kooks  have  been  growing  in 
number  and  strength.  No  longer 
would  they  hide  behind  the 
anonymity  of  their  micro- 
phones. Rather,  they  were 
proud  of  who  they  were  and 
what  they  were  doing.  They 
declared  open  war  on  Joe  Ham, 
and  Joe  was  hard  put  to  fight 
back. 

Not  every  Joe  was  inclined  to 
sit  still  and  accept  the  decaying 
situation,  nor  every  "Jay"  for 
that  matter.  In  what  might  be 
considered  one  of  the  finest 
political  moves  ever  initiated 
within  the  ARRL,  League  South* 
western  Division  Director  Jay 
Holladay  W6EJJ  convinced  the 
Board  of  Directors  that  a  bad 
situation  did  exist  and  was  able 
to  get  the  Board  to  pass  a 
resolution  which  instructed 
ARRL  General  Counsel  Bob 
Booth  to  contact  and  develop  a 
working  guideline  with  the  FCC 
In  handling  this  type  of  problem. 
Jay's  next  step  was  to  appoint 
Los  Angeles  Attorney  Joseph 
Merdler  N6AHU  as  a  Special 
Assistant  Director,  charged 
with  advising  Jay  in  methods  to 
eliminate   this   ever-growing 


maliciousness  that  was,  by  this 
time,  threatening  to  destroy  nor- 
mal amateur  operation. 

Through  Joe,  a  meeting  was 
arranged  with  US  Congressman 
James  Corman,  Democrat  from 
Van  Nuys,  California,  which  Jay 
and  Joe  attended.  Congress- 
man Gorman  was  briefed  on  the 
deteriorating  situation,  the 
problems  with  FCC  inaction  on 
these  cases,  and  given  a  basic 
education  about  the  amateur 
service  itself.  As  a  result  of  this 
meeting  in  August,  Congress- 
man Gorman  agreed  to  support 
the  amateur  community  in  its  In- 
terna) house-cfeaning  effort  and 
said  that  he  would  see  what 
could  be  done  through  Wash- 
ington. About  two  weeks  later^  1 
personally  Interviewed  Con- 
gressman CormaHj  and  what 
follows  is  the  text  of  that  Inter- 
view. 

0.*  Congressman  Corman,  what 
led  to  your  decision  to  get  in- 
vofved  In  this  matter? 
A;  All  of  us  who  have  had  little 
contact  with  amateur  radio  are 
stilt  aware  of  its  importance.  I'm 
occasionally  aware  due  to  news 
items  of  amateurs  who  have 
performed  important  services 
during  times  of  disaster;  maybe 
an  individual  disaster  or  some- 
thing that  affects  a  whole  com- 
munity. I  was  not,  until  recently, 
aware  that  there  were  some 
problems.  Those  problems  in- 
volve the  use  of  false  call  let* 
ters,  interference  with  the  nor- 
mal use  of  the  airwaves,  and 
some  serious  cases  of  obsceni* 
ty.  I  have  discovered  that  the 
FCC  appears  to  be  doing  little 
to  police  the  use  of  the  airwaves 
for  amateurs  and  is  potentiatly 
diminishing  this  service  which 
the  amateur  operator  can  give 
to  his  community. 
Q:  Congressman,  now  that  you 
are  involved,  what  direction  do 
you  intend  to  take? 
A:  Joe  Merdter  (N6AHU),  who  Is 
a  good,  long-time  friend  of  mine 


224 


and  the  new  president  of  the 
Personal  Communications 
Foundation,  has  given  me  tapes 
to  show  me  what  is  happening 
on  the  airwaves,  and  I'm  going 
to  be  sure  that  the  FCC  hears 
those  tapes.  I  hope  that  will  gen- 
erate some  action  from  them. 
Also,  I'm  going  to  be  working 
with  Congressman  Van  Deerlin, 
who  heads  the  Communica- 
tions Subcommittee,  which  has 
jurisdiction  in  this  area,  to  see 
whether  or  not  we  need  some 
statutory  change,  to  make  cer- 
tain that  the  FCC  is  doing  a 
responsible  job  of  policing  the 
airwaves. 

0;  Do  you  feet  that  the  FCC  is 
doing  its  job  in  this  matter? 
A:  Evidence  I  have  at  the  mo* 
ment  would  indicate  that  they 
are  not!  For  instance,  a  man 
was  convicted  in  a  court  of  law 
of  using  both  false  call  letters 
and  obscenities,  very  serious 
ones  interfering  with  the  normal 
legal  use  of  the  airwaves,  and 
yet  the  FCC  was  reluctant  to 
take  action  against  him.  He  may 
be  punished  in  a  civil  court  or 
criminal  court,  but  as  long  as  he 
has  the  abifity  to  continue  to 
interfere  with  the  normal  legal 
use  of  the  airwaves,  then  the 
FCC  is  not  doing  its  job  and  I 
want  to  find  out  why. 
0;  /  assume  you  are  speaking  of 
the  Scott  Lookhoidar  matter? 
A:  Yes, 

Q:  Do  you  feet  that  the  Commis- 
sion may  be  running  scared  of 
First  Amendment  issues  in  this 
matter? 

A:  I'm  sure  that  the  FCC  feels 
controlled  by  the  First  Amend* 
ment,  but  there  are  things  here 
that  go  well  beyond  First 
Amendment  rights,  having  to  do 
primarily  with  interference  with 
other  people's  use  of  the  air- 
waves, and  clearly  there  are 
obscenities  that  go  far  beyond 
one's    constitutional    right.    I 


know  Chairman  Ferris  and  plan 
to  contact  him  and  ask  if  that's 
what  they're  (the  FCC)  worried 
about;  I  want  to  sort  it  out  and 
get  some  legal  opinions  as  to 
whether  or  not  they  can  move.  It 
may  be  that  it's  something  else, 
and  I  suspect  that  something 
else  may  very  well  be  that  they 
just  get  bogged  down  in  the  nor- 
ma) bureaucracy  and  that  no- 
txKJy  has  paid  close  attention 
yet.  Maybe  I'm  wrong  and  it  is 
something  else,  but  we  will  find 
out  what  it  is  and  try  to  get  to 
the  bottom  of  it. 
O:  Are  you  going  to  bring  the 
Lookholder  matter  to  their  at- 
tention and  try  to  get  action  on 
it? 

A:  Yes.  I  want  to  be  sure  that  it  is 
before  the  chairman  of  the  Com* 
mission.  He  may  have  a  valid 
reason  for  not  proceeding.  I 
want  to  know  what  that  reason 
is.  If  it  is  a  valid  reason,  I  wilf 
come  back  and  report  it  to  the 
people  involved.  If  it's  not  a  valid 
reason,  Til  try  to  see  that  action 
is  taken. 

Q;  What  if  some  of  these  af- 
ieged  "bad  guys'*  charge  you 
with  viotation  of  their  First 
Amendment  rights?  Wiit  you 
stitt  stand  behind  the  amateur 
community  in  it$  housecfeaning 
efforts? 

A:  The  point  is  that  the  courts 
will  protect  the  First  Amend- 
ment. There  is  no  First  Amend- 
ment right  to  falsifying  call  tet- 
ters. There's  no  First  Amend* 
ment  right  to  blasting  obsceni- 
ties on  the  airwaves.  Admitted- 
ly, obscenity  is  a  difficult  thing 
to  determine  under  the  First 
Amendment,  but  aside  from 
that,  assuming  that  they  are 
saying  something  very  proper,  if 
they're  falsifying  call  letters  and 
if  they  are  intentionally  Inter- 
fering with  the  norma!  use  of  the 
airwaves,  then  It's  my  sugges- 
tion that  it  is  not  their  First 


Amendment  right.  I  believe  very 
strongly  in  freSedom  of  speech. 
Clearly,  when  you  think  about 
the  airwaves  and  their  impor- 
tance, there  is  the  necessity  for 
using  them  in  some  reasonable 
and  rational  way  for  ail.  To  use 
them  irrationally,  to  intention- 
ally jam  them,  has  nothing  to  do 
with  First  Amendment  rights  in 
my  book. 

Q:  /  understand  that  you  are  go- 
tng  to  be  coordinating  your  ef- 
forts with  the  American  Radio 
Relay  League  through  its 
Generat  Counsel  Bob  Booth, 
Would  you  care  to  eiaborate? 
A:  I  asked  if  I  could  see  Mr. 
Booth  as  soon  as  I  get  back  to 
Washington.  Tm  hoping  that  Mr, 
Merdler  will  be  able  to  come 
back  as  well.  For  one  thing, 
there  are  435  of  us  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  and  we  don't 
want  to  be  running  in  436  differ- 
ent directions.  That's  why  it^s  so 
important  that  the  association 
(ARRL)  quarterback  what's  go- 
ing on,  so  that  we  are  all  moving 
in  the  same  direction.  We  need 
to  coordinate  a  good  reference. 

Less  than  two  weeks  after  my 
interview  with  Congressman 
James  Corman,  word  reached 
us  that  the  FCC  had  acted  on 
the  Lookholder  case,  and  since 
that  time,  the  FCC  has  appar- 
ently been  quite  busy  helping  us 
clean  house,  not  just  on  two 
meters,  either.  Could  it  be  that 
an  overall  cleanup  of  the  ama* 
teur  bands  has  become  an  FCC 
priority?  The  rumors  of  almost 
daily  "busts"  run  rampant,  but 
the  FCC  refuses  to  say  any- 
thing. Following  up  on  such  a 
rumor  just  this  week,  Westlink 
Correspondent  Alan  Kaul 
W6RCL  called  FCC  Field  Engi- 
neer in  Charge  Larry  Guy  at  the 
Long  Beach  field  office.  How  far 
did  he  get?  Read  his  final  "air 
copy'*  here: 


NEWS  ITEM:  THE  WESTLINK 

AMATEUR  RADIO  NEWS 

EDITION  #106 

"(n  Los  Angeles  last  week, 
another  FCC  raid  was  made  on 
an  amateur  station  allegedly  in- 
volved in  illegal  transmissions. 
Officials  from  the  Long  Beach 
field  office  took  part  in  the  ac- 
tion. In  a  capsule,  here's  what 
happened:  A  signal  from  an 
amateur  transmitter  was  jam* 
ming  a  two-meter  repeater  in 
the  Los  Angeles  area.  Direction- 
finding  equipment  led  to  the 
location,  but  no  one  was  home. 
Westlink  has  learned  that  the 
jamming  operation  was  done  by 
remote  control,  and  that  the 
owner  of  the  station  was  acti- 
vating the  transmitter  by  tele- 
phone. 

"The  FCC  refuses  to  confirm 
or  deny  the  report,  and  will  say 
only  in  terse  govern mentese: 
'An  inspection  was  made  on 
Monday,  September  10th,  but 
the  results  of  that  inspection 
are  not  public  information.' 

"So,  we  don't  really  know 
what  happened  and  can't  really 
be  sure  who  the  ham  involved 
was.  but  it  looks  like  the  score 
from  Los  Angeles  is  FCC  2,  jam* 
mars  nothing." 

If  there  is  real  validity  to  the 
rumors,  and  1  have  good  reason 
to  believe  that  such  is  the  case, 
then  ft  looks  as  if  a  cleanup  of 
our  amateur  bands  is  our  Christ- 
mas present  to  ourselves,  with  a 
bit  of  help  from  the  FCC.  The  on- 
ly ones  who  won't  appreciate 
the  gift  are  the  foul-mouthed, 
the  carrier-throwers,  and  jam- 
mers in  general.  Why?  Because 
the  gift  they  get  will  probably  be 
notification  that  they  are  no 
longer  licensed  amateurs;  good 
riddance.  You  see,  the  ''good 
guys"  who  wear  white  hats  and 
ride  white  horses  can  win  a  fight 
—  even  today  I 

Happy  holidays! 


/Vlicrocomputer 

Interfacing 


from  page  28 

shown  in  Fig.  1  pressed,  a  neg- 
ative pulse  of  duration  2.62  sec- 
onds will  also  be  observed.  If 
you  fail  to  press  the  pulser, 
however,  and  thus  do  not  apply 
a  positive  edge  at  GATED,  no 
monostable  pulse  is  observed. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  you  repeat- 
edly press  and  release  the 
GATED  pulse  at  time  intervals 
less  than  2.62  seconds,  the 
monostable  pulse  can  be  pro- 
fonged  indefinitely.  In  this  way, 
a  retriggerabte  monostable 
multivibrator  output  can  be  pro- 
duced. 

With  a  control  word  of  D64, 


the  behavior  depicted  for  MODE 
2  in  Fig.  2  can  be  observed.  By 
repeatedly  generating  positive 
edges  at  GATED  at  time  inter- 
vals of  less  than  2,62  seconds, 
counter  #0  is  repeatedly  reset 
and  the  appearance  of  the  short 
negative  clock  pulses  \s  pre- 
vented. The  same  purpose  may 
be  accomplished  by  allowing 
GATED  to  remain  at  logic  0  after 
a  positive  edge  has  been  ap- 
plied.  The  GATED  input  thus  ex- 
hibits both  gating  and  trig* 
ger/reset  behavior. 

MODE  3  behavior  (control 
word  of  066)  Is  similar  to  that  for 
MODE  2,  except  that  a  nearly 
symmetrical  square  wave  is  pro- 


duced.  Deviations  from  sym- 
metry occur  when  the  counter 
byte  is  an  odd  number  and  are 
most  pronounced  when  the 
counter  byte  is  very  smalL 

In  MODE  4  (control  word  of 
070).  the  positive  edge  ol  the 
WR  pulse  (which  is  applied  at 
pin  23  of  the  timer  when  the  STA 
instruction  at  003  014  is  ex* 
eculed)  initiates  counting  that 
culminates  in  the  production  of 
a  negative  clock  pulse  of  pulse- 
width  T.  The  time  duration  be- 
tween the  positive  edge  and  the 
pulse  is  2,62  seconds.  The 
GATED  input  acts  as  a  gating  in- 
put^ with  a  logic  0  inhibiting  the 
counting  process. 

Finally,  in  MODE  5  {control 
word  of  072),  a  positive  edge  at 
GATED  initiates  counting.  By 
repeatedly  generating  positive 
edges  at  GATED  at  time  inter- 
vals of  less  than  2.62  seconds, 
countef  #D  is  repeatedly  reset 
and    the   appearance   of   the 


single  negative  clock  pulse  is 
presented. 

II  should  be  noted  that  in  all 
modes,  counter  action  begins 
on  the  first  negative  ciock  tran- 
sition after  WR  {pin  23)  or 
GATED  goes  to  logic  1,  and  that 
WR  can  initiate  counting  in  ail 
modes  except  MODE  1  and 
MODE  5. 

Although  in  many  applica- 
tions of  the  8253  timer  the 
primary  interest  will  be  to 
generate  the  proper  signal  at 
OUTO.  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  you 
can  also  read  the  contents  of 
the  16-bit  counter  without  af- 
fecting the  counting  operation. 
By  inputting  a  control  word  of 
000,  100,  or  200.  you  latch  the 
1 6^bit  count  of  either  counter  #0, 
counter  #1,  or  counter  #2, 
respectively.  As  shown  in  the 
memory-mapped  I/O  example  in 
Table  1,  the  two  bytes  can  then 
be  read  into  the  8080 A  chip, 
with  the  LO  byte  first  and  the  HI 
byte  second. 


22S 


0 » 1    -TO O :\ B    v1  c.  r .  *  t    K-  V  ».• ." 


'W     -w    •      '^ 


LTt. 


%  *.  ,♦ 


a 


sultant  squeal  from  various 
troopers  to  your  magazine.  1 
noticed  some  of  the  biggest 
squeals  around  here  came  from 
police  who  have  Itnears  in  their 
patrol  cars  on  GB  and  they  own 
amateu  r  gear  for  a  home  CB  sta- 
tion.  One  local  community 
police  department  is  almost  en- 
tirely involved  in  overpower  on 
CB.  In  fact,  in  this  particular 
area,  a  county  of  maybe  7,000, 
there  are  15  to  18  Yaesus  and  7 
Siltronix,  and  linears  in  autos 
and  home  are  almost  common- 
place. Only  one  Yaesu  is  owned 
by  a  licensed  amateur. 

Then  we  see  an  articte  print- 
ed by  a  completely  Illegal,  over- 
powered^  out-o^band  HFer 
(Peters)  trying  to  convince  us  he 
is  just  a  good  ol"  guy  trying  to  do 
his  thing,  fellas,  so  please  give 
us  HFers  some  consideration 
and  kindness  as  they  operate 
like  hams  and  are  really  good 
guys.  Horse  cocky!  He  is  an  il- 
legal bootlegger  osmg  iltegal 
equtpment  and  should  be  in  jail 
on  a  criminal  conviction,  not  be- 
ing published  in  an  amateur 
magazine. 

Then  we  have  the  article  that, 
merely  because  a  ham  was  a 
Conditional  or  Tech,  says  It  was 
Justifiable  and  cute  for  an  Ad- 
vanced-type ECM  engineer  to 
break  the  law  in  dozens  of  ways 
to  ''leach  him  a  lesson."  Ail  be* 
cause  the  so-called  offender 
was  a  Conditional  whose  com- 
ments the  hot-shot  engineer 
didn*t  like.  I'd  rather  see  ads  by 
Trigger. 

In  the  past  your  mag  always 
had  the  best  of  amateur  radio, 
every  article  seemed  to  be  infor- 
mative, and  construction  ar- 
ticles for  amateurs  were  of  the 
accepted  ham  type,  i.e.,  li- 
censed and  law-abiding.  Other 
than  the  abovementioned  driv- 
el, though,  you  still  have  the 
best  mag  published  and  some- 
day you  will  get  back  to  the 
average  amateur  and  make  us 
feel  we  are  with  you  on  a  one^o* 
one  basis  as  we  read  your  edito- 
rials. 

Joe  Feagans  W9MC1 

Tallula  IL 


EGYPTIANS 

Now  the  "other  side"  has  had 
its  say  in  the  pages  of  73,  with 
the  word  of  Bess  Nelson  (Sep- 
tember, 1979,  page  156)  pitted 


against  the  earlier  letter  of 
Tania  MiNer  (August,  1978,  page 
8)  in  regard  to  the  situation 
prevalent  at  the  Egyptian  Radio 
Club,  Granite  City  IL  It  is  one  of 
the  oldest,  strongest,  and  most 
prestigious  clubs  in  the  nation, 
whose  chief  accomplishment 
seems  to  have  come  40  years 
ago,  within  a  decade  of  its 
founding,  when  it  won  ARRL's 
Field  Day  three  years  in  a  row, 

When  I  saw  Tania's  letter,  I 
thought  it  a  bit  hasty  in  remon- 
strance against  an  admitted 
problem,  but  now  I  think  she, 
not  Bess,  had  the  better  per* 
spective  on  things  there. 

At  present,  Mrs.  Nelson  is 
editor  of  the  club's  newsletter,  a 
journal  I  had  the  honor  to  pub- 
lish several  years  ago.  Her  lat- 
est edition,  besides  containing 
two  unsigned  letters- some- 
thing most  of  the  rest  of  us 
editors  stopped  airing  quite  a 
while  back  — gives  the  news 
that  the  club's  regular  mem- 
bership stands  at  126,  with  trie 
obvious  implication  that  the 
membership  is  up  to  this  figure. 
The  true  picture  is  that  club 
membership  must  be  down  to 
126,  following  the  mass  exodus 
of  29  former  members,  accord* 
ing  to  my  sources,  who  walked 
out  the  door,  led  by  ofd-timer 
Harry  Turner  (holder  of  world 
record  for  sending  code  on  a 
straight  key -35  wpm-see  73 
Magazine,  Jan.,  1976,  page  5), 
who  turned  his  back  In  disgust 
and  dropped  not  only  his  mem- 
bership, but  also  hts  position  as 
club  treasurer,  a  post  he  had 
held  for  more  than  a  quarter 
century. 

Up  until  early  this  summer,  I 
had  fett  sure  that  "our"  prob- 
lems would  soon  be  resolved 
and  we  would  all  be  back  in  the 
same  boat  again.  But  I  now  no 
longer  think  this  is  possible. 
The  arrogant  and  supercilious 
behavior  of  a  small  knot  of 
hierarchical  dictators  within  the 
club  has  made  any  broadly- 
based  "aura  of  good  feeling"  an 
impossibility.  Oh,  not  that  dis- 
agreements are  ever  expected 
to  end,  but  they  need  not  break 
up  the  party.  To  be  sure,  old 
traditions  and  ideas  must  and 
will  be  changed,  and  1  never  par^ 
tlcularly  agreed  with  the  notion 
that  women  should  not  be  mem- 
bers of  the  club.  But  it  was  not 
this  issue  that  was  at  the  heart 
of  the  troubles -rather  like  the 
issue  of  slavery,  destined  to  be 
the  most  memorable  point  of 
the  American  Civil  War,  but 


which  was  not  really  the  cause 
of  it  all.  The  more  likely  situs  of 
the  ERC  problem  is  exactly 
what  Bess  points  to:  feelings  of 
power  on  the  part  of  a  chiefly 
self-appointed  elite  within  the 
club. 

Oddly  enough,  my  strongest 
disagreements  have  been  with 
Harry  Turner  himself »  who  once 
walked  out  of  a  board  of  direc- 
tors meeting  because  I  was 
there  although  not  a  member, 
but  at  the  invitation  of  that 
body.  But  Mr.  Turner  and  I  can 
stick  to  our  positions  respon- 
sibly and  still  keep  our  com- 
posure  and  our  friendship  — as 
we  have  continued  to  do.  With 
the  27  others.  1  must  agree, 
there's  little  point  in  continuing 
the  animosity;  I  just  walked 
away  from  it,  too.  But  I  donllike 
to  see  \n  print  an  appearance 
that  the  "good  guys"  won,  when 
they  didn1. 

Harry  Church  WllKXP/9 
Lebanon  IL 

ATV 

On  the  night  of  September  4, 
1979,  all  hell  broke  loose  on 
ATV,  At  eight  thirty  pm, 
VE3IWP.  who  lives  in  Toronto, 
informed  me  via  two  meters  that 
W92IH  from  Chicago  was  com- 
ing in  on  his  screen.  I  fired  up 
my  TV  station,  and  sure  enough, 
there  he  was.  I  just  coutdn't 
believe  that  I  was  receiving  an 
ATV  picture  all  the  way  from 
Chicago  (Hickory  Hills)  IL  about 
four  hundred  twenty  miles 
away,  while  my  normal  range  is 
about  seventy  to  eighty  miles. 
He  was  working  VE3EYR  in 
Brantford,  Ontario. 

After  that  contact,  he  worked 
W3P0S  in  Erie  PA,  approx- 
imately four  hundred  miles  be- 
tween the  two  stations,  At  ten 
pm,  I  got  ahold  of  W9ZIH 
myself;  we  worked  both  ways, 
live  on  camera  as  well  as  sound. 
He  received  me  P4,  and  I  re* 
ceived  him  P5  (broadcast  quali- 
ty), I  nervously  took  some  pic- 
tures and  made  a  video  record- 
ing for  future  reference,  W9ZIH 
was  on  for  several  hours,  not 
just  a  few  minutes  as  might  be 
expected.  VE3EYR,  VE3iWP, 
and  myself  were  In  contact  with 
each  other  on  two  meters.  There 
were  times  when  1  would  almost 
lose  WBZIH,  and  VE31WP,  who 
is  fifty  miles  from  me,  would  see 
him  P5,  and  sometimes  condi- 
tions would  be  reversed. 

After  I  finished  my  ATV  QSO 
with  W9ZIH,  I  picked  up  N9AB 
from  Mundejein  IL,  which  is  four 
hundred  forty-one  miles  from 
me-  We  only  flashed  our  logos 
at  each  other  for  a  while;  he 
came  in  P2  at  times.  We  also 
saw  K9KLM  from  Oak  Creek  Wl 
once;  he  was  P3  on  my  screen 
and  is  four  hundred  eight  miles 
away.  Later  on  that  night, 
W2RP0   in    Lockport   NY   and 


VE3AHS  in  Weliand,  Ontario, 
also  saw  W92IH.  Needless  to 
say,  1  had  a  sleepless  night  after 
all  this.  1  don't  know  who  holds 
the  wodd  record  for  OX  on  fast 
scan,  but  we  might  be  close  to 
it.  Ron  W9ZIH  was  running  five 
hundred  Watts  out  on  439.25 
MHz  video*  and  one  hundred  fif- 
ty Watts  on  443.75  MHz  sound; 
his  antenna  on  video  had  one 
hundred  seven  elements  up 
sixty-five  feet.  I  was  putting  out 
forty  Watts  on  video  and  ten 
Walts  on  sound  with  a  forty- 
eight  element  antenna  on  video 
and  twenty  elements  on  sound, 
fgly  converter  and  preamps  are 
home  brew  as  well  as  my  trans- 
mitting equipment.  1  am  not  try- 
ing to  take  any  credit;  we  were 
all  active  in  this  and  were  very 
enthusiastic.  We  all  hope  thai 
what  has  happened  to  us  might 
spark  some  Interest  In  others.  I 
have  been  a  ham  since  1959,  but 
after  the  initial  excitement  of 
the  first  several  years  wore  off,  I 
lost  interest  in  the  hobby.  After 
getting  involved  in  amateur  fast 
scan  TV,  I  got  my  old  spirit  back 
again.  There  is  no  better  way 
that  i  can  think  of  for  old-timers 
who  are  getting  stale  to  re- 
juvenate the  interest  in  our  won- 
derful hobby.  ATV  has  got  all 
the  excitement  of  the  early  days 
of  radio,  with  lots  of  room  for  ex- 
perimentation. 

John  Vander  Ryd  VESCYC 
Hamilton,  Ontario 

EUREKA! 

Re:  890-960  MHz  Machine-to- 
Machine  CB 

Eureka I 

it  now  looks  fairly  definite 
that  the  new  proposed  amateur 
band  in  the  890*960  MHz  band 
will  not  remain  vacant  due  to 
the  lack  of  equipment. 

Our  Canadian  Department  of 
Communications,  through  its 
Director  General  of  Regula- 
tions, is  proposing  a  SMHz  por- 
tion be  set  aside  for  CB  opera- 
tion. They  are  proposing  a  wide- 
open  mode  of  operation  includ- 
ing man-to-machine  and  ma* 
chine-to-machine.  Comments 
on  band  plan,  modulation 
schemes  for  voice  and  data, 
and.  most  important,  eligibility 
requirements  are  being  request- 
ed from  the  public. 

My  opinion  is  that  the  DOC 
feels  that  the  big  boys,  G.E., 
Motorola,  etc,  are  not  being 
aggressive  enough  in  their  de- 
velopment in  this  area  for  the 
private  commercial  user.  The 
commercial  manufacturers 
keep  screaming  for  more  spec- 
trum rather  than  developing  im- 
proved technology  to  communi- 
cate within  the  spectrum  they 
now  have. 

Motorola  has  developed  a 
DVP  Digital  Voice  Privacy  Sys- 
tern  along  with  Harris  and  pos- 


226 


aibly  others.  This  appears  to 
have  been  developed  only  for 
the  purpose  of  privacy.  I  feel  the 
big  'W  and  others  are  going  to 
l>e  left  out  In  the  cold  unless 
they  and  other  domestic  manu- 
facturers join  in  on  the  devel- 
opment of  this  proposed  new 
bandt  if  it  is  approved. 

Of  course  I  am  exerted  be* 
cause  this  brings  new  and  in* 
expensive  technology  to  the 
amateur  portion  of  the  band. 

Paul  Cassel  VE3AVY 
Kitchener,  Ontario 

Wefi,  uniess  we  somehow  man- 
age to  get  a  iot  more  ficensed 
amateurs  than  we  have  now,  Vm 
not  sure  that  we  wtit  have 
enough  people  to  do  much 
pioneering  on  a  new  band.  Of 
course,  the  availability  of 
relatively  inexpensive  equip- 
ment would  help  a  tot  and  might 
take  some  of  the  pressures  off 
450  t^Hz  as  a  repeater  control 
band.  But  remember  that  we 
have  a  1275-1300  MHz  band 
which  is  virtually  unused .  - . 
primariiy  because  it  is  so  diffi- 
cult to  make  the  necessary 
equipment 

The  900-MHz  band  might  be 
one  where  amateur  TV  fanatics 
could  set  up  a  series  of  repeat- 
ers and  make  it  possible  for  that 
mode  to  cover  more  ground. 
—  Wayne. 


THINK  TANK 


] 


I'm  not  writing  to  bitch  or 
complain  about  anything.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  Tm  writing  to  ob- 
tain my  copy  of  "How  to  Write 
for  73,"  Hopefully,  we  can  strike 
up  a  mutual  agreement  whereby 
I  give  you  excellent  articles  for 
publication  and  you  give  me 
money! 

I  also  want  to  comment  on  73 
Magazine  In  general,  Tve  been  a 
reader  of  73  since  I  was  first  li- 
censed in  1963.  I've  followed 
your  magazine's  growth  from 
"just  anotfier  ham  rag'*  to  the 
best  ham  magazine  currentiy 
being  published.  73  gets  in  my 
mailbox  first  (most  of  the  time) 
and  gets  read  the  longest.  The 
articles  are,  by  far,  the  most 
practical  and  fairly  easy  to  dup- 
licate. The  articles  also  provide 
an  excellent  base  for  "think- 
tanking"  my  own  projects. 

1  was  delighted  with  the  letter 
from  KSDNV  about  "Wayne 
Green's  Lair"  in  the  July,  79, 
Issue.  Doug  DeMaw  W1FB  has 
long  been  one  of  my  favorite 
authors.  Unfortunately,  the  rest 
of  the  senior  ARRL  staff  donl 
share  his  opinion. 

Several  hams  here  in  England 
are  in  the  process  of  forming  a 
G5  Amateur  Radio  Club  for  all  li- 
censed G5  operators.  The  unof- 
ficial G5  calling  frequency  is 
S19  (no  relation  to  the  CB 
counterpart)  or  145.475  (sim- 
plex) MHz.  No  HF  net  has  been 


set  up  as  yet.  So  far,  we  have 
about  10  interested  hams.  Once 
we  get  a  few  more  together, 
we'll  have  election  of  officers, 
formation  of  a  G5  awards  pro- 
gram,  and  atl  the  other  things 
that  go  into  the  makings  of  a 
ham  club.  So,  any  G5  If  censed 
ham  who  would  like  to  get  in  on 
the  ground  floor  of  the  G5  ARC, 
please  contact  GSCSU  at  10  Ap* 
pie  Close,  Lord's  Walk  Estate, 
RAF  Lakenheath  Camp,  Bran- 
don, Suffolk,  IP  279  PJ  (my 
British  mailing  address),  or 
come  up  on  319  to  get  full  de- 
tails. 

One  more  item:  29,6  MHz  FM 
Is  alive  and  welf.  G5BRB  has  a 
r*g  on  29,6  FM  and  I'll  have  an 
old  Motorola  L41  on  as  soon  as 
the  crystals  come  in,  so  took  for 
some  G5  activity  on  tO  FM  from 
Jolly  Old  England. 

That's  about  it  for  now.  Once 
the  G5  ARC  ts  formed  and  the 
awards  program  is  adopted,  I'll 
provide  you  with  the  details. 
Keep  up  the  good  work  In  73  and 
Kilobaud  MICROCOMPUTING. 

Richard  H.  Arland  GSCSU 
APO  New  York  NY 


THANKS,  HARRY 


I  would  like  to  comment  on 
the  article.  "The  80  Meter  Coax 
L,"  by  Harry  Pardue  in  your 
August,  79,  issue. 

Even  though  Fig.  1  is  in  error 
to  the  extent  that  the  leedline 
braid  is  not  connected  to  the 
ground  rod  as  it  should  be  (and 
as  it  is  described  in  the  text),  the 
article  is  a  fine  contribution  to 
our  hobby  and  I  wish  to  thank 
Harry  and  73  for  its  publication. 

My  version  of  it,  which  runs 
20  feet  on  the  vertical  to  a  chim- 
ney bracket  and  then  slopes 
down  about  5*^  to  anchor  to  a 
nearby  tree,  shows  an  swr  of 
about  1.2  and  required  no  trim- 
ming whatsoever!  First  contact 
was  Oklahoma  Cfty  to  St.  Louis* 
which  approaches  €00  miles;  at 
3:00  pm,  that's  not  bad  (80m 
Novice  CW). 

Clarence  H,  Dotlmeyer  KASEKM 

Edmond  OK 


VINTAGE  QSLS 


] 


1  purchased  the  following 
QSLs  at  3  local  stamp  and  coin 
dealer.  He  had  purchased  them 
at  an  estate  sale  and  was  sell- 
ing them  to  stamp  and  post- 
card collectors.  If  any  of  the 
following  hams  are  stiU  active 
and  would  like  to  have  the  QSU 
send  me  your  name  and  QTH 
and  ril  send  you  the  card. 

W1BYF-'33;  W1BFP-'31; 
|sjuiVT-^28;  NU1WV-'28; 
W2AMM  --  '29;  2A0N  ~  '27; 
2BBC-'26:  U3BNU-75;  3LB- 
^28;  U30W-"25;  U3VF- 26; 
4AG-23:  4EE-'25;  5PE-22; 
5WK  -  '25;  6ACH  -  '26;  W6A1F  - 


^32;  W6AIY-*31;  6ARW-''25; 
6ASL  -  *28;  6AZZ  -  26;  6 B D W  - 
"28;  W6BMH-'31;  6CZU-'26; 
6DAQ  -  "25:  6DOG  -  '28;  6DTP  - 
3;  W6EBV-'29;  W6FOC-'34; 
W6QY-'29;  6RJ-25;  BAIB^ 
21;  8AVZ-Sept.,-'^,  "Been  on 
air  week  hr";  8CTD-'24; 
W8ESG  -  "SS,  "ex-VV8AK\r;  9AIG 
-21;  9ASK^22:  9ASN-21; 
9BEW-^24:  9SHa-24;  9B0B 
-24,  "eX'9BDQ";  98QZ-25; 
9BVK-24;  9DAE-27;  9DHJ- 
24;  9DMX-24;  W9FTR^'31: 
9HO'-'22;  W9LAY-'33;  U9WK 
-27. 

Is  there  a  radio  museum 
which  would  be  interested  in  a 
donation  of  unclaimed  cards 
from  the  above? 

Gary  Payne  WD6BJK 

1 347  E.  Dakota 

Fresno  CA  93704 

SHINGLE  POWER 

Without  a  doubt,  WB6AAM 
(September  Letters)  Is  right  in 
urging  hams  to  get  busy  and 
power  their  rigs  wfth  solar  and 
alternative  forms  of  energy. 
Considering  the  momentum 
that  Jane  Fonda  and  the  "hate 
nukes"  society  is  gaining, 
blackouts  are  coming.  If  you 
like  the  gasoline  shortages  of 
the  70s,  you  will  love  the  elec- 
tric power  shortages  of  the  "SOs 
and  '90s.  (For  more  information, 
write  to  Department  E,  National 
Rural  Electric  Association,  1800 
Massachusetts  Avenue  N.W*, 
Washington  DC  20036.) 

If  anyone  can  come  up  wfth  a 
solar  cell  that  can  be  used  in- 
stead of  shingles  for  a  roof,  it 
will  be  welcomed  across  the  na- 
tion (even  by  power  companies). 
Power  companies  need  some 
support, 

TMl  was  the  worst  nuclear 
disaster  in  history  — yet  no  one 
was  hurt.  Oh,  yes,  it  Is  claimed 
that  there  may  be  one  to  ten 


more  cases  of  cancer  in  the 
next  decade,  but  peddlers  of 
hysteria  fail  to  mention  that 
over  325,000  cases  are  expected 
anyway.  Yes,  TMi  was  a  trage- 
dy. It  set  back  nuclear  power  20 
years.  Yes,  there  are  risks  in- 
volved with  nuclear  power,  but 
these  are  small  compared  to 
others  that  we  take. 

For  more  eloquent  thoughts 
on  the  subject,  readers  are  re- 
ferred to  A.  Hailey*s  new  book. 
Overload,  It  provides  sober  food 
for  thought. 

Russeil  C,  W.  Crom  AGSN 
Ut  Prospect  IL 


MALlCrOUS  FOOLS 


] 


This  will  no  doubt  be  one  of 
many  letters  to  you  highly  com- 
mending the  fantastic  job  done 
by  the  hurricane  watch  during 
the  recent  hurricanes,  David 
and  Frederic. 

I  cannot  commend  too  highly 
the  excellent  work  done  by  all 
those  running  the  net  and  most 
particularly  by  EINe  K4RHL  and 
Lynne  WA1KKP.  So  many  peo- 
ple who  t>enef ited  from  informa- 
tion received  by  their  tireless  ef- 
forts will  hold  them  in  warm  re- 
gard, and  for  those  of  us  who 
sat  on  the  sidelines  dufmg  the 
long  hours,  their  patience  and 
fortitude  under  difficult  condi- 
tions was  more  than  admirable. 

The  difficult  conditions  were 
unfortunately  made  doubly  so 
by  some  sick  pranksters  or  mali- 
cious fools  who  persisted  in 
heckling  and  attempting  to 
block  vital  transmissions  with 
all  manner  of  QRM,  It  is  hoped 
that  the  FCC  is  in  a  position  to 
take  positive  action,  I  think  that 
every  ham  who  heard  the  QRM 
deplored  it  and  would  love  to 
have  been  in  a  position  to  throt- 
tle the  bastards. 

George  Benson  GY5GB 
Kingston,  Jamaica 


Ham  Help 


The  Cincinnati  Area  UFO  Net 
has  been  active  Thursday  eve- 
nings on  28.8  MHz  (alternate  fre- 
quency  28.795  MHz)  at  0100 
OtC-  a  Saturday  afternoon  sec- 
tion will  be  inaugurated  begin- 
ning January  5,  1980,  at  2000 
UTC.  Stations  in  the  western, 
southwestern,  and  southern 
states  with  UFO  traffic  or  in- 
terest are  cordially  invited  to 
check  in  on  or  about  28.8  MHz  at 
that  time.  Net  control  witi  be 
KA8BV0,  with  K8NQN  provid- 
ing assistance  and  liaison  with 
the  Mutual  UFO  Network  nets 
which  meet  in  the  morning  on 
40  and  75  meters. 

Information  relating  to  UFO 
movies  shown  to  radar  special- 
ists in  the  military  service  dur- 


ing the  1950s  is  of  particular  Im- 
portance. If  you  or  someone  you 
know  has  seen  such  movies, 
please  contact  Mick  Georgin 
KA8BV0.  8788  Mockingbird 
Lane,  Cincinnati  OH  45231,  in 
confidence.  His  landline  Is 
(51 3)-729-3430.  Thank  you. 

David  L.  Dobbs  KeNQN 
661 2  Pleasant  Street 
Cincinnati  OH  45227 

If  anyone  has  any  information 
on  any  organized  net  of  Masons 
on  the  amateur  bands^  please 
drop  a  line  to  Bill  Williams,  Box 
419,  Philmont  NY  12565.  Thank 
you. 

Arthur  Roraback  111 

RD  1,  Box  87 

Cfiatham  NY  12037 


227 


Awards 


from  p&ge  22 

of  the  amateur  receiving  this 
award. 

WORKED  ALL  SM 
WASM  I 

This  award  is  olfered  by  the 
Swedish  Amateur  Radio  Socie- 
ty as  tangible  evidence  of  the 
proficiency  of  foreign  amateurs 
in   malting  contacts  with  the 


various  call  areas  of  Sweden. 

The  award  may  be  claimed  by 
any  amateur  in  the  world  who 
has  fulfilled  the  following 
qualifications.  Swedish  ama- 
teurs will  not  be  eligible, 

European  amateurs  must 
work  two  stations  In  each  of  the 
eight  Swedish  call  areas.  These 
areas  are  SM1  to  SM7  Inclusive 
and  SMO.  The  contacts  may  be 
made  with  SM,  SK,  and  SL  sta- 


tions, and  a\\  stations  have  to  be 
land-based.  All  contacts  must 
be  made  after  World  War  IK 
Non- Europeans  need  only  con- 
tact one  Swedish  siation  In 
each  of  the  required  call  areas. 

The  contacts  may  be  made 
using  any  authorized  amateur 
band  and  any  type  of  emission. 
No  endorsements  for  work  on 
any  certain  band  or  for  phone 
work  will  be  given. 

The  applicant  must  submit  a 
list  of  claimed  contacts  which 
may  be  verified  by  two  ama- 
teurs, a  local  radio  club  sec  re- 
tary,  or  a  notary  public. 


To  cover  expenses  for  this 
award,  which  is  cloth  and  beau* 
tifutly  designedt  there  is  a  fee 
of  11  IRCs.  Applicants  are  to 
send  this  tee  and  list  of  con* 
tacts  to;  SSA  Diploma  Manager, 
Ostmarksgatan  43.  S-123  42 
Farsta,  Sweden. 

Join  us  again  next  month  as 
we  span  the  glot>e  looking  tor 
additional  incentives  to  make 
those  new  contacts  worthwhile. 
Continue  to  forward  award  in- 
formation as  it  becomes  avail- 
able. Perhaps  your  own  radio 
club  sponsors  an  awards  pro- 
gram. Why  not  share  it  with  our 
readers  worldwide? 


Confesls 


from  psgR  35 

GARDEN  CITY  CONTEST 
Starts:  1200  GMT  December  8 
Ends:  1159  QNiT  Decembers 

The  Visvesvaraya  Industrial 
and  Technological  Museum, 
Bangalore,  and  the  Bangalore 
Amateur  Radio  Club  cordially 
invite  all  amateurs  to  parttci- 
pate  in  the  VU2DX  Contest. 
There  will  be  two  groups  of  op- 
eration, with  one  group  operat- 
Ing  t>oth  20  and  40  meters  and 
the  other  group  operating  only 
40  meters.  Log  sheets  regard- 
less of  score  will  be  of  definite 
interest  to  all  concerned  along 
with  any  photographs  of  the 
shack  and  contestants.  The 
contest  is  open  to  all  amateurs 
but  restricted  to  CW  only  and 
single  operators.  The  station 
must  be  manned  by  the  individ^ 
ual  amateur  contesting  without 
receiving  any  assistance  from 
any  other  persons  for  log-keep- 
ing or  spotting,  etc.,  during  the 
entire  period  of  the  contest.  Sta- 
lions  may  be  worked  once  per 
band  and  valid  points  can  i^e 
scored  by  contacting  stations 
not  in  the  contest  provided  com- 
plete RST  exchanges  are  made 
and  logged. 

EXCHANGE: 

RST  and  serial  QSO  number 
in  three  digits  or  more. 


SCORiNG: 

Each  completed  QSO  counts 
1  point  with  the  following  multi- 
pliers: VU  station  contacting 
Asia  =  multiplier  of  1»  contact- 
ing Europe,  Africa,  and  Austra- 
lia =  multiplier  of  2,  and  con- 
tacting North  and  South 
America  =  multiplier  of  3. 
ENTRIES  AND  AWARDS: 

All  entries  to  the  contest 
must  be  postmarked  no  later 
than  December  31sl  and  sent 
to:  The  Convenor,  Garden  City 
Contest  1979,  Visvesvaraya  In* 
dustrial  and  Technological 
Museum,  Kasurba  Road.  Ban* 
galore  560  001,  India.  There  is 
no  entry  fee  and  the  entries 
must  be  a  true  copy  of  the  ac- 
tual tog  for  the  contest  period. 
All  DX  stations  who  contact  20 
or  more  VU2  stations  will  be 
Issued  a  "Garden  City  Certifi- 
cate." 

TEENAGE  RADIO  SPRINT 
Starts:  0000  GMT  December  22 
Ends:  2400  GMT  December  23 

Sponsored  by  the  Twin  City 
Teenage  DX  Club,  the  contest's 
purpose  IS  to  promote  teenage 
annateur  operators  and  to  help 
friendship  with  other  teenagers. 
AU  hams  over  21  years  of  age 
must  work  only  stations  under 
21  years  of  age.  Stations  under 
21   may  work  all  stations.  To 


show  under  21.  put  '*rr*  after 
your  callsign.  General  call  will 
be  "CQ  TNGE  TEST." 

EXCHANGE: 

RSfO  and  age;  if  over  21  and 
you  don't  want  to  send  your  age, 
simply  send  xx  in  place  of  the 
age, 

SCORING: 

Score  2  points  per  QSO  In 
one's  own  country,  4  points  for 
all  DX  QSOs.  Double  QSO 
points  (4  and  8  points)  for  QSOs 
on  160,  80,  or  40  meters.  Multi- 
plier is  number  of  different  pre- 
fixes worked  on  each  band  and 
mode.  No  crossband  contacts 
except  via  OSCAR. 

FREQUENCiES: 

CW-40  to  60  kHz  up  from 
bottom  of  band,  10  kHz  up  for 
Novice, 

SSB-near  or  around  3975, 
7276,  14275,  21375,  28575. 

6  and  2  meters  may  also  be 
used. 

ENTRIES  AND  AWARDS: 

Awards  will  be  given  depend- 
ing on  the  activity!  Entry  class- 
es include  single-operator,  all 
band;  multi-operator,  single 
transmitter;  and  multi-multi. 
Also,  special  classes  for  CW  on- 
ly, SSB  only,  or  mixed,  A  sum- 
mary sheet  is  requested  and  a 
sheet  with  scoring  and  contact 
totals  along  with  the  usual  con- 
test information  signed  by  the 
operator  is  requested.  All  logs 
must  l>e  sent  to  Greg  Deuhs 
KBdCV,  1945  Ashland  Avenue, 
St.  Paul  MN  55104, 


Results 


RESULTS  OF  1978  TOPS  CONTEST 
Winner  was  HA5NP- Robert  Soket  of  Budapest,  Hungary 

No,  of  contacts  -  549       Number  of  points- 1014 
No.  ol  prefixes -115        Total  score -116,610 
FT  250  at  200  Watts 
Second  was  HA9RU  -  Janos  Pokker  of  Miskde,  Hungary 

No.  of  contacts  -  480       Number  of  points  -  851 
No.  of  prefixes  - 1 30        Total  score  —  1 10«630 
FT-250  at  200  Watts 
Third  was  YUlOCV-Vojislav  Kapun  of  Kikinda,  Yugoslavfa 

No.  of  contacts  -  386       Number  of  points  -  810 
No.  of  prefixes  -  1 1 8        Total  score  -  95»580 
FT-200  and  amplifier  at  500  Watts 


12TH  AUSTRALIAN  JAMBOREE 

December  29.  1979- 
January  7, 1980 

The  vast  distances  and  small 
potential  of  people  power  do 
not  deter  Western  Australtans 
from  thinking  big.  Although 
covering  one  third  of  the 
Australian  continent,  makmg  it 
the  biggest  slate  in  the  world, 
the  West  has  only  8%  of  its  pop- 
ulation at  about  1.2  million  peo- 
ple. 

1979  is  the  state  sesquicente- 
nary  (150th  anniversary)  year,  so 
many  years  ago  the  W.  A.  Scout 
Branch  applied  for  the  regular 
three  yearly  Australian  Jam- 
borees always  previously  held 
in  the  populous  eastern  sea- 
board states.  This  was  agreed 
and  the  Jamboree  becomes  the 
final  even!  in  a  year-long  birth- 
day  party  embracing  the  whole 
population  from  all  towns,  utiliz* 
ing  all  activities  which  coutd  be 
imagined. 

World  Scout  Bureau  gave  it 
regional  status  as  the  4th  Asia- 
Pacific  Jamboree.  Subsequent- 
ly, with  the  postponement  of  the 
1979  World  Jamboree  in 
Teheran,  Iran,  it  became  one  of 
the  1979  World  Jamboree  Year 
Camps.  About  8000  scouts  from 
eastern  states  and  over  1000 
from  30  overseas  countries  will 
mix  with  20O0  locals  for  eight 
days  of  camping,  activities, 
sight-seeing,  shopping,  trying 
new  skills/  fraternization,  and 
fun. 

Because  amateur  radio  am- 
plifies many  of  these  Jamboree 
concepts,  e.g.,  new  skills,  frater- 
nization, and  fun,  local  ama- 
teufs  are  preparing  one  of  the 
biggest    VK6   stations   ever 
mounted.  Facilities  will  include; 
•a  high-frequency   station 
on  20  or  15  meters  operat- 
ing round  the  clock  beam- 
ing  the   world,   including 
eastern  states; 
•a  high-frequency  station 
on  15  or  10  meters  operat- 
ing all  day  beaming  eastern 
capitals; 

*a  high-frequency  station 
on  40  or  80  meters  operat- 
ing as  required  with  dipole 
aerials  favoring  north/ 
south; 


228 


•a  RTTY  station  operating 
most  of  the  time  as  signals 
are  available; 

•amateur  TV  F/S  on  UHF 
with  special  receivers  lo- 
cated in  subcamp  fraternity 
areas; 

•three  or  more  VHF  sta- 
tions on  2  meters  and  6 
meters  and  perhaps  other 
bands;  and 

•a  workshop  where,  under 
the   supervision   of   ama- 
teurs, the  scouts  will   be 
able  to  build  a  simple  elec- 
tronic working  proiect. 
In  addition,  a  broadcast  band 
radio  station  on  1610  kHz  is  in 
preparation   so  that  items  of 
news,  happenings,  instruction, 
and  music  can   be  conveyed 
quickly  to  all  scouts  for  their 
entertainment- 
it  is  expected  that  the  sta- 
tions will  be  busy  with  amateurs 
in  contact  and  that  the  special 
Jamboree  Badge  QSL  Card  wili 
be  In  demand.  It  is  hoped  also 
that   scout   groups   and   units 
with  radio  amateur  capabilities 
or  friends  will  make  a  special 
time  to  get  together  during  the 
Jamljoree  to  make  contact*  Fur- 
ther, it  is  expected  that  many 
groups  around  the  world  will 


want  to  make  contact  to  find 
out  how  the  Jamboree  and  their 
particular  people  are  progress- 
ing.  To  assist  these  contacts, 
skeds  will  t>e  accepted  for  a  par- 
ticular frequency,  date,  and 
time.  Mail  to:  Scout  Amateur 
Radio  VK6SH,  12th  Australian 
Jamboree,  Box  467  P.O.,  West 
Perth.  Western  Australia  6005. 

To  test  propagation  condi- 
tions as  far  as  it  is  possible,  all 
skeds  will  be  acknowledged  by 
trying  all  contacts  with  one  of 
the  VK6  amateurs  on  the  orga- 
nizing team  exactly  four  weeks 
to  the  day  and  hour  on  which 
the  contact  is  asked  for.  If  that 
sked  does  not  work,  another  will 
be  tried  a  week  later -three 
weeks  from  the  Jamboree.  The 
sooner  that  skeds  are  request- 
ed, the  better  can  the  arrange- 
ments be. 

The  Jamboree  is  being  held 
at  Ferry  Lakes  Stadium  and  as- 
sociated grasslands  — an  inter- 
national track  and  field  site 
established  for  the  Empire 
Games  in  Perth  in  1962.  The 
radio  station  is  to  be  sited  on 
the  top  floor  of  the  stadium 
building  using  most  of  an  area 
250  feet  long  by  1 1  feet  wide. 

For  further  information,  con- 


tact: (Jamboree)  Mr.  Alex  Shaw, 
The  Scout  Association  of 
Australia  {W.  A.  Branch),  Box 
467  P.O.,  West  Perth,  W.  A. 
6005,  phone  321-7217  (Mr  Doug 
Mapier);  or  (Radio)  Mr.  Peter 
Hughes,  Asst.  Branch  Commis- 
sioner, 56  Preston  Street,  Como, 
W.  A.  6152,  phone  367-1740 
(mornings  364-7586). 


CANADtAN  CHRISTMAS 

QSO  PARTY 
Starts:  0001  GMT  Saturday, 

December  30 
Ends:  2359  GMT  Saturday, 

December  30 

This  contest  is  sponsored  by 
the  Canadian  Amateur  Radio 
Federation  and  is  open  to  all 
amateurs.  Everybody  may  work 
everybody  on  all  bands,  160*2 
meters.  CW  and  phone  com- 
bined. Entry  classes  are  single- 
operator  allband  and  single-op- 
erator single  band. 

EXCHANGE: 

Exchange  signal  reports  and 
consecutive  serial  numbers, 
e,g.,  599001.  VE1  stations  also 
send  province. 

SCOmNG: 

Stations   may   be   worked 


twfce  on  each  band,  once  on 
CW  and  once  on  phone.  Score 
10  points  for  each  contact  with 
Canada,  1  point  for  contacts 
with  others.  Multipliers  are  the 
number  of  Canadian  provinces 
and  territories  worked  on  each 
band  and  mode  (12  provinces/ 
territories  times  8  bands  times  2 
modes  for  a  maximum  of  192). 
FREQUENCfES: 

CW  - 1810,  3525.  7025.  14025, 
21025,  50100,  144100  kHz. 

Phone- 1810,  3770.  3900, 
7090,  7230,  14150.  14300,  21200, 
21400,  2B400,  28600,  50100. 
146520  kHz.  Suggest  phone  on 
the  even  hours  GMT,  CW  on  the 
odd  hours. 
ENTRIES: 

Entries,  with  dupe  sheets  and 
summary  sheet,  must  be  mailed 
by  January  31,  1980,  to  CARF, 
Box  76752,  Vancouver  BG, 
Canada  VSR  5S7. 


OOPS 

Hope  we  didn't  cause  any 
problems,  but  there  was  a  slight 
typo  error  in  the  September  con- 
test calendar  write-up  on  the 
89'ers  Run.  Certificate  applica- 
tions should  go  to  W65YKD  and 
not  WB5TKD  as  listed. 


W2NSD/1 

NEVER  SAY  DIE 

editorial  hy  Wayne  Green 


from  page  6 

emissaries  a  few  minutes 
before  a  net  is  scheduled  to 
open.  They  can  get  on,  check 
around,  and,  if  the  net  fre- 
quency Is  in  use,  find  a  spot  for 
the  users  to  move,  if  they  can  be 
coaxed  into  it.  Most  hams  are 
like  me.  they  will  do  almost  any- 
thing for  you  if  you  ask  nice- 
ly.. .  and  will  fight  to  the  death 
If  told  what  to  do. 

if  the  chaps  are  obsti- 
nate ...  or  if  one  of  the  net  peo- 
ple trying  to  get  a  clear  channel 
is  less  than  diplomatic,  there 
should  be  an  understanding 
that  the  net  can  move  up  or 
down  a  few  kHohertz  to  keep 
peace  In  the  family.  Blessed  are 
the  peacemakers  for  they  are 
the  first  to  get  killed  when  war 
starts. 

FINDING  THE  JAMMERS 

Little  has  been  written  or 
even  done  about  trying  to  find 
the  jammers.  We  are  a  whole 
generation  behind  in  working 
on  the  problem.  The  FCC  and 
other  agencies  have  gone  years 
beyond  us  m  the  design  of  so- 
phisticated equipment  for 
searching   out  jammers... 


while  we  are  stilf  out  waving 
loop  antennas  around,  chasing 
off  in  the  opposite  direction  at 
top  speed* 

I've  heard  that  the  FCC  is  able 
to  get  a  fix  on  a  jammer  within 
one  Of  two  seconds  . . .  or  fs  It 
milliseconds?  As  Tve  men- 
tioned before,  l*d  sure  like  to 
have  some  articles  in  73  on  how 
to  build  some  modern  DP  equip- 
ment. The  Happy  Flyers  in  Cali- 
fornia have  run  up  an  impres- 
sive record  of  tracking  down  re- 
peater kerchunkers  and  jam- 
mers by  plane,  but  I  should 
think  that  we  might  be  able  to 
go  beyond  that  before  long. 

We  could  use  articles  on 
techniques  for  identifying  sta- 
tions by  looking  at  their  keying 
patterns.  This  means  freezing 
the  leading  edge  of  a  kerchunk 
and  looking  at  It  on  a  scope.  I 
understand  that  every  rig  may 
have  its  own  identifiable  pat- 
tern. We  want  to  know  more 
about  trianguEation  via  re- 
ceiving both  the  signal  on  the 
repeater  input  frequency  and 
the  repeater  output.  If  pairs,  or 
more,  of  operators  could  get  a 
net  going  to  do  instant  triangu- 
lation,  that  might  be  worth- 
while. Let's  start  tackling  this. 


AFTER  YOU  FIND  'EM 

In  most  cases,  a  ham  will 
shut  up  once  he  knows  he's 
been  discovered.  In  those  cases 
where  the  ham  is  blatant  about 
it,  stronger  measures  are  need- 
ed. Tve  heard  that  massive 
visits  from  concerned  local 
amateurs  can  have  a  settling  ef- 
fect on  strong-willed  jammers. 
It  is  rmpressive  when  a  hundred 
hams  drive  up  and  come  to  your 
door  to  reason  with  you  . . .  par- 
ticularly if  they  have  sticks  In 
their  hands. 

There  are  a  lot  more  articles 
needed  on  ways  which  have 
worthed  to  calm  down  hard-core 
jammer  cases.  I  doubt  if  broken 
arms  are  necessary— just  some 
powerful  reasoning. 

THE  WORST  WAY 

Amateur  radio  has  a  reputa- 
tion of  being  self-regulating*  We 
try,  as  much  as  the  FCC  will  per- 
mil,  to  generate  our  own  rules 
and  we  have  an  enviable  record 
of  sticking  to  them.  I  can't  think 
of  a  case  yet  where  FCG^en- 
erated  rules  have  been  nearly  as 
wetl  suited  to  our  work  as  our 
own  rules.  Amateurs  are  very 
considerate  of  each  other,  most 
of  the  time,  and  tend  to  go  over- 
board in  the  protection  of 
special  interests  more  than  in 
putting  them  down. 

So.  in  view  of  this  image  of 
self-regulation,  every  time  we 
turn  crying  to  the  FCC  over 
some  interference  problem,  we 
are  hurting  our  image  with  the 
outfit  where  our  Image  ts  the 
most  important-  We  should 
move  heaven  and  Earth  to  han- 
dle our  own  problems  and  not 


keep  calling  up  the  FCC  every 
time  some  idiot  lets  loose. 

WHAT'S  NEXT? 

Until  we  get  a  lot  more  infor- 
mation on  direction-finding  and 
have  a  few  dozen  stations  set 
up  for  instant  fixes,  there  isn't 
much  we  can  do.  Swinging  a 
three-element  20m  beam  is 
hardly  the  way  to  try  to  locate 
some  idiot  in  Nebraska  who  ts 
raising  hell  with  hurricane  com- 
munications. We  need  to  be 
abie  to  pinpoint  the  trouble 
quickly  and  have  things  orga- 
nized enough  so  we  can  get  in 
touch  with  a  net  in  the  specific 
area  which  can  get  action. 

Clubs  which  get  set  up  to  par- 
ticipate in  direction-finding  can 
let  me  know  and  Til  try  to  run  a 
list  so  other  groups  will  know 
whom  to  contact  when  a  prob- 
lem arises,  i  should  get  contact 
call  letters  and  phone  numbers, 
together  with  some  idea  of  the 
bands  which  can  be  DFed,  etc. 

Let's  get  going  on  this  >  <  > 
with  articles  and  organization, 

COOL  THE  HAMFESTS 

The  OSr editorial  suggesting 
that  hamfests  be  cut  back  sure 
wasn't  given  much  thought  be- 
fore being  put  to  paper.  Sure, 
there  are  major  problems  for 
some  of  the  ARRL  conven- 
tions . . .  there  have  been  real 
bummers.  But  this  doesn't 
mean  there  is  anything  wrong 
with  hamfests.  The  Milwaukee 
Central  Division  Convention, 
after  two  solid  years  of  plan- 
ning and  work,  featuring  Harry 
Dannals  as  speaker,  brought  in 
eight  exhibitors  and  a  crushing 


229 


400  in  attendance.  The  Na- 
tional, in  Baton  Rouge,  also 
featuring  IHarry,  was  another 
disaster. 

Let's  compare  that  with  the 
first-time  hamfest  in  St.  Louis 
(boycotted  by  the  ARRL)  which 
drew  about  2,500.  There  were 
over  1,500  put  to  sieep  by  my 
taik  aione.  This  year,  the  St. 
Louis  crowd  is  ioaded  for 
bear . . .  they've  rented  the  iarg- 
est  riverboat  on  the  Mississippi 
for  the  banquet . . . seven 
declcs  and  a  capacity  of 
3,500  , . ,  two  orchestras  , , . 
and  some  entertainment  by 
Wayne  Green.  I  understand 
that  there  is  a  possibility  that 
Arthur  Godfrey  may  be  able  to 
make  It . . .  he's  been  sick  late- 
ly, so  we  don't  know  yet.  And 
there  will  be  a  lot  more  enter- 
tainment. 

You  may  be  sure  that  evwy 
exhibitor  from  fast  year  will  be 
back  . . .  they  cleaned  up  from 
the  money-waving  crowds.  1 
predict  there  will  be  many  more 
ham  and  computer  dealers  and 
manufacturers   exhibiting   this 

time. 

The  fellows  down  in  Mary- 
land are  cooking  up  a  big  event 
for  the  spring  . , .  again  fea- 
turing me.  Why  do  I  draw 
crowds?  Well,  I  say  exactly 
what  I  think  about  things  . , . 
and  I'm  able  to  say  a  lot  at  talks 
like  this  that  I  would  never  be 
abte  to  print.  Perhaps  I  go  too 
far  sometimes  and  say  things, 
which,  though  true,  shouldn^t 
be  let  out  of  the  bag. 

A  lot  of  people  come  to  see 
what  Wayne  Green  is  really 
like,.,  since  \  aggravate  the 
hell  out  of  them  in  my  edito- 
rials . . .  and  they  usually  find 
that  after  40  years  around  this 
hobby  and  27  years  of  publish- 
ing, I  really  do  know  what  I'm 
talking  about. 

No,  there's  nothing  wrong 
with  hamfests  except  the  sti- 
fling effect  of  the  League  trying 
to  keep  the  truth  from  getting 
out.  Boy,  do  those  fellows  re- 
mind me  of  the  Kremlin! 

WHAFS  DOING  AT  7Z7 

With  the  ham  field  in  the 
doldrums,  weVe  not  indulging  in 
many  expansion  plans  for  73.  It 
is  doing  well,  obviously,  but  the 
growth  is  mainly  in  the  micro- 
computing end  of  things. 
Kilobaud  MiCROCOMPUTlNG 
has  been  growing  steadily.  We 
have  a  new  magazine,  dO-MI- 
CROCOMPUTtNG,  for  the 
TRS-80  owners,  starting  in 
January  (out  before  then),  The 
industry  Newsfetter  has  grown 
into  a  magazine  of  its  own  , . .  - 
now  pushing  60  pages  a  month, 
and  with  no  end  in  sight.  The  In* 
stant  Software  publishing  is 
now  perking  along,  with  over 
100  program  packages  already 
in  publication  and  a  couple 
thousand  in  various  stages  of 
production.  Since  this  division 


has  only  been  in  serious  pro- 
duction since  the  first  of  the 
year . . .  and  since  it  takes 
about  six  months  to  process 
and  publish  a  program,  the  pro|- 
ect  is  doing  surprisingly  well. 

Instant  Software  is  now  being 
distributed  all  through  Europe^ 
in  several  hundred  outlets  in  the 
US.  in  South  Africa  . . .  and  will 
soon  be  distributed  in  Asia.  It's 
going  in  Australia  and  is  getting 
started  in  South  and  Central 
America.  Programs  are  being 
produced  in  German,  Italian, 
French,  Spanish,  and  even 
English, 

A  headquarters  building  ar\^ 
the  seed  staff  tor  still  another 
magazine  has  been  organized  in 
Boston.  This  will  be  a  magazine 
devoted  to  leisure  in  that  area.  If 
it  works  welL  it  might  expand  to 
similar  magazines  for  other 
cities,  just  as  the  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  and  Boston 
magazines  have  proliferated. 
This  is  scheduled  to  kick  off 
early  next  spring* 

Having  had  dozens  of  hot>- 
bies  and  interests,  the  leisure 
magazine  idea  seemed  a  nat^ 
ural  to  me,  fvebeen  heavily  into 
horseback  riding  and  horse 
training,  flying,  skin  diving,  ski* 
ing,  gourmet  cooking,  sports 
car  rallies  and  gymkhanas, 
boating,  water  skiing,  mountain 
climbing,  hamming,  hobby  com- 
puters, car  racing,  spelunking, 
restaurant ing,  and  more  things 
which  don't  come  to  mind  im- 
medialeiy,  so  what  better  than 
to  do  a  magazine  about  all  of 
the  activities  which  are  possible 
in  and  around  greater  Boston?  It 
will  be  fun. 

DECEPTIVE  ADVERTISING? 

Every  time  I  see  an  ad  for  the 
Little  Giant  antenna  in  Ham 
Radio  Magazine,  I  laugh.  From 
my  viewpoint,  this  piece  of  gar- 
bage is  a  pure  rip-off  and  1  feel 
that  no  reputable  publisher 
should  accept  an  ad  for  it. 

In  addition  to  knowing 
enough  antenna  theory  to  rec* 
ognize  that  the  contraption  is 
useless,  I've  also  tested  the  sil  [y 
thing.  It  first  popped  up  around 
1953  when  I  published  an  ad  for 
it.  1  got  in  touch  with  the"inv0r^ 
tor,"  a  very  nice  chap,  Stan 
Byquist .  . .  K0AST,  I  think  was 
his  call.  I  looked  over  his  liter- 
ature and  tried  to  figure  out 
some  way  . . .  any  way  . . .  thai 
it  could  be  more  effective  than  a 
piece  of  window  screen.  I  failed^ 
so  1  got  Stan  to  send  me  one. 

Sure,  I  could  tune  it  up , . . 
heck,  you  can  make  almost  any- 
thing load  . , .  but  it  was  no 
more  effective  than  an  old  win- 
dow  screen.  Stan  said  he  was 
getting  good  results  . . .  but 
when  he  said  he  had  to  keep  the 
feedline  away  from  his  tower  to 
get  good  reports,  I  knew  what 
was  happening  . . .  tt  was  the 
feedline  which  was  radiating 
and  the  intricate  (and  expen- 


sive) lump  on  top  was  a  weird 
loading  coil  in  effect. 

I  talked  it  over  with  Sam 
Harris  W1F2J  and  he  agreed. 
But.  lust  to  make  sure,  he  bor- 
rowed the  kludge  and  tried  it 
every  way  possible ...  he  feit 
that  it  was  /n/er/of  to  a  window 
screen,  1  passed  the  bad  news 
along  to  Stan  and  told  him  we 
would  accept  no  more  adver- 
tising. A  short  while  later.  1 
noticed  an  order  from  Stan  for 
an  8JK  antenna  handbook 
coming  in  to  Radio  Bookshop^  I 
hope  Stan  read  the  book , . .  but 
I  somehow  doubt  it- 

By  1960,  Stan  had  moved  to 
Ohio  as  K8VRM  and  had  put 
aside  his  Little  Giant  antenna 
(oh,  1  forgot  to  mention  . . ,  that 
was  my  Idea  for  the  name  of  the 
dumb  thing).  He  took  on  73  Mag* 
azine  as  a  rep  for  the  Ohio  area 
and  did  a  bang-up  job  of  getting 
sales  with  electronics  stores, 
Stan  is  a  very  nice  guy  and  did  a 
great  job  as  a  rep. 

In  the  60s,  he  got  involved 
with  hardware  for  CBers  . . . 
switches,  power  meters,  etc. 
Then,  for  some  reason,  the  Lit- 
tle Giant  got  going  again  and  I 
see  ads  for  it  in  Ham  Radio 
every  now  and  then.  I've  talked 
with  'em  at  HR,  so  they  know 
the  antenna  doesn't  work.  Per- 
haps they  feel  that  the  ad. 
which  says  that  the  antenna 
''may  not  outperform  a  full- 
sized  beam/'  is  warning  enough 
to  the  wise.  That  is  a  true  state- 
ment. I  would  not  expect  the 
antenna  to  outperform  a  full-- 
sized  beam,  even  If  it  were  lying 
broken  on  the  ground. 

ShouSdn't  there  be  some  re- 
sponsibility on  the  part  of  pub- 
lishers to  protect  the  unwise 
from  being  sucked  in  on  bum^ 
mers?  I  have  a  whole  list  of 
firms  which  I  won't  permit  to  ad- 
vertise 'm73 . . .  though  most  of 
them  have  gone  back  into  the 
woodwork.  I  haven*t  seen  a 
Dycomm  ad  in  a  while.  And  we 
shut  down  ads  for  EBC,  Ebka, 
Processor  Tech,  Swivitek, 
Valpey  Fisher,  SAROC,  etc. 

The  ARRL  makes  a  stab  at 
trying  to  protect  the  QST 
readers,  but  they  permit  rip-off 
advertisers  that  I  would  never 
let  run.  1  do  enjoy  their  bragging 
about  what  few  they  do  avoid. 

Let  me  repeat  something  1 
keep  repeating:  If  you  feel 
ripped  off  over  any  ham  gear, 
please  let  me  know  the  details.  1 
prefer  you  write  a  letter  to  the 
perpetrator  with  all  details  and 
send  a  copy  to  me. 


1980  ASPEN  CONFERENCE 

Ham  manufacturers  are 
always  looking  for  some  new 
concept  which  might  permit 
them  to  bring  out  ham  equip- 
ment which  would  make  all  past 
rigs  obsolete,  thereby  triggering 
a  massive  buying  of  new  equip- 
ment. Since  we're  talking  about 
something  on  the  order  of  $1 
billion  or  more  in  sales,  this  is 
not  to  be  treated  lightly. 

Oddly  enough,  hams,  too,  are 
looking  fof  exactly  the  same 
thing  . . ,  something  new.  It  is 
fun  to  buy  a  new  rig,  but  the  ex- 
pense is  a  major  one  and  not  to 
be  made  unless  there  is  a 
darned  good  reason. 

I  think  I  have  two  break- 
through ideas  which  together 
could  make  all  e^dsting  rigs 
completely  obsolete  . . .  and 
that  includes  both  low-band 
gear  and  FM  equipment!  It  will 
be  possible  to  use  these  new 
modes  of  operating  with  add-on 
units  for  starters,  but  1  suspect 
that  most  amateurs  will  want  to 
opt  for  equipment  with  these 
new  modes  built  right  in.  These 
concepts  will,  I  think,  make  it 
possible  for  us  to  see  profound 
changes  in  amateur  radio  over 
the  next  few  years. 

The  first  public  unveiling  of 
these  ideas  will  be  at  the  Aspen 
Ham  Industry  Conference,  Jan- 
uary 12-19th.  The  admission  fee 
will  be  a  signed  non-disclosure 
contract  for  one  percent  of  the 
wholesale  price  of  any  equip- 
ment sold  using  the  concepts  I 
shall  divulge. 

It  is  too  late  now  for  us  to 
make  reservations  for  you,  so  if 
you  are  going  to  attend  the  con- 
ference {which  includes  a  iot  of 
skiing),  you'll  have  to  handle  the 
reservations  yourself.  Please  do 
let  Sherry  know  if  you  are  going 
to  be  there  so  we  can  include 
you  in  the  activities  and  work- 
shop session  (Sherry  Smythe, 
73  Magazine,  Peterborough  NH 
03458).  The  main  group  will  be 
staying  at  the  Limelight,  in 
downtown  Aspen. 

AUGUST  WINNER 

Amassing  the  largest  total 
vote  ever  recorded  in  our  Most 
Popular  Article  contest,  ''You 
Can  Watch  Those  Secret  TV 
Channels'*  walked  away  with 
August's  award.  Authors  Jim 
Barber  KOJ  B  and  Jevon  Lieberg 
KOFQA  will  be  splitting  the  $100 
prize.  If  you  have  a  favorite  arti- 
cle In  this  Issue,  be  sure  to  use 
the  Reader  Service  card  ballot 
to  let  us  know  what  it  is. 


Ham  Help 


1  need  a  schematic,  manual, 
or  data  sheet  on  an  Instrument 
Corporation  of  Florida  very  low 
frequency  receiver,  model 
R-500.  This  fixed-tuned  5-chan* 


nel  receiver  was  part  of  a  Cubic 
Timing  Systems  network. 

Harry  A.  Weber 

2GC5  West  Sand  Place 

Chicago  IL  60052 


230 


•«tiiptti^, 


^  ^ 


AHENTION  ELF  OWNERS:  QUEST  SUPER  BASIC 


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splatter,  htss,  static,  noise,  hum,  IC  acti\/e  fitter 
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(36  dB/octave)  lowpass  cutoffs. 

Works  witti  any  rig.  AM,  SSB,  CW.  PJugs  into 
ptione  jack.  2  watts  for  speaker.  Inputs  for  2 
rigs.  Speaker  and  phone  jacks.  Phones  disable 
speaker.  OFF  bypasses  filter.  9  18  VDC,  300 
ma.  10x2x6  in.  Optional  AC  adapter,  $7.95. 

Swrtchabfe  noise  NmJter  for  impulse  noise; 
trough  clfpper  removes  background  noise. 

Simulated  stereo  for  CW  lets  ears,  brain  re- 
ject QRM.  Yet,  tiear  ott  frequency  calls. 


$44 


95 


■jv.'  vi^':->y>iK  ■»:-»*.-»:■  J 


THIS  NEW  MFJ-720  DELUXE  SUPER  CW  FIL- 
TER gives  you  80  Hz  BW  that  is  60  dB  down 
one  octave  from  center  frequency.  8  poles  give 
super  sjeeti  skirts  with  no  ri raging  for  razor 
sharp  selectivity  that  no  tunable  filter  can  match, 

Banriwidms:  80,  110,  180  Hz,  Center  freq.: 
750  Hz.  Up  to  15  dB  noise  reduction, 

Hme  limfter  Plugs  in  phone  jack.  2  watts 
for  speaker.  2x4x6  inches.  Requires  9-18  VDC, 
300  ma.  Optional  AC  adapter,  $7.95. 


THE  CWf  2BX  SUPER  CW  FILTER  AND  SBF 
2BX  SSB  RLTER  are  same  as  in  the  MFJ  721, 
less  speaker  amplifier^  noise  Jimiter.  Plus  in  rig 
to  drive  phones  or  connect  between  audio  stage 
for  speaker  operation.  9  V  battery.  2x3x4  in. 

Try  \t  If  not  delighted  return  within  30  days 
for  refund  (Jess  shipping).  One  year  unconditional 
guarantee.  Order  taday.  Call  toll  free  800-647- 
1 800,  charge  VISA,  MC.  Or  mail  check,  money 
order.  Add  $3.00  shipping.  i^MS2 


CALL  TOLL  FREE  . . .    800-647  1800 


For  technical  mformation,  order/repair  status,  in 

Miss.,  outside  continental  USA,  call  601  ■323-5869. 

MFJ  ENTERPRISES,  INC. 

BOX  494,  MISSJSSIPPI  STATE,  MS  39762 


t^  Read&r  Service— ^ee  psge  259 


233 


ElMAC  3-500  Z 

Speciat  price  —  limited  quantity 

$150.00lpair 


ALL  CRYSTALS  M.85 


TEKTRONfX 

1iS  Sp^clrym  AnaFy^er 

plu§  in 

50  Hz  -  IMMz   $S99.00 


MURATA  CERAWiC  FlLTiFlS 
MfKtel  SFD-45SD 

455  kHz  $3.00 

Model  SFB-455D 

455  kHz  5Z0Q 

Type:  CFM-455E  455  kHz    57.95 

Type:  SFE  10.7  10J  MHz     $5.95 


TEKTRONIX 

1L30  Spectrum  Analyxar  plug  In 

925MHit0.25GH£  $899.00 

MEASUREMENTS  Model  aOO 

Standard  Signal  Generator 

19  MHz    475  MHl  FM    5750.00 

HEWLETT  PACKARD  UHF.  VHP,  AND  MICROWAVE  SIGNAL 
GENERATORS  AND  SWEEPERS,  AND  OTHER  EQUIPMENT 


MODEL  434A 

CalorJmelric  power  meter 

$450.00 

MODEL  400DR 

Vacuum  tube  voltmeter 

S79.95 


MODEL  60eA 

50  kHz  to  65  MHz 

JmV  to  3V  Into  50  ohms 

$1,000.00 

MODEL  TSStD/U  HPS08D 

10  MHz  to  420  MHz 

.1V10.5V 

S399.95 


MODEL  41 6A 
Ratio  meter 

SI  25.00 

MODEL  61Gem 

1.8  to  4.2  GHz 

only  S399.DO 

MODEL  SB3C 

2  to  4  GHZ 
ONLY  $299.00 


MODEL  413AB 

DC  null  voltmeter 

$112^50 

MODEL  61 B6 

3.8  to  7.6  GHz 

only  $499.99 

A  Model  $299.00 

MODEL  612A 

450  to  1230  MHz 

.1uv  to  .Suv  into  50  ohms 

ONLY  $499.99 


MODEL  620 A 
7  to  11  GHz 

.223V  to  luv. 
$699,99 


302A  ¥tl\h  a  297A 
Wave  Analyzer  and  Sweep  Drivi 
20  HZ  to  50  kHz 
$799.00 


WrSPER  FANS 

This  fan  IS  super  quiel*  efficient  cooling  wfiere  low  ac  Oust  teal  disturbance  is  a  muai. 

Size  4  68"  K  4.68"'  x  1.50 ",  Impedance  protected,  50/60  Hz  ^120  volts  AC 

ONLY  $9.95  or  2/$1B.0Q 

TRW  BROADBAND  AMPLIFIER  MODEL  CA615B 

Frequency  response  40  to  3Q0  MHZ 

Gain  300  MHZ  16dB  MIN. 

17.5dB  MAX. 

50  MHZ  0  to  -  Ids  from  300  MHZ 
Voltage  24  voits  DC  at  220m a  MAX 

only  $19,95 

CARBIDE  CIRCUIT  BOARD  DRILL  BJTS 


Size 

3S 
42 
47 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
SS 

m 

57 


Price 
$2.15 
$2.15 
$2,15 
S2,t5 
$2.1 5 
$2.15 
$2.15 
$1.65 
$1.B5 
$1.85 
$1.65 
$1.85 


Size 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 
1.25  mm 
1.45  mm 
3.20  mm 


Price 
$1J5 
$1.85 

$1.65 

$i.as 

$1,S5 
$1.65 
$1J5 
$1.85 

$1.90 
$1.85 
$1J5 
S3.58 


MtCROWAVE  DIODES 

H. P.  2835  2.20 

MA4682  5  00 

MBDiOt  1  89 

MBD102  198 

1NS31  8  00 

1N5711  2.20 

1N5712  3.45 


MC1303L 

MC1461R 

MC1469G 

MC1550G 

MC1560R 

MC1S68G 

MC1569R 

MC4024P 

MC6820P 

2&t3 

B080A 

2716TI 

MC1460B 


INTEGRATED  CIRCUITS 


S2.00 
6.90 
2,05 
150 

12.40 
SZX 
8.15 
382 
696 
69$ 
3  95 

29  9& 
b40 


MC1463R 

MC1469R 

WCtSSOG 

MCT563R 

MCl56aL 

MC1590G 

MC1648L 

MClB4ftP 

MC6682tP 

TMS4O6(0 

TMS4024 


$5,15 
3.^ 

t0.20 

10,00 
50O 
650 
4.?Q 
3.75 

12.00 

Bm 

1390 


Pfices  Mf§  titbieci  to  change.  Some  Hems  are  in  timited  quantity. 


192  kHz 

2,4  Mm 

3.iM&Mn# 

5.604  MHz 

T.7a«50MHz 

'i^'I^MHt 

27  35 

242 

,i.l5« 

&.6Uft2 

7.80150 

23  57a 

49710 

2.4375 

3.15«5 

5.619 

7.St 

25,9 

70 

244275 

3  t^L-t 

5.6 1  i5 

7926667 

25.99961 

619 

2.4495 

3.1625 

5.63fi5 

6.0W769 

26.66667 

de 

245 

3.166 

5.62963 

8.075 

26>8965 

22S 

246125 

3  t6975 

S.64J5 

6.155TI 

269 

250 

24^2 

am 

5  64444 

!^.3fi4 

K%& 

265  714 

2466 

3  tfil 

5,6715 

e.820 

27  70 

576 

25 

3.1825 

5.675 

8.6265 

77  7rrn 

7M 

251375 

3-t84l5 

5,660 

8.S37 

2?S*5 

1  OOQOUHi 

256 

3  lBft5 

5.695 

6.8455 

27  9 

12206 

2  561 

,imifi 

S7 

i^,*54 

3721 

13047 

2604 

3-eOT£& 

5.70370 

88625 

2Jt,Rft»a9 

14S& 

26245 

3.2105 

5JI05 

8.871 

^.t 

1609601} 

26  IS 

3,21^ 

5.71^333 

njnmm 

28.93888 

1  7 

2.62925 

321TS 

5.74815 

8.888 

29  896 

17^?S 

2.633125 

3^315 

5J074i 

8,905 

29.9 

1.77*25 

2639 

^  ','.^275 

583704 

6,91^ 

w.oom 

1773125 

2,63575 

jjoes 

5Ji51S5 

S9305 

30.9 

17B675 

264325 

3_23775 

5lB966 

ns3a 

31.0000 

t 60224 

2,646 

3.238S 

5.92593 

8,956 

31  lllll 

1  tinn 

2647 

3.2af^h 

5S5556 

9.0265 

31  66667 

1845125 

2.650750 

3.23925 

6.00 

9.2039D6 

31-9 

t8**/S 

2  6545 

324 

6.155 

9  37491 

32.0000 

1&4S6@ 

2-65825 

3  24025 

6.16296 

9.>45 

32.22222 

T 64575 

2660 

32405 

6.216 

9.553 

33  6 

1646 

2662 

3.241 

S_a2222 

9-565 

32.9 

164825 

2.66575 

3-2426 

6.25185 

9.585 

33.0000 

164975 

26695 

3JS44 

S.26146 

9.65 

33.33333 

tmn 

2677 

3  246875 

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9.7 

33.9 

1906125 

2  68075 

1  ^4325 

6.32145^ 

9.75 

34.0000 

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6.37037 

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34  4444 

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2  6645 

3  2515 

6.380416 

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6.3gl»33 

9,9 

35  0000 

1932 

2.69575 

3.a&5 

6.J81041 

9.934375 

35.55555 

1982 

2702 

3256125 

6-381666 

9,95 

36.0000 

19©5 

2.704 

3.2&B6Z5 

e.3A229l 

9.399 

36.21750 

199«2 

271075 

3.361 

6^2916 

10-0000 

36J666T 

1985975 

2  715 

3.261125 

6,364166 

10  010 

37.00000 

1964750 

2716 

3.266]  25 

6-384791 

10.020 

31^176 

20000 

2723 

3.268!62S 

e.^mi.Mt 

10.021 

37,365 

2  0265 

2  730 

3nil25 

6.385416 

10.040 

37.460 

205975 

27315 

3.27362& 

6-40000 

I02EH133 

37  77777 

2  125 

2.73??5 

3,3 

6.427083 

I0,*i0375 

38.00000 

2  126175 

2.732625 

3.3345 

6,42963 

ll.tlOOO 

38.35333 

2.1279S 

2733 

3.4045 

6  4S 

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38  77777 

2.1315 

2.737 

3.4115 

6.45920 

11  1905 

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1           2133275 

273975 

3.4335 

6.47 

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3^88888 

213506 

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3.4535 

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11.2375 

38.88889 

2.136625 

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3,4675 

6.48S89 

11-27 

39.00000 

2  1425 

2  744 

3,4615 

6-510 

11.2995 

39  160 

2.U4625 

27445 

3.5 

6.537 

11,3565 

39,51851 

2.14675 

2  74475 

3.579S4S 

6.567 

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39,55^55 

2148675 

2.748875 

3.6-1 

6-57776 

11.750 

39.592593 

2.151 

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6.582 

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2-1S3125 

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2.1 5378 

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3.»oa 

6.612 

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2.155 

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3, HO  ft 

6.6645 

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39.74071 

2.19526 

2.7735 

3. MO 

6.66667 

11.955 

39.777778 

2.157375 

2.776625 

a.tfoi 

6,673 

11,96125 

39.#l4Ht 

2.1595 

278 

3.a(3R 

6.693 

1 1.&55 

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216375 

2,790 

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6-7 

12.70666 

59.&8BftH 

2,165875 

2614 

4. mm 

6.705 

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39,&2fi92 

2.17012S 

2.81  r 

4.0  n 

6,723 

12.325 

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2.17225 

2B225 

4.1^6666 

6.7305 

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40.0nt>(Kf 

2.174375 

2,635 

4.194 

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40,[>37CVn 

2,1765 

2.85 

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Sa.21lj5 

40,074074 

2.17925 

2.654 

4,3 

6.753 

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2.18475 

2.854285 

4-6T 

6  7562 

1 3, 374  6 

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2.18575 

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2.194125 

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2,209563 

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13.3245 

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13.3345 

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2  214562 

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5.30370 

7.34350 

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40.96296 

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2,9969 

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7.390 

17.115 

41  OOOOO 

22925 

3001 

5  4:i6£3A 

7.42222 

17.165 

4r0370a7 

22975 

3«K35 

5.4&« 

7.443 

17215 

13  33333 

230000 

3045 

5.4675 

7.45650 

17.280 

45  0000 

2320 

1049 

5.4990 

7.4615 

17.8710 

47.48 

2326 

2053 

5.50^5 

7.4685 

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48  50000 

233Sa 

3062 

5  1111 

147IS 

17  9165 

49^166 

232625 

3.067 

5  5« 

7.473 

17  926.*i 

49  95 

235195 

3074 

5  5215 

7.47650 

179365 

50.0000 

235256 

31125 

5,525^ 

7.4815 

17.9465 

5345 

2366 

3126 

5.544 

7.49850 

17.9665 

5745 

2.374 

3137 

5.5515 

7.5015 

17.975 

n9i5 

2375 

313975 

5.SS9 

7S29^ 

17,9F73S 

60  4, 't 

236725 

31435 

5.5665 

7.65926 

17J9935 

6r»^ 

2395 

3  144 

5.514 

7.67407 

18.290 

66  66667 

23WM/5 

3145 

5.5615 

7.68889 

16-330 

70  0000 

3151 

5.5S519 

1.71852 

19-100 

72.855 

5.SS9 

1.77778 

20  1 

75.185 

234 


FETS 


76  66fitiTMHz 

ftaoodo 

TO.  833 
»3,l34e 

939353 

I0S.8SI} 

147.09 
165^ 


Polorad  Modef  12D6 

1.95  to  4.20  GHz 

signal  source 

S400.00 

Model  1107  3 J  to  8.20 

GHz  sigoal  generator 

S550,00 


3Nl2a 
40e73 

MPF10Z 
MPFt21 
MPF131 


$1.00 

1.39 

.45 

1,00 

1.0O 


TUNNEL  DIODES 


AA  NICADS 

Used/pull  out  of  calculators 

794  eactior$59.00nOO 


TD2eiA 
TD263A 
1H2930 


PRICE 

11000 

10,00 

7M 


E.F.  Johnson  tube  socket  #ri 22-0275-00! 
for  3-4002.  3-5002.  4-12SA,  4-2SOA.  4-400A 

S29.95/pair 


2300  MHz  CONVERTER  KIT 

PC  board  and  a»««nibLy  lufttrueUoiis 

$25.00 
PC  board  with  13  chip  c«p»  -  aa«enlb1«d 

$44.50 
PC  board  with  all  parts  for  asavmbly 

S79.9S 

PC  board  aatamblad  and  taatad 

$119.05 


f^  TAANSISTOAS 

1 

TYPi 

PRICE 

2N1561 

stsoo 

2N1562 

15.00 

2N1692 

15,00 

2N1693 

15.00 

2N28S7JAN 

245 

2N2876 

12.35 

2M2SeO 

25.00 

2K2927 

7.00 

2N29*7 

17  25 

2N294B 

15.50 

2N2949 

3,90 

2N2950 

5,00 

2N3287 

4.30 

2N329J 

1,15 

2N3301 

75 

2N3302 

1.05 

2 N 330 J 

1.48 

2N3307 

10.50 

2N3309 

3.90 

2N3553 

t4fi 

2N3818 

6.00 

2N3a66 

1.09 

2N3866JAN 

2.70 

2N3866JANTX 

4.43 

^N39^4 

3.20 

2N3925 

6.00 

2N3927 

11.50 

2N3950 

26.25 

2NA072 

1J0 

2N4135 

2,00 

2N4261 

14,60 

2  N  4427 

1.09 

2N4429 

7  50 

2N4430 

20.00 

2N4957 

3.50 

2N4958 

2.80 

2M4969 

2.12 

2N497G 

19.00 

2N5090 

5.90 

2M510a 

3.90 

2N5109 

155 

2N5160 

3.34 

2N5179 

.49 

2W5184 
2N5216 
2N5563 
2N55a9 
2N5590 
2N5591 
2N5637 
2N5e41 
2N5642 
2N5643 
2N5645 
2N5764 

2N5B42 

2N5S49 

2  N  5862 

2N59r3 

2N5922 

2N5942 

2N&944 

2N5945 

2N5946 

2N6080 

2N6081 

2N6082 

2N6083 

aN6084 

2NB094 

2NG095 

2Neo9e 

2N6097 
2N6136 

2N6166 

2Ne2e5 

2N6266 

2N6439 

BFR90 

BLY56aC 

BLY568CF 

HEP76/S3014 

HEPS3002 

HEPS3003 

HePS3005 

MEPS3006 

HEPS3O07 

HEPS3010 

HEPSS026 

MM15O0 

MM1560 


2.00 

47.50 
44:1 

4.60 

6.30 

1035 

20.70 

4.90 

8.63 

14.38 
11.00 
27.00 

6.65 
19.50 
50.00 

3.25 
10.00 
46.00 

7.50 
10.90 
13.20 

5,45 

8.60 

9.90 
11.80 
13.20 

5,75 
10.35 
19.35 
28.00 
18.70 
36  60 
75.O0 
100  00 
4345 

3.00 
25  00 
25  00 

4.95 
11,30 
29.08 

9.95 
19.90 
24.95 
11.34 

^56 

3220 

1000 


MM  1552  5000 

MM15S3  56.50 

MM  1601  5.50 
MMl602^2N5a42         7,50 

MM1607  8.65 

MM  1661  15.00 

MM1669  17.50 

MM  1943  3,00 

MM  2605  3.00 

MM260d  5.00 

MM8006  2,15 

MMCM918  100 

MMT72  .61 

MMT74  ,94 

MM  12857  2.68 

MRF245  31,05 

MRF304  43.45 

MRF420  20,00 

MRF450A  10.35 

MRF476  1.38 

MRF502  .49 

MRF504  6.95 

MRF509  4.90 

MRF511  B.60 

MRF901  5,00 

MHF5177  20.70 

MRFB004  1.44 

PT3S39B  3.00 

PT41B6B  3,00 

PT4571A  1,50 

PT4612  5,00 

PT4628  S.OO 

PT4640  S.00 

PT8659  10.72 

PT97e4  24,30 

PT9790  4170 

PT9S47  2640 

S0 1043  500 

soil  16  3.00 

SD111B  500 

SD1119  3.00 

T  A  7993  75  00 

T  A  7994  100.00 

40281  10.90 

40282  11.90 
40290  2.4B 


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the  following; 

1  Motorola  MC14410CP  Chip 

1  PC  Board 

And  all  other  parts  for  assembly  NOW  only  f  15.70 

with  1  MHzcrystar  S20  65 


Kltt2 

Falrchlld  fiSHSODC  Pr#icattr  3S0MHZ. 

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1  2N5179  Transistor 

2  UG-8@/U  BNC  Connectors 
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600MHZ  FUp/FiO0  with  reset 
ECLVCM 

Phase  Frequency  DeiectortMG4044P/M 
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UHF  Pfescaler  750MHZ  D  Type  Fllp/Rop 
1GHZ  Counter  Divide  by  4 
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^  (OF  TEXASJ  ^ 


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We  bought  350,000  LED  s. 

And  you  get  the  savmgs. 
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Thofs  only  Tic  each   Compare  this  hargnin  up  10^ 
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5  to  20  VDC  at  T  AMP  ShQTi  circuit  protected  by  current  Kmil. 
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CLOCK  MODULE  OPTIONS 

MA1008  A  and  D  MA1013 

Switches  and  pot  for  aJl  options. 

includes: 

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1  toggle 

1  1 0K  pot  S2.50 

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24  Hour  Atvnn  Signal  Output 

12  Houf  fteflil  TifYifr  FoftnaJ 

5I>  or  60  Hz  Operatlfin 

Powflr  Failure  Indication 

LED  Brighlntis  Control 

Slfi«p  and  Snooie  Timers 

Alarm  "on''  and  I^M  IndlcfllDri 

Oir«ct  OrJve  -  Mo  flFl 

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Comes  with  Full  Datfl 


60  Hz  CRYSTAL  TIME  BASE 

$4.95  (Ccmipivu  Ki^ 
Uses  MM5369  CMOS  divider  IC 
with  high  accuracy  3.S79545 
MHZ  Crystal  Use  with  all  MOS 
Clock  Chips  or  Modules.  Draws 
only  1.5  MA.  AH  parts,  data  and 
PC  Board  included  100  Hz. 
same  as  above,  except  $5.95 

PAIHCHILD  PHP 

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2N440a.  TO- §2  PJa^nc   Silicori  PNP 

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ynll 


69c 


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TOSHIBA  POWER  AUDIO  AMP 

5.8  WATTS  RMS  Typical  Output.  50  to  30.000  HZ 
+  3  DB.  For  CB's,  tape  decks,  PA's,  etc.  Works  off 
of  a  single  supply  voltage  from  10,5to  18  VDC.  10 
Pin  plastic  DIP  with  special  built  in  heat  sink  tab. 
Perfect  for  use  on  12 VDC.  tQgg 
With  Data  ^       each 


••*•#! 


Digital  Research:  Parts 

^  (OF  TEXAS) 

P.O.BOX  401247  •  GARLAND,  TEXAS  75041  •  {214)271*2461 


TERMS:  Add  50C  postage,  we  pay  balance.  Orders  under  St5  add  .•*»«^ 
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iiOE>EL  PL  ^-3  (mpfDVfes  #419 k  »<pn»l$  as  weil  as  i^rriiage 
*nd  spurious  ffrieclion  ot  fnoit  recei^efs  Direcl  swiiching 
La  t^^.  or  piaamp.  Inciudei  pwr.  S4jpp  n?  VAC  wifed  I 
lesltHl  ......._..  Mfl.fi 


DIPOLE  HEADQUARTERS 


S12.9SC 
.  24.(K1  e 
. .  6.9S  e 
-  -  9-95  d 

..3.35  b 

.  .  4,39  b 

.9.9SC 


CABLE 

8U  FOAM,  hi  dens  braid  50  fL . , . 
au  FOAM,  hi  dens  braid  100  ft,  . , 
RGS8A/U  stranded  center  50  ft  . . 
AGSdA/U  stranded  center  100  fl . 

ftG5$  3  ft  W/PL259  each  end 

RG58  5  (1  W/PL259  each  end 

RG5S  50  fl  W/PL259  each  end. . . . 

COPPER  WIRE 

#14  fttrind#d,  100  11  Spool SJ$  c 

i14 solidcopper  enameled  100'... . .. .  5.9Sc 

IMSULATORft 

Egq  Ins,  porcelain  per  pair , Mi 

DOG  BONE,  porcelain  sel  of  3 1 .50  a 

HY  GAIW  il55  center  insulator 5,95  b 

HY  GAIN  Cyco*acend  ins  per  pair 3.95  b 

MOSLEY  dipole  center  insulator  . .  _  .  5.75  a 

CONNECTORS 

PL259  UHF  male,  2  per  pkg     . , 1,59  a 

S0239  UHF  female  chassis  ml 69  a 

UG17S  Adapfs  RG5e  to  PL259,  pkg  2 .      .S9  a 
UG 1 76  Adapts  RG59  1o  PL259,  pkg  2 ..  .  .59  a 

PL258  UHF  double  female .99  a 

DM^SP  UHF  double  male 1.69  a 

M359  90  deg  UHF  elbow  conn , 2.10  a 

UG88U  BNC  male  for  RG58 1.49  a 

1094  BNC  female  .....  1.49 « 

M3S£  UHF  -T"  Connector , 3.95  a 

UG255  UHF  female  to  BNC  male 3.49  a 

UG273  BNC  female  to  UHF  ma<e    .   . .  2.4S  a 


■OIEL  1:1 

'^       MODEL 


.m 


.f  hlM   't 


I  H«MPLES  rUU  ]  KW  PEP  AHO  THEN  lOME   tlmitf  ^^ndf^  I  IC  4^  Wc 

I  kiivn  rvi  PNOlL[|iid  h  fffd'atm^  toai  Ime  i^i^M[\m 

I  HaV  411  lUPNLESS  l^ili  HUDWIIS  5023?  Ooutrif  Silvc  Pl*t«d 

4  IKPqCVIS  I   9  fflTiO  5r  RlhduCrng  Cdji  l-nf  P^t*.  Ltp 

V  ttPUCES  ClhTElt  IFf&ldUTOR  Wimil^ndi  AnPinnj  Vm  pt  OtC^  i&OO  Lb) 

I  lUariM  UCt4TNI#C  AJRESTU    H«1(M  ¥t^\Hi  Hilun  ^  Cou^d  4il(3  Sjv« 

tpul  '^^luiitlir  ^ti\ 

r  •UtUW  HAIICUP  HOOK   »d«j'  Fdi  inntrtvif  Ifti   Hul1>B«nd  Anttnit^ 

NOV  lltHC  U5tD  IT  4L1  HANCHfl  Of  Ttt  US  AilHO  fOtCB  FM 
|[«  CL«  ClUbliH  DCFEiSE  DEPT  n\A  rflfiUSANQj  (If  HiUS  TH| 
■OilO  DVII 

CBHti  i>*  7  vviiti  i:  I  MiclHi  K  If  TS  tka  «it]i««tt  1caik  hwi  (•  ^ 

^e«M  iiHJ  It  I9a  ft  100  iMi  MU«ii  liM 

■  lift   4  1   .... 


iiitl  1:1. 


$14  15 


S14  %l 


2  METER  ANTENNAS  at 
BARGAIN  PRICES!! 


^Anaiii  3  ctb  GAIN 

\    MAGNETIC  MOUNT 


Me^ 


ONLY 


M&d»l  287 
Wt  2.5  lt»s. 


$19.25      ^ 


An  economical  all er native  lo  dnllmg  a  hole. 
A  magnetic  antenna  by  a  name  you  can 
trust  a1  a  low,  low  price. 

Model  266  Same  but  trunk  lid. .... .  $15,95  b 

H  ^^  \       fittCO 


1 1 


2.8  dbd  GAIN 

BASE  ANTENNA 


V 


ONLY 


Model  AZ'GP 
WL  2  lbs. 


$9.25 


At  last!  An  inei pensive,  omni  directional 
144-148  MHz.  1/2  wave  antenrra  Fils  1  Va" 
mast.  50  ohm  imp.  A  good  antenna  ai  a  very 
affordable  price. 

FROM 


x^«-^) 


I 


iiMi^TCtV  antennas 


3 


ON  GLASS  MOBILE  ANTENNAS 

Modern  tectinology  lets  you  mouni  a  mobile 
antenna  right  on  ttie  window  Ideal  tor 
tough  instaflations,  3  models  available 

AH151.3G  144-174  MHz.  3  dbgn        S33  95  b 

AH220.3G220MHZ.  3dbgn  33,95  b 

AH4S0.5G  406-51 2  MHz,  5  db  gn. . .      36.95  b 


240 


HF  &  VHF  BEAMS 
and  VERTICALS 


«^ 


SPECTRONICS 


INC. 


1009   GMrfleid   SU   Omk   Fmik,   fff/ndi  '  60304 

C312)  B4B-B777 


fche  antenna 
■pacisJie^B 


2  MTR  DUCKIES 


HM-4 


Model  HM-4.  Has  5/16  "32  thread  Fits 
Motorola  HT's  ICOM  rC2 1 5  and  Standard 
146A  ir.OO 

Modal  HM-5.  Same  as  abov«,  bu\  witti 
PL  259  connector %1M 

Mod*l  HM-22fi.  Same,  with  TNC  connec- 
tor for  WHson  1405     $ia.&o 

Mod*!  HM-a27.  Same,  but  with  BNC  con- 
nector  termination  .  SI  2.00 

Modtl  HM-22e.  With  F  tpnnector  for 
Wflson  1402  &  Tempo $11.50 


0 


il 


HM180  2mtr,  3db  trunk  lip  ant 

HM179  2mtr,  3cJb  hote  mount  ant . . . 
HM202mtr,  3db  for  marine  use, . . . . 
HM1?6  440MHz  5db  trunk  lip  ant . . . 
HM175  440MHz  5db  hole  mount  ant 
HM224  220 MHz  4db  trunk  lip  ant . . , 


$33.50  b 
.  29.00  b 
.  39.00  b 
.  33.00  b 
.  29.00  b 
.  33.50  b 


AR2  2rBe!er  RIngo  base  ant $24,95  b 

ARX2  2mtr  Ringo  Ranger  base  ant  , .  39.95  c 

AR220  220MHz  Ringo  base  ant 24.95  b 

ARX220  220MHz  Ringo  Ranger 39.95  C 

AR450  UHF  Ringo  base  ant 24,95  b 

AnX450  UHF  Ringo  Ranger  bse  ant  .  39 J5  c 

AR6 6  metef  Ringo  base  ant ^  36-95  c 

ARX2K  Adapts  2M  Ringo  to  Ranger  .  16,95  b 

A147*4  4  ele  2M  FM  beam  ant 24.95  b 

A14?-11  11  ©le2M  FM  beam , .  36.95  c 

A147>20T  10  ele  2 M  vert/horz  twist, . .  62.95  d 
A144-7  7  ele  2M  CW/SSB  beam  ......  26-95  C 

A144-11  11  ele  2MCWfSSB  beam....  36.95  d 

A144-10T  1 0  ele  Twist  OSCAR  ant  . . .  42.95  c 
A1 44-20T  20  ele  Twist  OSCAR  ant . .  -  62.95  d 

A220-7  7  ele  220 MHz  beam 26.95  c 

A220-11  11  ele  220MHz  beam  .., .,..  34.95  c 

A449-66eleUHF  FM  beam 24.95  c 

A449-11  11  ele  UHF  beam 34.95c 

A432-11  1  lei  432MH2SSB/CW  beam  34.95c 

AFfyi4D  144-148MHzFouf  Pole  ., 69,95  c 

AFM24D  220M Hz  Four  Pole 64.95  c 

AFM44D  435^450 MH2  Four  Pole 64.96  c 

ASQ-2  2M  Squalo  horiz  ant 19J5  b 

LAC-1  Coax  lightning  arrester 4.95  a 


LAC2-Coax  lightning  arrester. 
ATB34ifr  4ele20-10mtrbeam  . . .. 
ATV320-10mtr  trap  vertical  ...... 

ATV4  40-10mtr  trap  vertical 

ATV5  60-10mtr  trap  vertical 

A50-3  3  element  6  meter  beam  . . . 
A50-5  5  element  6  meter  beam  . . . 
A2e-3  *  3  element  10  meter  beam 
A432^20T  432MHz  20  ele  twist 


.  4.95  a 
219.95  • 
. .  49.95  d 
. .  69.95  % 
,  69.95  o 
. ,  39.95  d 
. .  59.95  0 
,  69.95  * 
. .  59.95  d 


AVERAGE  SHIPPING  COST  GUIDE 
jConltuvnlitl  U.S.)  llMttt  tani  UPS  iwhMn«ii*r  potslblfu 

PIflQBe  eGtbnaEe  ttm  sNiJpJiig  cUbToAb  it*  yOut  or4*r  Arty  «»cei$;;  ipifym^t  t>\nsx 
JSc  will  b*  rofcindml  or  CWStWl.  Urtd*Fpa¥«>«i8  wHl  t>e  til  W  or  ^#nl  cCtB^Cl-  FOf 
ibwimTca  add  2&C  l^  «BCh  f  1 00.00  <vM\iit  c^^at  the  rimt  (I  OdOO 


ESTIMATED  WEIGHT  CODING 

Iflttsr,  i.a.,  14.B5.  m.  Ta  fnlkii  IE  tAHw  IQ  llQ 
ur?  Stiipprig;  wwta.  Ih»«i  l^tt-fn  k[HJit:at>« 

b  Lei>  ihJn  1  lb.  L  20^30  Ibft. 

b.  I-Jltl^         d.    MQ  lbs.        4.3&404bfl. 
e.  4-91bB.         *,  tOSPHw-         N- 40^50 1I?B. 


NOTE'  INTERWATtONAL   ORDERS   WTite   lor   Profofma    Invoks, 

ITEMS  MAflK^O   *  wit]  t»  sant  tfuC4(  cottsct. 


WJK  CAU^  AREA                  J 

WEiaKT 

1A3A5 

S,7 

B^ 

» 

1  Ift 

.90 

1.00 

,90 

.85 

5ltii. 

1,50 

2.00 

1.35 

1.20 

10  lUi. 

3.^ 

a.2v 

1.95 

1.70 

20ltiE. 

13^' 

5.60 

3.20 

2.60 

30  I5E. 

s-.ao 

B.05 

4.*p 

:a.flO 

5pO  Its. 

MO 

12.30 

6«] 

i5J3$ 

2M  BASE  ANT.  PACKAGE 


Hrnrrn'^  whMt  you  gmV 

Cushcratt  AR2  Rfngo 
South  River. 
PFM71  Roof  mount. 
A125-5P5'  alum  mast. 
Lag  boJts, 
50"  eu  foam  coax. 
PL259  coax  conn. 

$59"      ^ 

Wt.16     lbs 


FlMCO 


The  most  rugged  6  &  2  metef  beams  we've 
seen  yet!! 

A  2^10  10  ele,  2M  beam  , .  _ , $44.95  4 

A  2-5  5  eJe,  2M  bearn,  9.5db  gain 27.95  c 

A  2^2  10  ele,  2M  dual  polarization. . . .  46.50  e 

A626&2M  antenna  on  one  boonn 74,95  e 

A6-5  5  element  6M  beam,  11db 46.50  a 

A6-3  3  ele  6M  beam,  7db  gam 30.00  d 

A  1  Vi  220MHz  10  ele,  13.8cJb 32.95  d 


$9 


95 


I 


'*0UCK-BUSTER  " 
SF-2  ANTENNA 

Fits  all  Hustler  deluxe  mobile 
mounts  3/8  'x24  base  5/8"  J^l^ 
wave  two  meters,  3.4  db  gain.  V^fsT 
SWR  at  resonance  adj  to 
1.5-1  or  better  Bandwidth  6 
MHz.  2-1  or  belter  SWR.  100 
watts  max 


$7995 


NEW  4-BTV 
VERTICAL 


SF^2 


One  setting  covers  10.  15,20, 
40M.  Space  restricted  or  un- 
limited, you  get  top  signal  re- 
ports,  consistent  contacts  and 
complete  coverage  Add  5th 
band  with  a  75M  resonator 
Use  one  teedltne,  any  lengrh. 
Requires  no  switching  or 
matching  devices,  iBibs. 


H 

4-BTV 


i     »    *    ^ 


d      i      t      - 


M01  Mobrie  mast . . 

M02  Mobile  mast 

RM10  10  Meter  resonator 

RMI5  15  meter  resonator 

RM20  20  Meter  resonator 

RM40  40  Meter  resonator 

RM75  75  Meter  resonator . 

RMBO  80  Meter  resonator 

RM10S  10M  resonator  2KW  PEP  . . 
RM15S  15M  resonator  2KW  PEP  .  . 
RM20S  20 M  resonator  2KW  PEP  . . 
RM40S  40 M  resonator  2KW  PEP  . , 
RM75S  75M  resonator  2KW  PEP  . , 
RM80S80M  resonator  2KW  PEP  . . 
CGI 44  5.2db  2mtr  ant  ^/,  x  24  stud  . 
CGT144  Same  but  trunk  lip  mount . 

SF2  3db  2mtf  ant  V^  x  24  stud 

SF220  3db  220MHz  ant  %  x24  stud 

4BTV40-I0mtr  vert  teal  

G6^144  2mtr  base  ant  6db 

BWl  Bumper  mount  '/^  x  24  thread. 
RSS2  MobI  !e  resonator  spring  . . . . 
QD1  Quick  disconnect  %  x  24 


i.      ri'       ■        k 


$22,95  c 
22  J5  c 
.  5.95  b 
.7.95  5 

.  as5  b 

14.95  b 
16.95  b 
17.95  b 
11.95  b 
12.95  b 
13.95  b 
16,95  b 
31 ,95  b 
31,95  b 
26.95  b 
42.95  c 
.  9.95  b 
11.95  b 
79.95  ft 

79.95  d 
1 5.95  d 
.  5.95  a 
16.95  fl 


ifli^-0atn 


r 


I 


VERirCAL  ANTENNAS 
Mdd«i  t4Avo/we        SAVE  S10.00! 

«  40  thru  10  m9f«r$  iX%\ 

*  Widi«  band  parlorrntnce  ccq  qc, 
«  Nsw  Hy-Q  tr^ps  *03,3q 
Seil-supporlmg,  aulomaT^c  band  5wilchmg 
veit'cal  anienna  Omni-dirfiClfOnal  perfor- 
mance Favorable  L/G  ratio  Htflfi"^  True 
'4  wave  resonance^On  all  bands.  Loth  axiqle 
radi^Tion  palt^rn  Taper  swagged  seamless 
a^um^^uf^l  conslruction.  12"  dOubfe-gTip 
mast  bfacRel  Full  Cfrcumlefence  com- 
pression clamps  at  lubing  loints    WeiQbi 

&  2  tba 

M<KJeii4JtvO/wB  59.95 

Mod«t  ISAVT/WB  SAVE  $18.00 

•  Aulomatic  band  twUctirng  ^  .!!!__ 
«  Completely  Sfllf'SuppOrling  $105.Q0 
m  Omni-Oirflctianil  P«rlDrrn«Ttc« 

Three  beefed- up  Hy-0  tfaps  perrrnl  auto- 
matic  switching  5  band  dapabdny  Favof- 
abl*!  LjC  i-aiio  Top  loading  cqiI  Across 
Ifie  banc*  perfDrmance  *kth  one  furnished 
seTlmg  tor  each  band  (10  Thru  40)  True  v^ 
*ave  resonance  on  all  bands  SWR  oJ  2  : 1 
or  less  &\  band  edges  Lovw  angle  radial  ion 
paiiern  Extra  heavy  duiy^  tapered  swage^ 
seamless  aluminum  tubing  wilh  full  Cn- 
currvvlerence.  toirosion  resistant  com- 
pression clamps  at  lubirig  joints  Antenna 
can  be  mounled  wUhout  gyide  wires  2b 
high.  Weighl  ■  10. T  lbs 
ModeMSAVT/WB  57.00 


BN86  Ferrltebafun  forSO-IOmtrs. 

155  Center  insulator  for  doublet.  . 

156  End  insul.  for  doublet  (pair)  .. 
ISHTa^  HyTower80-10M  vertical  . 
leV  Economy  80  iru  10M  vertical . 

12AVQ  20-10mtr  trap  vertical 

14AVQ  40  10mtr  trap  vertical. .... 
18AVT/WB  80'lOmtr  trap  vertical . 
2BDQ  Trap  doublet  for  80  &  40mtr 
5BDQ  Trap  tjoublet  for  80-1  Omtrs , 
TH3MklM*  3ele20'10tribander  . 
TH60XX*  6ele20-10M  tribander. 
TH3  Jr  3  ete  tribander  (750W  PEP) 
HY  QUAD  *  2  ele  quad  20-10  mtrs 
103BA  3  element  lOMtr  beam  . . . . 
153BA  #  3  element  15mtr  beam. . . 
204BA  •  4  element  20mtr  beam  . . 
402BA  •  2  element  40  mtr  beam . . 
64B  •  4  element  6  meter  beam  . . , 
270  6db  fiberglass  2M  antenna.  . . 
203  3  element  2  meter  yagi. ...... 

205  5  element  2  meter  yagi. . 

208  8  element  2  meter  yagi, , 

214  14  element  2  meter  yagi 


$15.95  a 

. .  5.95  a 

.3.95  a 

269,95  • 

.  29.95  c 

.  39.95  c 

59.95  d 

67.00  d 

49.95  d 

69.95  e 

169.95  * 

254.95  * 

149,95  e 

229.95  * 

.6495(} 

.  79.95  e 

214.95  • 

204.95  • 

.  49.95  b 

^  49.95  b 

21.95  b 

.17.95  c 

29.95  c 

34.95  d 


CRAMPED 
FOR  SPACE  ? 


MOOTl  HO  1 

S139.50f 


il 


IT*n  you  wonT  m# 
-onrenno  thofs  known 
aiDund  "tie  wofjd  fen  Hi 
snHili  stiB  and  Sup^Hlor 
p«*f  oftt>aftce     m& 
Mullibono  NYBRID  QUW5 


•  WING  ^AN- 1 1  n. 

•  BOOM-S4lf«>tSlON& 
p    WINDAffEA'!550  FT 

•  1200WATISPEP  INPUT  lO 

FINAL 


fo-  4  1 0  16  4  20  m^lefS    *    f^EED  lUSIE-SO  OMM5 


MFJ 


GIVE  US  A  TRY  ON  YOUR  MFJ  NEEDS. 
MANY  TIMES  WE  CAN  GIVE  QUICKER 
DELIVERY  THAN  WHEN  YOU  ORDER 
DIRECT. 


1*^  Reader  ServiCB—see  p&ge  259 


241 


prime 


MA1003  CLOCK 
DULE  $16.50 

MATCHING  CASE  $5.95 
SPECIAL!  CLOCK  &  CASE 
COMBINATION    $19.95 

Here  15  a  clock  module  designed  specifically  for 
mobile  appHcatJons  no  externai  ttmebase  necessary; 
3  builtin  timebase,  accurate  to  .01%,  provides  the 
timing  accuracy  you  need.  We  don  t  use  wash-out 
prone  LED  dtsplays,  either:  instead,  you  get 
dfue/ green  fiourescent  readouts  that  are  as  beau- 
tJfuJ  3S  they  are  readable.  No  time  consuming, 
tedious  assembly;  Just  add  two  time  setting 
switches,  attach  12V  DC,  and  you  re  ready  to  go 
(order  our  matching  case  mentioned  below  for  a 
truly  professional  look).  Additionally,  our  applica- 
tions sheet  tells  you  how  to  take  maximum  advan- 
tage  of  this  module  in  mobile  situations,  Including 
how  to  hook  up  the  display  so  that  it  dims  at  night, 
and  blanks  to  conserve  power  when  the  Ignition  is 

Off, 

Also  available:  Matching  case  with  mounting  hard- 
ware, and  an  optical  filter  that  brings  out  the  best  In 
the  ciock  readouts,  for  S5,95, 

This  clock  is  not  only  an  excellent  addition  to  your 
car,  van,  boat  or  home,  but  also  makes  a  great  gift, 
Order  now  —  you'll  U^yje  it  ready  to  go  In  plenty  of 
time  for  holiday  gtvtng. 

1 2  VOLT,  8  AMP  POWER 
SUPPLY  KIT    $04.50 

The  original  hefty  12V  supply,  and  still  going  strong 
, . .  one  look  at  the  specs  wiil  tell  you  why  this  has 
been  our  longest-running  kit.  Handles  8A  continuous, 
and  12A  (!)  with  a  50%  duty  cycle.  Features  foidback 
current  limiting,  crowbar  overvottage  protection,  rf 
suppression,  adjustable  output  in^v,  heavy-duty 
custom  wound  transformer,  and  much  more. 

Applications?  This  supply  powers  mob  He  trans- 
ceivers {ham  or  CSi  in  the  home,  as  well  as  other 
automotive/ home  accessories  itape  players,  radios, 
TVS.  etc.).  It  also  makes  an  excellent  bench  supply,  or 
can  power  bunches  of  floppy  disc  drives. 

Assembly  is  about  as  simple  as  we  can  make  it:  All 
parts,  except  for  transformer/ power  diodes/filter 
capacitors  mount  directiy  on  the  circuit  board  — 
including  power  transistors  and  heat  sinks. 

This  supply  Is  available  from  stock.  Please  include 
extra  postage  for  this  kit,  as  the  transformer  adds 
quite  a  bit  of  shipping  weight. 


NEW  S-100  COMPUTER 

PRODUCTS! 

S-100  machines  are  flexible,  professionai  level  systems 
that  are  easy  to  upgrade,  modffy,  and  adapt  to  specific  ap- 
plications. Over  the  years  the  S-100  buss  has  proven  to  be 
the  Ideal  choice  for  commercial^  Industrial,  and  scientific 
applications. 

We're  expanding  the  options  for  S-100  systems  by  using 
the  experience  we've  acquired  in  the  past,  mixing  In  the 
best  technology  offered  by  the  present,  and  building  prod- 
ucts for  the  future  , , .  products  that  meet,  and  often  ex- 
ceed, the  demands  of  the  nevk^  wave  of  5-100  professional 
users.  For  example , , . 


rlf^ 


^«i|\     HIGH-PERFORMANCE 
^^    S-100  MOTHERBOARDS 


19  Slot:  $174  unkit*,  $214  assm 

12  slot:  $129  unkit*,  $169  assm 

6  slot:  $89  unkit*,  $129  assm 

*"Unklts"  Have  edge  connectors  and  termirstlon  resistors  pre-50Jdered  in 
place  for  easy  assemDiy. 

These  5rd  generation  motherboards  are  shielded,  terminated, 
and  designed  to  work  with  the  latest  5  and  10  mhz  cpus  coming 
on  iine.  Fits  in  Codbout,  Vector,  IMSAI,  TEl,  and  similar  enclosures. 
These  high  quality  products  are  a  welcome  addition  to  any 
system  —  or  the  start  of  a  great  one. 

2S  "interfacer"  S-100  I/O  Board 
$189  unkit,  $249  assm,  $324  CSC 

Dual  serial  port  with  2  full  duplex  parallel  ports  for  RS-232  hand- 
shake. Crvstat  tfmebase,  Baud  rates  up  to  19.2  KBaud  selectable 
for  each  port,  much  more. 


** 


.^m^ 


3P  +  s  "interfacer  ii" 
<*^''         s-100  I/O  Board 
$189  unkit,  $249  assm,  $324  CSC 

Incorporates  1  channef  of  serial  I/O  (with  all  the  features  of  a 
port  from  the  2S  'interfacer").  along  with  5  full  dupiex  parallel 
ports  with  attention/ enabie/strobe  bits  for  each  parallel  port 
and  Indfvidual  interrupts.  The  versatility  of  each  port  contributes 
to  a  very  versatile,  and  extremely  flexihie,  i/O  board. 


** 


•kit 


At  last  —  a  high  quauty,  industrial  grade  home  for 
your  computer,  tnctudes  power  supply,  use  for 
either  desk  or  rack  mount,  check  your  local  com- 
puter store  for  details,  or  write  us  direct . . .  this  is  a 
product  that  has  been  needed  for  a  long  time,  and 
we're  filling  that  need  in  style, 

TERMS:  Cal  res  add  taic,  Allow  S^^i  far  stiipping,  excess  refunded. 
vlSAWMastercnarge'  call  our  24  hour  order  deslc  at 
<41SI  S62^636.  COD  OK  with  Street  Address  for  UPS  Prices  gocid 
through  cover  month  of  msgaiine  Thanks  for  your  bu^lnessi 


S-100  "Memory  Manager" 
Board  $59  kit,  $85  assm,  $100  CSC 

Add  bank  select  and  extended  addressing  to  older  s-ioo 
machines  — boost  memory  capacity  beyond  64K,  up  to  Vs 
megaDytef  use  our  new  extended  addressing  memory  boards,  or 
retrofit  existing  memories  that  have  phantom  or  extra  qualifter 
tines. 


NEW  FOR  THE  H8 

The  latest  fn  add-on  memory:  16K  Econoram  xv-i 6  and  52K 
Econoram  XV'32.  Both  are  fully  static,  high  density/ low 
power  boards,  designed  from  the  ground  up  for  full  electrical 
and  mechanical  compatibility  with  the  Heath  H8  computer. 
They  feature  full  buffering,  sockets  for  all  iCs,  exceitent  ther- 
mal design,  and  a  bank  select  option  for  implementing 
memory  systems  greater  than  6dK.  1  year  limited  warranty,  if 
you've  been  tootcing  for  dense,  costeffecttve  memory  for  the 
HB  . . .  you  don't  have  to  look  any  longer. 

Econoram  xv-16  $529  unkit^  $395  assm  and  tested 
Econoram  xv-i2  $599  unkit\  $729  assm  and  tested 

*  Sockets  and  bypass  caps  are  pre-soidered  in  place  for  easy  assemftiy. 
"Econoram''  is  a  trademark  of  CodbQUt  €lectcirriic5. 


GODBOUT  ELECTRONICS 
BIdg.  725,  Oakland  Airport,  CA  94614 

isfllE  CATALOC:  This  ad  Is  way  too  small  to  tell  you  all 
the  things  you  need  to  know  about  our  products,  and  whv 
we  f&el  thev  re  second  to  none  in  the  tJuslness.  Send  for 
our  frei  catalog  today. 

^G4 


^^  *  f  Season*s  Greetings  V  ^ 
>^  [and  a  Happy  New  Year!] 


242 


tt(i** 


AC/DC  Voltage  Tester 


•  Higfi  viaJbiliTv  voltage  fndhcator  t20, 
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120,  240.  400.  600  VDC. 

•'Ptisitiva  bt  fiifiiUve  DC  |&ol«  idaiitl- 

*PfovUroti  for  quick  prod  ttora^  in 
ease. 

'Case  s^rvfls  B^s  prod  hplder  for  one- 
hand  Dpar^tiOn.  Se^f'^Ktingcii^hii^g, 
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•  Cfir»tinuou$  duty  rated  tlrru  4fiOV. 

•  DiftiAmiom:  4  9/16"  k  2-1 /1 6' k 
7 /a".  C<alar:  Orjnge, 


VT200    *12.95 


Custom  Cables  &  Jumpers 


r 


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'm 


1'^ 


Pari:  No. 

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D82&P4-S 

DJt4-1 

DJTS-t-t? 
DJ24'1-24 


03  25  Series  CabEes 

Cabte  Length    CDnne^tors      Price 

4  Ft.  2-DP25?  S15.95ea. 

4  Ft,  1 -DP25Fn^25S,  $1^.95  eii. 


ft.  2-DP25S 

Dip  Jumpers 


1  It. 
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lit. 

t  n. 
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1 -24  Pin 
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SI 7  95  ea. 

SI .59  ea 

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Fw  CiiilBiin  Ceitlea  fl  JurBpera.  $e<;  JftMECO  1S7g  Caiatag  iiif  Pficir^ 


•t^  y'...^  y—i^  J 


?|  P1M  H  SUBMINMTURE 

CONNECTORS 


P-ABTNO. 

DS26P 
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DESCfllPTION 


PRICE 


FLUd  (aspictufBd} $2.95 

CAB  LE  COVE R  for  OESBP  or  D B2 5S.  . .  1 .75 

PLUG  -  Right  Angle  -  P,C.  Mnunt 4.9i 

SOCKET  -  flight  An^le  -  P.C,  l«cnint  . .  5^25 


■..K  fWJi'.JU'V  V*^^r  ' 


Printed 

Circuit 

Connectors 


JSG  S^sacing-TlnODU^k  R^ad-Out 

Bi(u  rented  Cpntacts 
Fit;  .IIS4  IQ  ,D70  P.C.  Boards 

PART  MP  OESCPU'TJOM  P^HICE 

15/30  SE           15/30  Contacts  -  sotder  evelet  .....  SI .95 

WZ%  $E           IS-i'SG  Cnntaets  -  sofder  Eyelfti 2.49 

22/44  SE          22/M  Cdji tacts  -  Siildef  evftief 2.95 

22/44  WW         32/44  Contacts  -  yuEre  wrap 3.9S 

50/1 00  WW       50/1  Qfl  C  □  ntacts  -  wi  re  wrap  ( R6fl  1  ■  1  [ . 

{.125SpBcins>  ... 6.95 


MICROPROCESSOR  COMPONENTS 


9226 
8259 


WCIie22CP 
•MC^SIPAPI 
MCBB-2t 

MCMS2 

Mceaso 

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-aDSW/flMDA  SUPH5RI  W^ltCES  — 
CPU 

&^Bit  imuLdu^ikii: 

PKioril:>'  Imerrupt  Cpntnpl 

Bi-Dirgcf!i[)nal  Gue  Driver 

ClKfi;  Ga™ratQr,iDJw*r 

BiS  Urivir 

Si^sten]  CsmroltEri'Buj  Orrvar 

SyfilBm  CamrDller 

Prog  CcT.Ti  r.'tl  itl^AflT] 

Prflij.  intaiv*;  Tlmef 

Prcg.  PBfiph.  I.'Q  |PPI) 

Prng  DivtA  Contipsi 

Proq   fntBrrL-jl  C^niWl 

"fHM^SHQD-SUPPOIlT  DEVICES 

MPU 

MPUwirh  CiDdcdind  FlHni 

t2&Jt«  Sf^lic  R^m 

P^rlpli   Inter.  AdapMMC^O^ 

(^rliv  IfTtempi  Co(nro»t 

ICB^Xfl  Bfl  MM  l;MC3aA.30-a^ 

Synch-'drHius  Ssrial  Deln  Adapj. 
0-5D0  h«)s  OifliCal  MUtiEW 
^40(3  {]ps  Modi/islDr 


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19.95 


■^ WWCBDPBCmsSO'H  MAHUJU-S 

M-7B0  LlaerP/anuB!  St. 50 

F^-COPiaDC     Lf?er  Manuil  7.5D 

M-^e^i^l  Uiur  Manual  S.-OC 


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25i'3(302Ti     CJiaracter  .Ceifiriirortioift'er  flpgg)  3.^6 

MlvlSJ^Okl       iOAQ-^  Rtad  Onl^  Uwwrv  1  9S 


WICnOPflOMSSOn  CIIIPS^MISCELLANIQilS  ■ 

zfldi'aiCi     CPU 
;floa(73D.ii   CPU 

CDPlSDffi         CPU 

6505  mi 

K13.5  8-Bii  MPU  Itf.'tlMt.  RJUM.  I/D  WIS 

P!iM5  CPU 

TMS9W{UL     16'Bi;  MPU  ytl\W.<i<(tm.  OMiOk 
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314 .9^ 

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9.$S 
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MM5D0H  auw  25  HII  llyruimiq 

MM^H  Bu^  50  BH  Dyn^-ntC 

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UM&iX\i  Sujjl  tOD  B£l  ^mt 

MM510H  Dual  &]  fliil  Accumu^lD? 

MHS016H  5D0.'51KeiSI3ytiarTilc 

JSOflT  1024  Dynaniic. 

aste  WtK  3?  B\t  Slavic 

|?^Si^'  Cim?  12?Ql;  Budic 

2521  51?  S4at« 

SiSaS  1130']  Dynamic 

2527  tUlfll  2S&  fri  Sfiilic 

{'^^^  DusF  25D  StaUc 

K29  dual  iAH  fill  SladG 

;?S:i^  Cuad  3fl  BH  SlaUC: 

3341  RSr> 

74LS670  ^X'i  RsgiStef  Rlfi  (TreSlgtflf 


.50 

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71S£(X) 

UPCuiJ 

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LPtHlfi 

TWEJ044. 

1MS404S 
2117 

MM5252 


11124K1 
?5es£4 

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25eX4 

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1024X4 

I4124M4 

25SX4 

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4K 

IGK 

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1CI34X4 
1«.3B4)(1 

2KX1 


Hi^M^'S 

D^anlc 

Static 

Sialic 

Slavic 

?lat1c  MOS 

Slatii:  ASk\B 

$tati{  4$9ns  In^  powfcf 

iucH!  30Gn^ 

SlHlK  SOfriB  Idw  pDWpr 

staiie 
Static  Tri&t^t 

SifltK 

ly^n^mic  1@  jiin 
Dynainii]  16^fi  ZSftiS 

Stalic 

D^amic  55Dn3 
(liguEfl  marJtBd'l 


51  i9 

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1.35 

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7  95 

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14  95 

H.95 
9.M 

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raoMS' 


1702A  2aA&  hflWQS 

27liaiNIEL  l6Jt'  fPflOM 

TMB2S1.6  16K-  EPROM 

(27ieff  'RfiqiU'e  Mgl*  -5V  pgwer  supply 

TM-SaSl?  4^  fPROM 

270fl  9K  EFKOW 

^716  T.I  16*1."  EPaOM 

"RB4Ulres  3  voi»flB,  — SV,  +5V' 


+  i2y 


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6330-1 1 76(12>5S6 


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3flK  BAL'O 


5.95 


B2S23 

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512' 
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FftMIJS 
Tri^MlR  Bi[yilar 
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Open  Co<U>{1pr 

TtIb&ie 

TTI  DPDP  OOllKSai 

TTL  5pen  CoileclDr 

Slutft 


:55.65 

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3.49 

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19.9S 

3.95 

2.96 


Jumbo  6-OigJt  Clock  Kit 


*  FOUt  .ftSO^hl,  4nqi  twQ  .30fl"ht. 
c^mm'On  atnDd^  displays 

*  Uses  MM5314  clock  ct>lp 

^  ^wit-el-iei  far  hauii,  mlnuts^s  and  ho({i  functidni; 

*  Holift  ftaSlly  ^fewiraUle  lo  3a  feat 
*SlrTiylatfra  •joi\niit  case 

*  Hi  VAC  operation 

*  12  or  24  hOL^f  op-erfltton 

'  Inclli4«^  J|l  c^mpQnents^  case  arid,  wall  tr^ntf ai^ rri« r 

*  Else:  fili.  jt  3'%?e:i:¥^ 


JE747 


. .  $29.95 


JE701 


■  fingnt    300  hi.  comir^.  cmh- 
pde  dispS^V 

•  LIbos  fJlM5314  clock  tJiip 
•Switches  for  houflj  jninutes 

and  liold  modas 

•  HfB.  easllv  vi^v^at^la  to  2D  ii- 
'tSiTTiuloied  waFnMt  cdS4 

•  1 1S  VAC  opftrjitlon 

■  1 2  Ot  24  fir.  operation 

•  incU  al!  GDmpon&ntir  case  & 
will  transfarmsr 

■Size:  &?4"  h  3-1/3''  ^  V^^' 


6-Digit  Clock  Kit    $19.95 


,  ^  Mice-  Miniature 

Joystick 

«2  eadi  10D<  pat&  [Lfnear 
Teperl 

•  Printed  Circuil  Btjard 
Mount 


M  i  c  r o  M  i  n  iatu  re  J  oyst icl<  . 


•  Siz&:  1  "x  1-3/1 6"  Jj  13/16" 

S4.95 


Digital  Stopwatch  Kit 

*  Us*  Intersil  1205  Chip 

*  Plat«d  ttir'n^  dCtuble-slded  P.C.  Bo^i^cl 

*  LED  disj>[ay  (Fed) 

*  Timos  to  58  imln.  5^.^9  5k.  with  aulo  r*ifit 

*  Qtuarti  crystal  controlled 

*  Ttireestfipwatcneiin  or-Bi  single  evdnt,  split 
(cummulativfr}  &  (aylor  tsequerttial  Eimirtg) 
Uses  3  perliLe  battei'l&S 

*  Size:  4.S"  X  2.15"  k  '90'' 


*  1  # 


JESOD  $39.95 


JE600  HEXADECIMAL 
ENCODER  KIT 

FEATURES: 

*  Full  B  M  ;a[c^«d  {lul0u{  loi  micco- 

*  3.  Usar  Df1in«  k8^5  *it(i  (xie  Pflinn  &!- 
3:3tilE'  gp«j'diDJi 

*  DtdOuiUE  CKCi^rl  pruwdEd-  Icr  al"  ^9 

-f  U D  r-fiadGifl  td  uaH^  apEriia 

*  EiSy  iivi6?'icing  Witl*  sl8r>[laro  rS  pin 
sC  fiinnefiflir 

«  Civtig  -1-5^00  rnQiJiiaif  liQr  w^arallanB 
FULL  e  BJT  LATCHED  OUTRIT-ig  KEVBQ.iRD 
The  JEEQU  Eiirtii>tr  ■K.tVtrif^'d  p^Oi'itiH  i A-c  s^parai?  rjfiideci'Rii 
'ligi^s  piOQiiC^d  from  seE^iiBi^liai  hay  &^\>j.4i  iti  adsw  ft^ita  t>i^- 
isininiiig  fBF  B  Sil  iniGrOflrOCiSSIJ^  Of  9  Jill  inemcfy  Eircni-IE  Time 
,3:i^-jiJilKiii,>:  kpyiaca  pfoviiled  Idf-jsec  Dppraiii3il  ^  wr/i  am  FlDvlna 
3  ^isratilE  -julpur  available  T^ieoMlpuf*  are  Intched  anil  -iiDnSMBd 
wi\^  \m  T?.^t\ii\d£   Also  incjiir!«d  is  a  hav  «nliy  Silri^ae 

JE600 $59.95 

Hexgd^ciTTiAl  Keypaff  onJy SI  4. 9  5 


DIGITAL 
THERiVIOIVlETeR  KIT 


•  Dujl    jenspfs— ivtfifching  gontrQli  fpr  |n- 
doof/outdaor  or  dual  monitOi'tng 
»ConttnuDU^  LED  ,3"  ht,  dliptsy 
-Rango;  -iO^F  to  ISS'^F  /  -dO*C  TO  lOO'C 
■A-CGuracy; -tl^rOminai 
■Set   +0r    FahrrcnliftJt  Of  C^IgIw*  reading 
•Sim.  walnut  caw  ■  AC  wall  atJap-Tef  ir>cl. 
-Siis:  3^1/4"H«:6-5/S"WJ(1-3/^"0 

JE300 $39.95 


62-Key  ASCII  Encoder  Keyboard  Kit 


^-l!*^ 


*-iSJ. 


M^^: 


^  ■   fi  «  * 

''      <>    JUi  fir  jii  J^  «|  P  &  ««!^ 


The  JE01O  S2-K<Bv  ASCU  Encoder  Keyboard 
Kit  can  \ie  interfaced  intd  JTiost  any  com- 
puter SYStenUn  Tha  JE610  Kiit  comes  com- 
plete with  an  industrial  grad^  keyboard 
^wltcl^  Ksembly  t62  hoys],  iC's,  SMkets, 
connector^  e^EectFOni'C  comppnents  .and  a 
double^'^ided  printed  wiring  board.  Tlie 
kiflvboard  assembly  requires  +5V  P  iSOmA 
anid  -12V  @  10mA  for  operation. 


FEATURES: 

•  60  K&ys  qen«irste  the  full  128  char- 
acters.^ upper  and  Ipwef  case  ASCK 
set 

*  FuHv  buffered 

*2    user  define    keys    provided    for 

cu^pm  applications 
*Cepa    lock    for    upper    case    only 

dlphs  dhatatitars 

•  Utilizes  a  2376  f4D  pinf  ercoder 
read  onHy  memory  chip 

•Outputs  directly  compatible  with 
TTL/DTL  or  MOS  lofllc arrays 

*  Easy  interfacing:  with  a  16-piJi  dip 
or  tS'-ptn  ed^  jjonnectOr 

JE610..  ..$79.95 

62-Key  Kevhaacd  only.  .534.93 


REGULATED  POWER  SUPPLY^ 


JE200 


JE200  $14.3S 


5V*1  A¥iP 
POWER  SUPPLY 

*Uses  LM309K 
A-Hsat  smk  praUided 
*PC  Board  cctnstructton 
*Pro»rides  a  eolid  't  amp 

@>  5  vfolt^ 
"Can  supply  Up  t<)  ilBV, 

±9V     and     +12V    wifti 

J E205  Adapter 

*  t  n  c  t  u  d  e  s  components, 
hardwares!  i  nut  ructions 


JE205 


ADAPTER  BOARD 
-  AdspUt□JE20D- 
+5V,±aVandi12V 

■OC/DC  convertsr  w/ 

rSV  Input 
*Toriodel  hi'Spced 

switching  XMFR 
'Short  circ.prptettion 
4PC  Brd^  construction 
'Piggyback  to  JE2{>D 

bPard 

JE205        $12,95 


$10,00  min.  Order  -  U.S.  Funds  Only  Spm  l^heets  -  2M 

Cifl  I  jf .  R ?ildents  Add  6%  5a1«±  Tax  1 330  Catalog  Aif ai^abla  -  Sand  4 1  i  stam  p 

Postage— Add  B%pius$1  Insurance  jif  de^^redl 


1980 


ameco 


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PJHONE 

ORDERS 

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(41 G}  592  6Di7 


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1021  HOWARD  AVEfJUE.  SAN  CARLOS.  CA 94070 

ADVERTISED  PRICES  GOOD  THRU  DECEMBER 


The  fncredible 
"PennywhiBtte  103" 

9>  iOH.yi)  KitOnly 

T^t  PftiliiriiwDtJiFfl  193  :S  capJtH'S  «'  ngcordlng  ^ab  tf)  and  fnam  dixJia  lapa  without 

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Masnniuni  -Dala  Flale J(X)  Baud 

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R«eiiiie  Ofiaflital:  l^cequfletltt  . .  .21525  Hi  Inr  spaca.  22S  Hi  for  inari!. 
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TO-HUMRUCXFR  CONTROLS  W/ANOi,  lot  TV  w4<rfk:al.  iMviE.,  cfc  !«» 

S4^CAf  ACITOR  SPfClAl,  ditci.  mylan.  ind  mort,  (*377S> , 

4-ltOBiY  VOiTACE  REGULATORS.  LM^}09,  320.  MO'l,  T0^3,  Cirl330A} 
tl'f  ANEL  SWITCHES,  uftonvd  lUdn.  rot»rtn.  nKkdvian.  rlir.  lr34S» 

M-RESI5TOR  S^ICrAL.  '«  tq  1  wiH.  fjittoni    cubo-film«,  rft.  44tl5tM]l  ....  1.19 

fcS'HAlF  WATT  RESISTORS,  uild.  cjjiicMu,  c  j#bo- ti tira .  v irkKis  ^aJ ud,  i*4S4l  1.19 

fc.LMl4«T  VOL t ACE  RECULATORS,  5  iti  14  *olt».  TO-220    ■'5«97» 1J9 

44-^OlT  STT  REME  CAP ACiT  QAS .  uir d  >  timt*  «d  Mktt^n.  l«  3  Ol^  .......  t.3* 

13-rHtlMlSTORS,  raiflort  llul  f liAAft  wilh  tlw  itmtHrAlm.  (#21041)  . . .  .^  tJtf 

4S-^  WATT  tESiSTQRS.  aiif  d  ^jtitn,  inrtaJ  MUn.  nwitd.  USTfTl  ....«.„  1.99 

I-IIVDC  Sfl^T  RELAY.  100  otMi  »if  25  mA,  lililh  '  lii5937> ...,„.,  1.39 

IK-VOtUME  CONTROLS,  asit.  liiiii.  m4Io.  «nd  iwilch  tw!  1*5921  .^.,,-,  109 

Mh-PlEfOEMED  DISC  CAPS,  timd-^  AKtwtmtfit  of  taluw.  owkfed,  I#11tf)  ..  1 J9 

1B-AKIAL  ElECTtDS.  oiDrtpif  f«Jutt«  "ril  TIf  r-'""'   4#S941}  .... 1.29 

M-GLASS  ZE?«EtS,  400mW,  urtlr«l#d,  fafMw  iiM  J4i^  vwld,  i«5n^  .......  1J9 

10-tC  TRIMPOTS,  BCnrwdri^ft  adjirtt  UMrlod  ^ttmM,  l«334*J »,*.,«.. .  1,^ 

2S-f  CABtl  TIES,  pfuUc.  EiL*  Tr-«fap  prrlr.  *#S2l7l ...,,..,,.,«..*  1^ 

VCRYlfAIS.  nuv  inctodc:  CI.  hvn  ^iriowi  ilupn  ind  wtm,  {#i7Tti  ...„,  1.29 

W-POWElR  RBI^ORS,  Juortrd  l>pf>i    rnc^udn  2  lo  lO  wittm,  ^^2211^ 1,19 

At-tWO  WATT  teSlSTOtS,  ctfba-htim,  tiAom,  ttmnt  Vmtr%,  4'456)  ,.,..  1,39 

54^TttM|NAi.  STRIPS.  Htfd  Hild«r  and  »cmt  l-rpn.  2  liwi  4  up,  (-334)  ...  1,29 

1 -WATCH  CUTS,  LEO.  who  fciw*»  t»o*  i^kkI,  mlcra^digilJ  borumr^.  USllSI  1*39 

m-tOOOV  1A  RECTIFIEIS.,  1N4pa7,  rpory  c«»,  iiial  tpadi,  l>S926!'  ........  1.19 

S-^ULTl-DIGIT  lED  READOUTS,  bubble  m^nniiim.  2  Id  6  tfigitj.  i')U4)  ..  t.29 

lO-KlWEi  TAR  TRANSISTORS.  NPN,  p]ailk.  TO  730    i«»29i  ..,..,, 1,29 

b^FtEdSlON  TRIM  POTS,  aiii'd  imaln  tstd  muJli-lufm,  u:nf«lcd,  (#3^9)  ,  1.29 

SO-1  NaOOO  R  EC  T  tF  l£R  5,  tpoxy ,  ik  Ul  Ttadf .  uolfi  r«d,  ( ■  25941  ...,«««. 1.39 

:VOpC/HEAT  SHRfNK,  Th«rma-lil,  ufdul  jisi.  «f  ilm.  thnnfci  S0%  1^5244^  ..  1.39 

IQ- SLIDE  SWITCHES,  SPST,  SPOT,  «K.  jH  ihap«  and  liit^  (^5927^ 1.39 

2S-DTL'i,  100%  pHmc  afii'd  (l^p  riDp»>  ilc,  nuritd.  (i>'3709^ 1.39 

4  ho»rv  or  to  couplers,  isoo  von  isoiation,  u-inr,  N3«39A^ 1,39 

R'lAPE  RECORDER  EARPHOhfE,  fof  r^dioi.  r«cordcn,  4  ohim,  ^^2944>  . . ,.,    1.29 

S^MICflO  Mlhfl  lACKS,  In  t  bloci,  lor  2mm  ■ub-mlni  ptugi,  (#14371 1.39 

S^PL  .'ti;  PHONE  JACKS,  (tindard  buihlini,  lor  hami.  romrnunicillont,  4ffSS6B)  1.29 
4dl{LU  DLVIL  CAPACITORS,  handr  aiiort.  »l  |Hip.  vt\tKtf  tiial  leadi,  I #3023)    1.39 

SO-MICAS  uiL  flicj'O-ilupei,  IncL  "tihtti"'  IO«t  l#37|^ , 1,39 

tD-TIANSI5TO«  SOCKETS,  for  hpii  and  pnp  lype«,  I #3944) 1.2» 

12-LED  ORIYEl  iC'i,  ilmitar  lo  7S491,  i*i%6W) Lit 

TO^h^ODULAt  SWITCHES,  Ccniralab  ^>uih-on''  fyp*,  up  lo  RPDT,  (#3tS0)  .  1.2t 
S^"MOTOiS  MOTORS^  tmall,  hlfh  tpHif.  aiit'd  fkn,  J-6VDC.  U;»$1I  ..  T.29 
2-M|AV1f  DUnf  UNECOItDS,  0  it.,  3  titf»i  „  1l  Kiuet.  hi^k  jFitul«liofi.  <#5403!  1^29 
TO-lID  SOCKETS,  *-in^-'m"  miftJt,  for  4(D5,  and  lf»niiiiorp.  tat^i  C#574Sli  ..   IJf 

10  MV-54  HICRO-MINf  LFDS,  (U^  lap  tt^le,  dlllutcd  rvd  hmt  (#f719> 1.29 

30-WIRE  NUTS,  Twtn-Ofl'l,  fpr  #JC^34  gji^r  wifT,  lia'37341 1.2f 

2*AIUM.  HEAT  SINKS,  2^"k3",  tor  ftowrt  t*bi.   Inmmwribii  tilH,  l»S334>  -  ,   1  Jtt 

1,"MICRO  MINI"  METER,  >i"  dlL  0^1  baJM   m^-k-itrntrnl  E«5<rS«)  ,  .  .  , .***.  1*1* 

3*OOUiL£ -SIDED  PC  BOARDS.  3"t13^  kmmh  q^iit^  G-10  gluf.  i#SA«4)  ,.,.,  1.9f 
fcft-TUtULAK  CAPACITORS,  ifit'd  tOOmrnfto  ,1ml  lo  t4»  WVOC  6?35A2f«  1 J9 
fr-MICRO  MJHI  RSD  SV»ITC>IES.  I"  ton^  for  KUnrn.  nlari,  «4£  ,  E #11511  ..  1.39 
lO^TAftfTElUM  ELECTROS,  »vt'd  mini.  iiij4,  h^mrticiWj  Hal«d,  4*54401  ,.  1.29 
^O-D^SC  TT^  CAPS,  ind;  t^O.  M-Q,  MirUt.  c*raifi^,  a*if  d  ^aiuH,  t«437}     1-29 

U>-COILS  A  CHOKES,  asft^d  RF,  QSC,  IF.  patuilic  ItfHf.  l«35A297l 1-39 

^^SWlTCHCf  AFT  PHO1O  lACKS^  W-Q,  riufti*  mowvL  Irtlon  b»c^  l#Sll9i  .  1.29 
l«IO-3  HlAT  SitfK,  huv^  dutv  ^umlmim.  p^epniK^HNi  lor  TO^Su  {*4iCll  . .     U9 

if'MOLEX  SOCAFTS,  -oi^-l-^trip'  .  tor  iiHiltipl«  pm  d^    '*1i«9l U» 

4-PAIRS  9V  RATTEIV  CUPS,  w 'red  Mt  hUck  colar-ccrii*d  If^adt,  t"3t52)  ....  1.9 
LUHf  TUNA,  3  nw^  i^d  TV  myit  340  otim,  po*.  dim  I  drncw  (»292?1  .^^-  tJf 
tS-HUMMXKEl  CONTROIS,  a«^iort*d  *«liin.  mamdartwm  dw«p,  (#nRe7l     t  J9 

10-SU4MIN1  If  TRANSFORMfiS.  fluf  1uih4,  tW#ld«d,  r^3SA9l tM 

44l-AD|t^IAn.E  FARrTE  CORES,  cmntrr  ciri  tor  hri  tdimt.  f-'STm^ U9 

3-i:.SV  MINI  LAMPS,  atij  3/32"  diL,  drawi  i5mA  w,i  win  (udi,  (#549^1  U9 
34-rr.  Wttt'WRAP  WIRt  30  ftuff,  tn4«lat*d.  »rt1ioi>o«i  length.  f*3t«l)  ..  1,29 
4-MOhlO  TAPE  HEADS,  rtdf  jfid;  cwhM*.  I  fracti,  f«4  lo  rvc^  Iw'  4«S7R9I  l^M 
5-DUAL  DIGIT  ^'BURLE "  iEAOOinS,  >IPS0«J  ir^lc^  rvd,  dip  trpe  t#S74RI  ,     1.29 

40-METAL  A  PLASTIC  TRANSISTORS,  a4*rd  lint  (#l9if) t.39 

J-HI  PWl,  TRANSISTORS.  M«lo«iirn>».  M|l30l,  NPNilW.  TO-46,  (#37971  1.29 
M)-CERM,  GLASS  PtQQES.  f^mitv  IB  1N34.  aiial  i#idt.  untttitwj,  i:jfei42J  *„.*  1.29 
44-1N414  SWITCHING  DfODES,  iHlcoflv  4fliS,  fLisa,  yntHlcd.  C#143)  .. ,,,..    1.11 

4-AM/FM  VARJAaif  CONO,,  2  bandi,     pdr-con'"  *"  Miuarr.  1t*Jf24J 1.39 

3 -MICRO  SWITCHES,  SPST,  NO  conlaat,  pluoRvr  itvlv.  loldcr  labs,  C#57R5I  1.29 
10-MULTI-GANG  POTS,  audio  3  lanii  4nd  Up,  aial'd  typn  ind  vjiluc4,  Iff  532frk   1.29 

ia-MAN-3'»,  7  KgmenI,  Wbubbic  ma||nif4rr,  lOO'i  mal«HaK  I #3142) ,,   1,39 

3-PL-3S9  COAX  PLU^r  niat»l  lo  SO-139,  Anuihrnol,  US331I 1.19 

1-UTE  SENSITIVE  UNtlUNCTION  TRANSISTOR,  marMnmiblt.  (*^S7l9l  ,,,.   t,i9 


*«oa«««| 

20  for  1.30 
100  for  1/30 

1  lor  1.34 
24IV1J4 

120  tar  1.30 
130  lot  1J4 

12  for  I.N 
«lor  1,30 
30  lor  IJ4 

130  l«  IJt 

2  lor  1.34 
30  Id*  1.34 

IM  lor  1.34 
n  lor  t,3t 

134  lor  1,30 
H  lor  1.34 

54  for  1.30 
14  for  1.30 
iO  fori  JO 
ft  Utr  1 J4 
144ior1Ji 

3  lot  1.14 
14  lot  1.34 
lOior  1,34 
20  lew  1.30 

13  1«  1.34 
iOOIdv  t.34 

U  lor  1.30 
20  lor  t.30 
S«  (Of  1.30 
B  i&t  T.30 
1&  im  1.30 
10  lot  1.30 

10  lor  1.30 
BO  fur  1 ,30 

100  (or  1,30 
20  (or  1 ,30 
24  lor  1 ,30 
»  fori  JO 

14  (or  1 .30 

4  rorl.iO 
20  for  1 ,30 
24#DrT>0 
i«  for  1  30 

4  lor  1.34 

2  for  1.30 
4  tor  1.30 

120  for  1,30 

13  for  1.34 

24  for  1.34 

144  lor  1-34 

IN  let  IJa 

11  lor  1.30 

3  lor  IN 


40ooooo**o**oo*oo  oo* 


*  (W  ThJO 


''TIE- PIN"  H'm»,it^'' 

CONDENSER  MIKE     // 

JitlLr    ULUhl     ri]    »Di]rid  ^^    OR 

2  for 


\i'*  ■  JitlLr  ULUhl  ri]  »Di]rid 
MUHlll'v  ^  MpLal  EiH-njH^.  tind 
fininrdl  rt<ri  4tif3M.E  Firri^Li«n.i:y 
rpp|HMiRf  'Jiv  •iiJJMii  Hit.  Leaa  lie 
piU  ttt  Inlprl'  rUp  MH\  nhm  tTTipc- 
.t|.ni>    I  ft  VIH-  C«i.  H*.  ttm 


( 


4 

r 


*ooooooo*ao444444444«»i 


:  POLY  PAKS® 


••J 


$3.96     i 


NA 
.■t«il:  Nf  t  30 


MOW  TO 
ORDER 


catalog  numb  at.  1|fP«  no  .  Iha 
<n«  m  B  of  ih*  ma^Af  i  na  j.  9w  ti  a 
dfd*rlnfl  tTDffi  and  lit*  fiHknlA 


f  01940 

Ttrnit:  Add  Foij^Lage        R 

Phon*j  (fi|7l  245  382B 
t    **t#lh  16  IS  Del  Cormm*  St 
^MtNmUm  ORDEfi:  S9   ^^^k^Uttd,  MA 


f^  fl«4t#4f  S«rvto»—  i««  p*g9  SSB 


245 


7294  N.W.  54  STREET 
MIAMI,  FLORIDA  33166 


URPLUS 
LECTRONICS 


ORP. 


PHONE:  (305)887*8228 
TWX:       810448  608S 

WHOLESALE    RETAIL 


^S43 


PL259  or  S0239 

Quality  American  Made 
10/$5.00  100/$35.00 

50/$20.00  1000/5300.00 


E.  F.  Johnson  NICAD 

12.0  V.  1.2  AH  @  10  hr  rate 
4  1/2^'  X  1  7/8"  X  1  3/4^'  $1495ea. 


E,  F,  Johnson  5  Mater 

Edge  Meter  250  U A.  Fits  in  5/8"  x  1-3/B"  hole. 
MTG  holes  on  each  end  1-lM''  behind  panel^ 
Black  scale  0  5  bottom  1  20  top 
$1.25ea.  5/$5  OO 


CB 

Brand  ngw  printed  Circuit  board  assambty.  Used  in  all  HyOaIn  40  Channel 
CB  transceivers.  Ftts  many  othar  manufaciurars'  units  also.  Sque^cii 
pol/volume  controf/channel  selector  switch  nat  Inclutied.  BoartI 

1^9  — 7.50  ea.  50-99  -  6^00  ea.  Dimanstons 

1 0-49  -  6.50  ea.  100  up  -  5.50  ea.  r  k  6  Vi" 


CB  SPECIAL  W/40  ch  SW  same  as  above 

1-g  f  10.50  ea.  SO-99  $9.00  ea. 

10-49  59.50  ea.  100up  ¥S.50  ea. 


Serviceman  Special 

New    HyGain    40cn    CB    Less    Case,    Speaker    &    Knobs    (as    kS) 

514.95  ea 


TRIMMER  CAPS 

Can  fit  in  your  watch 

3.5-20  pF  &  5^30  pF 

$.75  ea.,  2/(1.25 

5/$3.0O 


POLY  FOAM   COAX 
50  Ohm 

Low  Loss  =  to  RG174 
$4.95/100'  $3.00/50' 


E.    F.    Johnson   Signal    Strength 

Meter      200  UA     J-'V"  x2'/*"  Sq   mounts  in 
1  v^■■  hole  1"  behind  panel   Scaie   1-30  db  top 
0  5  bottom 
S4.95ea  5^520.00 


$4.00  ea 


METERS 

2  for  $7.00 


25-0-25  dc  volts  }    2Va"  X  3" 


} 


1 


0*20  ftc  volts 

0-2Sdc  volts  J    2V4"  X  2V4" 

0^50  ac  volt  a 

Shunt  Required - 


Double  Row/Wire  Wrap  .100 


25  pins 
30  pins 
50  pins 


$3.49  ea 
$3.96  ea 
$5,43  ea 


10/$30.00 
10/$32.00 
10/$45.00 


NEW  Hy-Gain  Remote  40ch  CB  Less  case,  Speaker  &  control  Mjc 

(asisi  $14  95 ©a 


ASTATIC  TUGa-D104 

PREAMP    Desktop    microphone 
w/crystal  element  3  Pin  Plug     $35  ea, 


CRYSTAL  FILTERS 

10.7  3/ Lead 
Can  Type 
$3.00  ea: 


E.  F.  Johnson 

40c  hX8  Selector 
Switch 
$3,50ea 


NEW  Erf.  Johnson  Power  Mic^Less 
Cord .  Desk  t  op  St  y  1  e  S 1 9.  &5  ea 


CERAMfC  IF  FILTERS 

EFC  L455K 

$3.50  ea. 


ULTRASONIC 
TRANSDUCER 

Detects  sound  above  the  rBnge  q!  human 
he^fing!  Transmits  &  racmvBB 
$2.50  ea.5($1 0.00 


2  SIDED 
.0€2  Copfitr  Clad  Board 


$2  00ea 


x  10 


J-. 


3/S6  00 


12  Vdc  RELAY 
SPST  35  Amp  Contacts 

Open  Frame 
Rugged,  great  for  mobile  use 
$4,50  ea  5/$20.00 


22  p1ne'Dout>le  Row(D^pped  Solfier 
156  $2.0eea  10/S17.00 


Double  Row/Solder  Eyelet  .156 

epms  $1.10  ea  io/$  9.00 

15  pins  $1.55  ea  1CWS12.50 

22  pins  $2.0Bea  10/$17.0O 

43  pins  $3.66  ea  10^*30.00 


C&  K  SWITCHES 


RECEIVER  FRONT  ENDS 

Made  by  EFJ 

132-174  MHz 

$12.00  ea. 


Sdny  RKMA 

2  conductor  mini  phono 

p!ug  w^patch  cor-d-  3'6"' 

long  52.00ea 


12  Vdc  RELAY 

SPST  Open  Frame 

5  Amp  Contacts 

Mfg-Magnecraft 

$1.50  ea  4/$5.00 


22  pins/Dauble  Row/ Wire  Wmp 
,156  $2.44  ea  10/JiaOO 


PART#  MOVEMENT 


7101 
7103 
7107 
7108 
7201 
$1.00  EA 


SPST 
SPST 
SPST 


ON/NONE/ON 
ON/OFF/ON 
ON/NONE/ON 
ON/NONE/{ON)  SPST 
ON/NONE/ON  DPDT 
6  FOR  $5.00 


6  TV  GAMES  ON  (1)CHiP 

Gen  Instr  AY-3-8500-1 

28  Pin  Plastic  Case 

EVERYDAY  LOW  PRICE  $7.50  ea 


STANCOR 
TRANSFORMERS 

STEP-DOWN  AUTO  (3) 

COND  LINE  CORD 

W/RECPT 

GSD  200  (230V  In/ 115V  Out 

@  200  Va)$  12.00  ea 

GSD  400  (230  In/115  V  Out 

@  400  Va)  $14.50  ea 


MODEM  CABLE 

50'  cable  contains 
13    H   22   ga.    wife    DB'25p 

with 
DB-51226'1  cover  on  one  end 
$6.50  ea  10/$50,00 


100  ASSORTED  DISC  CAPS 

(FULL  LEADS)  20  EA  OF  5 

DIFFERENT  VALUES  $2.00 

PER  PACK 


MAGNETIC  PICK  UP 
TRANSDUCER 

Converts  motion  td  ac  voltage  wlth^out 
mechanicsa]  ItnkAge 

Vt"*  X  2"  wB'  shie^ed  cable 
S4.9S  ea. 


SOLDERLESS  TEST 
PROD  (BLACK) 

Ttireaded  type,  molded  handle 
f  ,40  ea.  SJ$3,50 


USED  MUFFIN  FANS 

3  blades,  110V ACp  4^^"  sq, 

$5.95 


CW  MINI  SLIDE  SW 

DPDT.ISea.  10;S1.25 


IV; 


WhHe  Poreelain 
Ege  Insulator 

2"x  r*50q;ea.         3  for  $1.25 


CAPS  RADIAL  LEADS 


2200  uF  @  16V 
.28  ea.  10/12.00 


SOLDER  LUG-TYPE  CAPS 

50UF@  350V  1"  Dx3'"L 

50UF  ®  4&0V  1"  DxSVj"  L 

SOL^F  @  450V  1'  D  )t  3'  L 

6CXP  EA,         5  FOR  $2.50 


ALL  STAR  AIR 
VARIABLE 

24-275  pF  .7S  «a. 


RED  SEVEN  SEGMENT 
DISPLAY 

TIL  322P  $1.00  ea. 


BOURNS'  EDGE 
MOUNTING 

5K  pof  Single  turn 
3345W  senea  $1.50  Oi, 


12  VOLTS  (S  V2  AMP 


ASSORTED  ELECTROLYTICS 


VALUE/MFD 

250vO0O 

30,000 

63.000 

10,000 

2,700 

2.900 

3,000 

16,000 

21,000 

39,000 

1,000 

34,800 

450 

500 

240 

50 

140 


m 


VOLTS 

SV 

15V 

1SV 

20V 

25V 

25V 

25V 

25V 

25V 

45V 

50V 

50V 

75V 

100V 

300V 

450V 

450V 


DIA 
3. 

3^* 
3" 

IV*' 

1%"' 
2" 

2VS*' 
3" 

1V-" 
3" 

iy^" 

1  Va  " 
IV4" 

^v*" 


X 

% 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 

X 

X 


LENGTH 

53/4'^ 

53/4" 

47^' 

3" 
53/4" 

5vr 

2V*" 
3Vi" 

3%" 

2" 

3" 


PRICE 
S4,00  ea 
4,00  ea 
4  00  ea 
3,00  ea 
2.00  ea 
2.00  ea 
£00  ea 
3.00  ea 
3  00  ea 
3.00  ea 
2.50  ea 
3,00  ea 
aoOea 
2,00  ea 
2.00  ea 
2.00  ea 
2. DO  ea 


EFJ  CRYSTAL  OVENS 

6V/12V  75*^ 
$6.00  ea. 


IC  SOCKETS 

Camblon 

Gold  Plated  Wire  Wrap 

14ptn        ,35  ea  10/$3.00 

16  pin        .38  ea  10/$3,30 


Filament  tfansformer 
1^a''x2"x1"S1.50ea. 


CTS  DP6P  ROT  SWITCH 


.50  ea.  6^2.00 


AXIAL  LEAD  ELECTRO 
LYTIC  CAPACITORS 


lN414e  SIGNAL  DIODE 

$5,IX)  per  100 

or  15  for  $1.00 


Coax  Connectors 

UG  273/U  BNC-F/UHF-M  2.50 

UG-255/U  BNC-M/UHF'F  3.00 

UG-146A/U  N  M/UHF-F  4.50 

UG'83B/U  N'F/UHF-M  4.50 

UG^175  RG-58  Adapt.  .20 

UG-176  RG-59  Adapt,  .20 


2uF  @  15V 
10  uF  @  15V 
20  uF  <S^  15V 
50  uF  @1SV 

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3.3  uF  @  aSV 
1  uF  @  35V 
2ijF  @  150V 

25  uF  @  25V 
3  uF  (^  50V 
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EQUIPMENT  /  COMPONENTS  /  WIRE&  CABLE  /  ACCESSOR/ES 


DIGITAL  MULTIMETER 


600  mHz  COUNTER 


OtA-JOO 


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WIRED 


WIRED 


Low  cost  high  performance,  thafs  the  DM-700.  Unlike  some  of  the 
hobtiy  grade  OMMs  avasfable.  the  DM-TOO  otters  pfofessionai  quality 
performance  and  appearance  at  a  hobbyist  prce  It  features  26 
different  ranges  and  5  functions,  all  arranged  m  a  convenient,  easy  to 
use  formal  Measurements  are  displayed  on  a  large  3^^  digit.  Vi  inch 
high  LED  display,  with  automatic  decimal  placement,  automatic 
polarity,  and  overrange  indication.  You  can  defend  upon  the 
OM-700.  state-of-the-art  components  such  as  a  precision  laser 
trimmed  resistor  array,  semiconductor  band  gap  reference,  and 
reliable  LSI  circuHry  insure  lab  quality  performance  tor  years  to 
come.  Basic  DC  volts  and  ohms  accuracy  Is  0,1%,  and  you  can 
measure  voltage  all  the  way  from  1 00  fiv  to  1 000  volts,  current  from 
0,1  }iB  to  2.0  amps  and  resrstance  from  0.1  ohms  to  20  megohms 
Overioad  protection  is  inherent  in  the  design  of  the  DM-700.  1250 
voEts.  AC  Of  DC  on  all  ranges,  making  it  virtually  goof  proof.  Power  is 
supplied  by  four  C  size  cells,  making  the  DM-700  portable,  and.  as 
options,  a  njcad  battery  pack  and  AC  adapter  are  available.  The 
OM-700  features  a  handsome,  |et  black,  rugged  ABS  case  with 
convenient  retractable  tilt  bail.  All  factory  wired  units  are  covered  by 
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Order  a  DM*700.  examine  if  for  1 Q  daySp  and  it  youre  nol  salisjfed 
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Specificaticn« 

DC  and  AC  vcilts: 
DC  and  AC  current. 
Resistance: 
input  protection: 

Inpyt  impedance: 

0*sptay; 

Accuracy: 

Power: 

Sire. 

Wdtght: 


lOO^V  to  1000  Volts.  5  ranfw 

0.1  liA  to  2.0  Amps,  5  ranges 

0.1  tl  to  20  megohms.  6  ranges 

1 250  votts  AC  DC  all  ranges  fuse  protected 

forovfircurrent 

to  megohins,  DC^ACvolts 

3Vi  digits.  0  5  mch  LED 

0.i%basfcDCvoltf 

4  'C  cells,  optional  nicad  pack,  or  AC  adaptef 

2  lbs  wittt  liatteries 


Prices 

DM  700  wired  ■+  lested 

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AC  adaprer/charger 

Nicfld  pack  vvitn  AC  adapter^charger. 

ProbG  kn 


$99  9^ 

79  95 

A  95 

T995 

.    3  95 


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niisi^r  diatae 


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TheCT-70  breaks  the  |y*ce  barrier  on  lab  Quality  frequency  counlers 
No  longer  doyou  have  tosettie  for  a  kit.  fiatf-kit  or  poor  performance 
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quality  construction  and  spec  ifications,  pius  is  covered  by  a  one  year 
warranty  Power  for  the  CT-70  is  provided  by  four  A  A"  size  batteries 
or  12  volts,  AC  or  DC,  avrailable  as  options  are  a  nicad  battery  pack, 
and  AC  adapter  Three  selectable  frequency  ranges^  each  with  rts 
own  pre-amp.  enable  you  to  make  accurate  measur em er Is  from  less 
than  10  Hz  lo  greater  than  600  mHz  Ail  switches  are  conveniently 
located  on  the  front  panel  for  ease  Of  operation,  and  a  single  input 
jack  eliminates  the  need  to  change  cables  as  different  ranges  are 
selected.  Accurate  readings  are  insured  by  the  use  of  a  large  0.4  inch 
seven  digrt  LED  display,  a  1 .0  ppm  TCXO  time  base  and  a  handy  LED 
gate  light  indicator. 

The  CT-70  is  the  answer  to  all  your  measurernent  needs^  in  the 
field,  in  the  lab.  or  in  the  ham  shack  Order  yours  today,  examine  it  for 
10  days,  if  you're  not  completely  satisfied,  return  the  unit  for  a  prompt 
and  courteous  refund 


£p«eiftcatfOfis 

Fieqt*ency  range- 
Sensitivity 

Stablltly 

Display 

Input  protection: 

input  impedance: 

Power: 
Gate 

Decjftiai  point: 
Sue 
Weight. 


to  Hz  to  over  600  mHz 

ress  ttran  J&  mv  to  1  SO  mKi 

lass  than  ISO  mv  to  600  mHz 

1.0  pprri.  20-40  C.  0  OS  ppm.  "C  TCXO  crystal 

time  base 

7  d^its.  LED.  0  4  inch  heiglit 

50  VAC  to  60  mHz.  10  VAC  to  600  mHz 

1  megohm.  6  and  60  mHz  ranges  50  ot^ms. 

600  mHz  range 

4  AA"  cells.  12  V  AC/DC 

0  1  sec  and  1  0  sec  LEDgato  Ught 

Automatic,  ail  ranges 

5' W  %  1  Vj"H  j(  S'^/'O 

t  lb  with  batianes 


Prk** 

CT^70  wired  ■¥  tested 

CT-70  kit  form 

AC  adapter - 

Nicad  pack  with  AC  adapterfchaiger 
TsliGCOpIc  whip  antenna.  BNC  plug. . 
Tilt  bail  assembly ...    ,  -  — 


S99  95 
75.95 

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ramsau  slaatrnniBS 


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PHONE  ORDERS  CALL 

(71 6i  271-6487 


J/*  Reader  Service — see  page  259 


247 


fr'BB 


PM,  Box  401244-  E     Garland,  Texas     75040      (214)  278  -  5553 


AYZ'BmO  PROGRAMMABLE  SOUND  GENERATOR 

The  AY3'8910  Is  a  40  pin  LSI  chip  with  three  oscillators,  three 
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memory  chips  with  two  iO  ports  The  chip  requires  +5V  @ 
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$14.95  W/Basic  Spec  Sheet  (4  pages) 
60  page  mantjal  with  S-100  interface  instructions  and 
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The  SE'-C  Us  ^  c  Q  mpiete  h  Jt  th^t 
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SPECIAL  BONUSI  Order  th'e  3205  Module  and  get  FREE 
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POTENTIOMETER   ASSORTMENT 

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11 


Does  Your  Shiny  New  Rig  Really  Have: 

STATE-OF-THE-ART"  SELECTIVITY 


wm^'^^wm- 


Add  an  Autek. 


QF-IA  Active  Filter 

For  SSB  &  CW 

PATENT  PENDING 


ly  $65  ppd.  U.S.A. 


115  VAC  supply  built- 
in.  Fifter  by -passed 
when  off. 


SUPER-RANGE 
Auxiflary  Notch  re* 
[ects  80  to  11,000  Hz  I 
Covers  signals  other 
notches  can't  touch. 


Four  main  filter 
modes  for  any  ORM 
situation. 


Continuously  variable 
main  selectivity  (to  an 
incredible  20  Hz!) 


Continuously  variable 
main  frequency «  {250 
to  2500  Hii  all  modes  J 


AUTEK  pjon^red  the  ACTIVE  AUDIO  FILTER 
way  back  in  1972.  Today,  we're  stilJ  maintdinmg  that 
engineering  leadership.  Our  QF-lA  evolved  from 
suggest iorts  Ifrom  thousands  of  owners,  and  years  of 
dedjcatfon  to  rnaking  the  "ultimate"  filter.  No 
gfmiTiicks—  fust  somethfng  ttiat  really  "works"  J  ike 
the  ad  says.  You're  in  for  a  treat ! 

Autek  filters  gained  their  reputation  bv  using  a 
cpstfy  mFINITELY  VARIABLE  design.  Yet,  mass 
production  (we  seH  only  ONE  MODEL  —  the  taest) 
makes  it  a  tremendous  bargain.  You're  not  Ifmited 
by  a  few  fi?<ed  positions.  You  varv  selectivity  100:1, 
and  vary  frequency  over  the  entire  usabte  audio 
range.  PEAK  CW  (or  voice)  with  an  incredible  20  HZ 


BANDWiDTHr  but  also  varfable  ail  the  way  to 
"flat."  Imagine  what  the  NARROWEST  CW 
FILTER  MADE  will  do  to  QRM!  Refect  whr^tles 
with  the  most  flejcib(e  NOTCH  you've  heard.  Wide  or 
narrow.  Depth  to  70  dS,  LOW  PASS  helps  you  cope 
with  SSB  hiss  and  splatter.  Skirts  exceed  SOdB.  Most 
above  features  were  \n  the  papular  QF  1  (See 
exceHent  review  Fn  March,  1977  QST.)  The  new  "A"-' 
model  is  moresefective,  addsa  HIGHPASS  mode  for 
SSB.  and  a  great  AUXf LtARY  NOTCH  (35  to  60  dB) 
to  give  TWO  NOTCHES.  NOTCH/PEAK,  NOTCH/ 
UOWPASSr  or  NOTCH/HIGH  PASS!  If  this  doesn^t 
convince  you,  pfease  ASK  ON  THE  AIR.  Owners  are 
our  best  salesmen! 


Due  to  cost  and  panel  space  limitations^  even  the 
fatest  rigs  only  mciude  a  fracMon  of  ttie  QF-IA 
features.  We  recommend  you  buy  the  best  rig  you 
can  afford,  spend  £3,000  or  more,  then  add  a  QF  lA 
and  listen  to  the  improvement!  WORKS  WITH 
Yaesjj^  Kenwood,  Drake,  Swan^  Atlas,  Tempo^ 
Collitis.  Heath,  S/l,  etc,  ANY  RIG! 

Hooks  up  in  minutes.  Plug  into  your  rigs  phone 
iack,  or  atlach  to  speaker  wires-  Plug  speaker  or 
phones  into  QF-IA  rear-panei  lack.  That's  rt!  Fitter 
supplies  Twatttotiil  a  room.  No  batteries  rq<J,  (  +  12 
VDC  hookup  possible.)  6V2x5x2V3''.  Handsome 
I i g ht /da rkgreystyl ing .  G e t y ou rs toda y . I 


CMOS  PROGRAMMABLE  KEYER  MAKES  CW  FUN! 


HEMOnnr 


Calls  CO  while  you  relax. 

Also  remembers  name,  QTH,  contest  exchanges 

Record  anything  you  want  in  seconds! 

Model  MK-1  $99.50  ppd.  U.S.A. 


Our  classic  MK-l  should  make  you 
wonder  why  anyone  would  buy  an 
ordinary  keyer,  when  memory  costs  so 
Ifttle!  Records  4  messages.  Just  select 
"record,"  tap  the  A,  B.  €,  or  D 
message,  and  start  sending  at  any 
speed!  Record  over  old  messages  as 
easily.  Playback  by  lapping  the  same 
button.  Each  message  holds  abo*jt  25 
ctiaracters  (letters,  numbers).  Total 
100  characters.  Handy  repeat  switch 
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6+  WPM—CT7306— Tills  is  the  practice 
tape  lof  ttio  Novice  and  Technioian  li- 
censes. II  is  mad0  up  of  one  solid  hour  of 


00^.  sen!  a1  the  off  fciaf  FCG  standard  (no 
other  tape  we've  heard  uses  these  Stan- 
dar^$,  $0  many  people  flunk  the  code 
wtien  ttwy  are  suddenly— under  pressure 
^ faced  with  characters  sem  at  13  wpm 
and  6|>aced  for  b  wpm).  This  tape  ^s  not 
mftfnorJzable,  unlike  the  zany  5  wpm  tape, 
since  the  code  groups  are  entirely  rand^om 
Characters  sefit  in  groups  of  five. 


•THE  CANADIAN" 

10+  WPM— CT731 0—73  hasn't  forgottefi 
Ihe  Canadian  hams — ouf  10  WPM  1«p0 
pr epafos  you  to  breeze  tti  rou'Q  h  y o  u  r  co  u  n  - 
try's  llc*naing  exams.  Uhe  the  other  code 
groups,  the  tape  is  not  miamorrzabfe  stntl, 
once  mastered,  provides  a  margin  of  safe^ 
ty  in  th$  actual  text  situation. 


"COUflAGEOUS" 

+  WPM— CT7320— Code  is  what  gsis 
you  wh&ty  you  go  for  the  Extra  class  li- 
cense, U  Is  90  embafraasing  to  panic  out 
|u9t  because  you  didn't  prepa/e  yourself 
with  this  tape.  Though  thts  is  only  ons 
word  faster  the  code  groups  9m  wo  diffi- 
cult that  you'll  almost  rati  asleep  copying 
the  FCC  stuff  by  compari:&on,  Usars  rftfiofi 
thai  they  can't  ttelteve  how  easy  20  per 
realty  r$  with  this  fantastic  one  hour  tape 


II 


OUTRAGEOUS 


if 


"BACK  BREAKER" 


+  WPM— CT7325— Tbrs  is  the  tape  for 
that  small  ofoup  of  overachievmg  hams 
wtio  woutdn  t  be  content  to  simply  satisfy 
Ihe  code  requirements  of  the  Extra  Class 
licence,  it's  the  toughest  lape  we've  got 
and  we  keep  a  permanent  fi  le  of  hams  who 
have  mastered  it.  Let  us  know  when  youVe 
up  lo  speed  and  we  II  inscribe  your  name 
In  73  s  CW  'Hall  of  Fame/' 


13  + 


WPM  — CT7313  — Code  groupa 
again,  at  a  brisk  13  per  so  you  will  be  at 
ease  when  you  sit  down  in  front  of  the 
steelyeyed  governrrent  Inspector  and  he 
starts  sending  you  plain  language  at  only 
13  per  You  need  this  extra  margin  lo  over- 
come the  panic  which  ia  universal  In  the 
test  situations.  When  you've  spent  your 
money  and  tin>e  to  take  the  test,  youMI 
thank  heavens  you  had  this  back-break  In  g 
tape. 


touasF 


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m  BEHIND  THE  DIAL— BKZaOy-^ey  Bob  Grove.  Get  more  fun  out 
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•  IC  OP^AMP  COOKBOOK— SK1028— by  Walter  G.  Jung,  Covers 
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•  INTRODUCTION  TO  RTTY— BK7380— A  beginner's  guide  to 
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•  PROPAGATION  WIZARD'S  HANDBOOK- BK7302-by  J.  H. 
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•  SSTV  HANDBOOK— BK7354(hardcover),  BK7355(softcaver)— 
This  excellent  book  tetis  alt  about  It,  from  its  history  and  basics  to 
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•  73  DIPOLE  AND  LONG^WIRE  ANTENNAS—  BKl 01 6— by  Edward  M.  Noll  W3FQJ.  This  is  the  first  collection  of  virtually  every  type  of 
wire  antenna  used  by  amateurs.  Includes  dimensior^s,  configurations,  and  detailed  construction  data  for  73  different  antenna  types. 
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Dipole  and 
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•  THE  GIANT  BOOK  OF  AMATEUR  RADIO  ANTENfyAS--BK7304 
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•  HOW  TO  BUILD  A  MICROCOMPUTER— 
AND  REALLY  UNDERSTAND  IT-BK7325 

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cnn  niiSTniuiPD  SERVICE  CALL  [6031  924-7298 


m^ 


19  years 
Of 


m^(^^mm 


The  'world's  most 

comprehensive 

guide  to  the  subject 

of  ham  radio. 


The  back  issues  of  73  are  a  gold  mine  of 
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73  Magazine  •  Peterboroygh  NH  034S8  •  USA 


Tools  and  Techniques  for  Electronics  (BK734a)  is  a 
comprehensive  guide  to  the  tools  and  construction  prac- 
tices used  by  today's  electronics  hobbyist.  This  new  73 
Magazine  publication  should  be  a  part  of  the  library  of 
anyone  who  has  ever  built  or  fixed  any  electronic  gear. 
The  text  and  nunierous  pictures  and  illustrations  provide 
an  easy-tO'Understand  description  of  the  safe  and  correct 
way  to  use  the  basic  and  specialized  tools  needed  for  elec- 
tronics work. 

The  first  part  of  Tools  and  Techniques  for  Electronics 
covers  the  bask  tools  that  will  assist  the  amateur  Movice, 
CD  operator*  or  beginning  computer  kit  builder.  It  is  also 
an  excellent  review  for  more  experienced  hobbyists.  The 
second  portion  of  the  text  will  be  of  interest  to  the  ad- 
vanced tool  user.  It  explains  specialized  metal  working 
tools  as  welt  as  the  chemical  aids  that  are  used  in  repair 
shops.  The  final  chapters  of  Tools  and  Techniques  for 
Electronics  discuss  the  construction  skills  that  result  in  a 
professional-looking  project. 

Handy  reference  data  on  English/metric  conversions, 
machine  screw  data,  and  the  like  will  be  found  in  the  ap- 
pendices. The  contents  of  basic  and  advanced  tool  kits 
are  outlined^  and  the  book  includes  a  list  of  suppliers. 

Whether  you  are  interested  in  working  with  tubes  or  the 
latest  wire ^ wrap  techniques,  a  great  deal  of  pride  and 
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tronics shows  you  the  way. 

Order  your  copy  today!  Only 
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256 


ALL  NEW  1979 

REPEATER  ATLAS 

OF  THE  WORLD 


m^Y 


mm 


;;i^SJSi 


Of. 


ms 


'•','6','-i:'':?j?.'-tl'-'. 


MMbk- 


The  all  new  t979  Repeater  Atlas  fs  now  available  as  a 
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atlas  available  anywhere,  n  includes  234  pages,  50 
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in  a  new,  easy^o-use  format  indexed  by  location  and 
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A  =  Next  higher  frequency  may  also  be  useful 

B  =  Difficult  circuit  this  periad 

F  =  Fair 

G  =  Good 

P  =  Poor 

5F  =  Chance  of  solar  flares 


december 


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peterboroughi  n.h.  03458 


A4€      ABC COfTimunfcai ions. ......  156 

AT         Adkofidack  Rad  iiO  Supply, , . .  190 

A24       Anva  EJectronics 250 

A94       AdVBficed  Elcrctronics  Appli^ 

cat  (OTIS -  — 65 

A60      AEO  EfGclronics 141 

A92       AHF  Antennas 177 

A107     AJT  Enterprises 1 45 

A2         Aldeico ,  252 

A40       Amaleur  Radio  Supply  of 

Nashville,  inc ti9 

A21       Amateurr-Who^esalie  Elec- 

ironics ...*..  232, 233 

A106     AMC  Engsn&enng.    173. 1 75 

A26       Amidonn  .  > ..  ^ , ..  .,^ 173 

■  Amsat  < . . .  ■ ■ ■  69 

A6        Aptron  Laboratories 177 

A 105     AR  T&cfin>Gal  ProduGts. .  _ . . .  194 

Associaied  Radio, ..........  244 

A100     Autek  249 

B23       B«rfcerWtMiams4^ 145,  173 

B3        BulJel  Electmnics.     . . .  246 

Burslein- Apple  bee 143 

G162     Caslle  Pubtishing. 141 

C3        Clegg.... 87,131^219 

C21       CoaKit.. .   .   .  141 

CSA      Corr^municalionsCefklef.  NE 

....9t.  155 
C 1 1S    (kimrnuri  tcatiDi^s  Electronic^ 

Spec  iai  t  les , . .  57, 1 77, 191 

CG        Communications  SpeciaNsIs 

..26.  27 

C 124    Cost  Effect  iva  Computef  Sor- 

tffces. .   . .114,  193 

C90      Curtts  Electro  Devi  nes. , .  222 

Dade  CountY  Radio  Ckuh. .....  90 

oe        Pater  W  Dahl  Cooipany 194 

D29      Dielectric  Communications. ,  -  57 

DigJtat  fleaearcli  Computers.  238 

Digital  R^s^arch  Parts, 239 

D6S      Debco .221 


023      Dovetron. 191 

D25       DS!  Instrumems, 205-210 

EagMB  Electronics .143 

E40       Electra .-2t9 

F5  F  Issuer  Oorpofation. . .        ...  57 

G27      Gemini  Ifiatf ument  Oo 193 

G12  Germantown  Amateur  Supply 

,. 194 

G26  G  &  G  Electfonica. ...           .143 

Q22       G.LS.M.O 175 

G4  Godbout  El&cironic^            .  242 

*  Hal  Cofnmtj  n  ication^. . .  2 1 .  43, 49 

H24       HaMroniM 43 

H2  Ham  Radio  Center,  .-..*...*.  31 

H16      Hamtronics.  NY 222,236 

HQ         Hamtrdnics.  PA. 1 47 

H3  HenryRadio    .  .„...CU,  97, 149 

*  IwwM-    C  «  .   •  fc*   I   t   ■  .  -.  .  m',   i   m'»'*  *   t   -    -     fli 

145        Inlc^Tech,  IrK.  .147 

132        InstantSoftware. .......  116, 117 

148        Inlernalional  Crystai  Mfg 

Co .-221 

127        iRL 53 

J 1         Jameco  Electronic^. ,  .243 

i2         Jan  Cryslais. .  ,».,.*. ..147 

*  Kantronics .,...*...,..  177 

Kenwood.  CtV,  714 

K14  K&y  Eiectronics 141. 193 

Kb  Microcomputing, . 99-102 

K4  KLM  Electronics. ,:i.>,..25 

L25  The  Logic  Store. 114 

L9  Long  3  Electronics 'E62-167 

L17  Lunar  Eiectronici. ,.....,,..  136 

M48  Macfotronics. .  * 141 

M3S  Madteon  Beef  rofiics  Supp  Ly 

..  43,  56. 59,  64, 83,  ga,  189.  217 
M3S     Maggiore  Electronic  Lali.. « , .  193 

M100    Metz ..,..137 

M52      MPJ  Enterprises 

..15.47,142,215,233 


MS        MHZ  Eieclronics 234,  235 

M^  Micro  Gontfoi  Specialties, .  -  215 
M55  Microiog  Corp., ,  29,  1S7.  201 
1192      J  W  Miller  Div  Bail  InduBtries 

171 

M72      M  &  M  flF  Distrit>uiors 151 

M57      Monroe  ElGCtronicS. ....  147,  1 75 

N4        William  W  NyeCo,,  Inc. Be 

05        OK  Machine  4 Toof 103 

03        Optoeleclronic&,  Inc. ...23 

Paiom^  Ei^naefs . ..15 

PA%       P.C.  Electronics- 1B9L  217 

P44       Pickering  Codemaster  Co.. . .  194 

P2        Pol  y  Paks. , , , , .  * ,  ^ , , 245 

03        Duast  Electronics 231 

B1         Rad  io  Amateur  Ca  1 1  Ixxjk. . . , .  1 90 

Radio  Worid 161.173 

R8        Ramsey  Electronics..,,. 237. 247 
R27       RF  Power  LaiJS,  Int..........  75 

S16       SeJ-ectrontcs.  215 

563       Semiconductors  Surplus 

.......  .  • . « « 4 . . « ,  •  176-107 

S33      S-F  Amaieur  HadTo  Services 

6S,  217 

SI 25  Sherwood  Engineering  inc..  .215 
34        Step  Ejecironics  Co.. ....  143. 193 

S117    Spacecoast  Research .114 

S81       SpectTonics.  Inc„ 240, 241 

$8        Spectrum  COfnnujnicalions 

2I&,  37 

343      Surplus  Electronics..,. 24Q 

S44       Swan  Electronics 32^  33 

T64       Technical  Clinic. ..... U3 

T52       lele-Tovwr  M!§.  Co.  „ 191 

Ten-Tec  lr»c ._ ...19,203 

T34  Ttkomas  Communicaiions.  52.  98 
T18  Trac  Electronics  Corp., ..  1 14. 221 
T3        Tutis  Radio  Electrtmics 

,57,94,95 

U10      UDM  EnlerpriaBE, 193 

US        UnadillaiReyco  Division. 173 


U2 

Unarco-Rohn. 190 

U8 

United  P^oducis 251 

V24 

V  ibf  optoL 69.  18B.  199 

V29 

VoCofn  Products  Coqx, . , . . ,  145 

W15 

Wacom —  175 

Wifl 

Western  Electronics. , . .  145.  173 

W2 

Wilson  Electronics^  ..*...*...*  3 

W33 

Wilson  Systems,  Inc. 

.,.,..  ^ ,, ...  * ,  12l't25,  218 

X3 

XiteK  Corp.. , . . , .  120 

Y1 

Yae^u  Eiectronics  Corp. 

Q1I,  17,77 

From  7a 34. 47,  ^96, 198, 253^258 

From 

80  Microcompuimg .115 

'Reader  Service  inquiries  not  tionored. 
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258 


SOMETHING  DIFFER 

he  FT-107  Series  with  "DMS" 


* 


S£ 


It's  A  Cut  Above  The  Rest 


99 


[ 


-  *  OPTrONAL  DIGrTAL  MEMORY  SHIFT  {"DMS")  " 

12  discrete  memories.  Stores  individual  frequencies 
or  use  as  12  full  coverage  VFOs  (500  kHz  eacti) 


*fekJM 


Solid  State 

240  watts  DC  SSB/CW 

160-10  meters,  WWV 

(2  auxiliary  band  positions  are 
available  for  future  expansion) 

RF  Speech  Processor 
SSB,  CW,  AM,  FSK 
Built-in  SWR  Meter 

Excellent  Dynamic  Range 
Audio  Peak/Notch  Fitter 
Variable  Bandwidth 
Full  Line  of  Accessories 


"^  > 


> 


i 


tliiuUii 


The  FT-107  has  been  created  as  a  result  of  a  blending  of  technologies 
state  and  RF  design.  By  careful  utilization  of  these  disciplines  and  the  experience  gained  from 
our  FT-301  series,  YAESU  has  achieved  an  HF  transceiver  which  •offers  unique  features 
(e.  g.  "Digital  Memory  Shift"),  efficient  operation  and  a  level  of  performance  that  has  been 
previously  unattainable. 


RECEIVER: 

Sensitivity:  0.25  uV  for  10dB  S/N,  CW/SSB,  FSK 

1.0  uVfor  lOdB  S/N,  AM 
Image  Rejection:  60dB  except  10  meters  (50dB) 
IF  Rejection:  70dB 
Selectivity:  SSB  2.4  kHz  at  -6dB,  4.0  kHz  at  -60dB. 

CW  0.6  kHz  at  -6dB.  1.2  kHz  at  -60dB. 

AM       6  kHz  at  -6dB.    12  kHz  at  -60dB 

Variable  IF  Bandwidth 
20dB  RF  Attenuator 
Peak/Notch  Audio  Fitter 
Audio  Output:  3  watts  (4-16  ohms) 

Accessories:  FV-1 07   VFO  (standard  not  synethized) 

FTV-107  VHF  (UHF  Transverter) 
FC-107    Antenna  Tuner 
SP-107     Matching  Speaker 
FP-107     AC  Power  Supply 

rice  And  Spectficaiions  Subject  To 
Ihange  Without  Notice  Or  Obligation 


TRANSMITTER 

Power  Input:  240  watts  DC    SSB/CW 

80  watts  DC    AM/ FSK 
Opposite  Sfdeband  Suppression:  Better  than  50dB 
Spurious  Radiation:  -50dB. 
Transmitter  Bandwidth  350-2700  hz  (-6dB) 
Transmitter:  3rd  IMD  -31  dB  neg  feedback  6dB 
Transmitter  Stability:  30  hz  after  10  min,  warmup 

less  tlian  100  hz  after  30  min. 
Antenna  input  Impedance:  50  ohms 
Microphone  Impedance:  500  ohms 

Power  Required:  13.5V  DC  at  20  amps 

100/1 10/1 17/200/220/234V  AC  at  650  VA 


1179 


YAESU   ELECTRONICS  CORP.,  15954  Downey  Ave.,  Paramount.  CA  90723  •  (213)  633^007 
YAESU  ELECTRONICS  Eastern  Service  Ctr.,  9812  Prlncelon-Glendale  Rd<, Cincinnati,  OH  45246 


...synthesized,  BIG  LCD, 
10  memories, 
scanning . . .  and  more! 


Kenwood  TR-2400 ...Its  a  syrttrwslzed  2  meter 
lisiKl-tieid  transceiver,  the  answer  to  any 
Amateur  s  operating  requirements!  its  many 
advanced  features  Include: 


m 

9 


CONVENIENT  TOP  CONTROLS 

LCD  digits!  readc»ut 

iTeaclable  in  cJirect  sunlight  (better  trian  LEDs^ 

l?eadable  in  the  dark  (with  lamp  svyitch) 

Virtuallv  no  current  drain  imuch  less  than  LEDsJ 

and  display  stays  on 

Shows  receive  and  transmit  frequencies  and  memory 

channel 

10  Memories  Caiways  retained  with  battery  backup) 

Automatfc  mtmory  scanntna  (for  'busy'  or  'open" 

channels* 

Modp  switcn  for  tfie  following  operations; 

Simplex 

Standard  repeater  by  offsetting  the  transmit  frequency 

+  600  kHz  or  -  600  kHz 

Repeater  with  nonstandard  splits  by  offsetting  the 

transmit  frequency  to  any  frequency  stored  in  memory  10 

^RE VERSE  momentary  switch  for  the  following  applicattons: 

Checking  signals  on  the  input  of  a  repeater 

Determining  if  a  repeater  is  "upside  down" 

Bu...  .,1  Touch-Tone  generator  using  l6-button  keyboard 

KpyboPifd  seiectJon  of  S-kHz  channels  from  144.000  to 

147S95  MHZ 

ftp/ DOWN  manuat  scanntng  and  operation  from  143.900  to 

148,495  MHz  In  smgle  or  fast  continuous  5-kHz  steps.  Even 

operates  on  MARS  repeaters  within  this  range  by  using  memory 

10  for  transmit  offset  frequency. 

LCD  'arrow  indicators 

"ON  Air 

Memory  recall 

Battery  status 

Lamp  switch  on 

Two  lock  switches  to  prevent  accidental  frequency  change  and 

acadental  trs"*:  mission 

5ul:rtone  s^         isubtone  module  not  Kenwood>6uppliedJ 

BNC  antenna  connector 

1.5  W^^t^  f?^  output 


Tfre  TR-2flOO  a>mes  with  the  toif owing  standard  accessories- 

•  Rex^bfe  rubberized  antenna  with  BMC  connector 

•  Nicad  battery  pack 

•  Battery  cl^^i^nfir 

Optional  ai.^..4orles  include: 

•  Leather  case 

•  Base  Stand  (for  quick  charge 
and  easy  base-station 
operatponl 

•  DC  (automobile*  quick  charger 


* 


H 


SEE  YOUR  AUTHORIZED 
KENWOOD  DEALER  FOR  MORE 
INFORM ATf ON  ON  THE  TR-2400, 

®  KEIM  WOOD 


ST-1  BASE  STAND  (OPTIONAL) 


TRIO  KENWOOD  CO  MM  UN  I  CATIONS  INC. 

1111  WEST  WALNUT/COMPTON,  CA  90220